Chapter Nine Notes

Section Two

I. Manifest DestinyA. Frontier lures settlers

1. Starting in 1840's expansion gripped nation2. John Sullivan

- editor of the United States Magazine & Democratic Review

- described the annexation of Texas in 1845

- "the fulfillment of our manifest destiny to overspread the continent allotted by providence for the free development of our yearly multiplying millions"

3. American's adopted the "manifest destiny" that it was our right to expand into West. Obvious or inevitable

II. Settlers & Native Americans

A. The Black Hawk war 1. In early 1830 settlers in Western Illinois &

Eastern Iowa came into conflict with Native Americans

2. Representatives from several tribes visited chief Black Hawk of the Sauk tribe

3. Based on a vision, Black Hawk led a rebellion in Illinois & Wisconsin

4. Ended in June 1832 when Illinois militia slaughtered 200 Sauk & Fox

5. Sauk & Fox were pushed West

6. The "middle ground" continued to shift west

B. Fort Laramie Treaty 1. Was a response to Native American

attacks on settlers2. Cheyenne, Arapaho, Sioux, Crow & others3. Gave Native Americans control of central

plains4. In return they agreed not to attack

settlers5. Allow construction of forts & roads6. Government violated treaty7. Reservations

III. Trails WestA. The Santa Fe Trail

1. 780 miles2. From Independence, Missouri to Sante Fe, New Mexico3. Traveled together in middle

B. The Oregon trail 1. Independence, Missouri to Portland,

Oregon2. By 1844 5,000 had arrived 3. Started in 1836

C. Mormon migration

1. Mormonism - New York, 1827

- Joseph Smith- Message on golden plates, in hillside- Placed America at center of Christian

world- Originally in Fayette, New York- Fled persecution to Commerce, Illinois- Renamed Nauvoo in 1839

- Community disapproved of Smith as a prophet & polygamy

- Smith arrested for destruction of printing press- Mob murdered him from jail

- Brigham Young takes over- urged move West- settled near Great Salt Lake

B. Territorial Disputes

1. Disputes with other nations2. Webster- Ashbourn Treaty of 1842

settled border with Canada except for Oregon

3. President James K. Polk4. "Fifty-four forty or fight"5. Decline of fur trade caused Britain

to lose interest6. In 1846 border established

Section Three

I. Expansion in TexasA. Bad relationship between Mexicans

& Native Americans- prevented much immigration to

TexasB. After Mexico became independent it

attempts to increase trade with U.S.C. Weak ties between Mexico City &

Texas

D. Mexico invites U.S. settlers1. Goal to protect territory from Native Americans2. Hoped to also increase flow of manufactured goods

to Mexico3. In 1821, 1823 & 1824 land grants offered to agents

or empresarios4. Land sold cheaply to Americans5. Americans agreed to follow Mexican laws and religion6. Stephen F. Austin set up largest colony

- moral ideals7. J.Q. Adams offers 1 million, Jackson 5 million8. caused Mexico to question its hospitality

II. Texas' fight for independence

A. Conflict 1. Language, slavery

B. Mexico "closed" border in 1830C. However by 1836 4,000 Mexicans, 30,000

Native Americans, 30,000 whites, 5,000 African Americans

D. Mexican installments led to Rebellion

E. The Alamo1. Austin jailed in Mexico City in 18242. When Austin returned he urged his

followers to prepare for war3. Santa Ana marched a 4,000 man

army for San Antonio

4. Lieutenant Colonel William Travis ordered his men into the Alamo, an old mission

5. Jim Bowie & Davy Crockett among troops6. From Feb 23- March 6, 1863 Santa Ana

laid siege7. Mexican troops finally breached & killed all

187 defenders8. Estimated 1,500 Mexicans died9. March 2, 1836 Texans declare

Independence10. Ratified Constitution & named David G.

Burnet president

F. Lone Star Republic 1. Sam Houston & 900 men surprise Mexican

army near San Jacinto River2. Sam Houston elected president in July

1836G. In 1838 Sam Houston asks U.S. to annexH. Slavery issue delays entranceI. Becomes state on December 29, 1845

Welcome to Texas Ya’all!