chapter one 33,000 bce - 1769 ce. 1500 - population likely 50-70 million; 4 million north of mexico...
TRANSCRIPT
NEW WORLD BEGINNINGS
Chapter One33,000 BCE - 1769 CE
NORTH AMERICAN NATIVE AMERICANS 1500 - population likely 50-70 million; 4
million north of Mexico Thinly spread across North America
Less developed than Inca in Peru and Aztecs in Mexico Initially lived in small settlements
Women did farming Property ownership not important
INDIAN SETTLEMENT BEFORE EUROPEAN COLONIZATION
AMERICAN INDIAN TRIBES
Political and linguistic differences made it hard for Indians to unite against Europeans
Iroquois Eastern woodlands
Built Iroquois Confederacy - most important and powerful American Indian political alliance
Included Mohawks, Oneidas, Onondagas, Cayugas and Senecas
IROQUOIS CONFEDERACY
THE STAGE FOR EUROPEAN EXPLORATION Europeans wanted more and cheaper
products Africa had been proven a source of cheap
slave labor Portuguese demonstrated feasibility of long
ocean voyages New technology like maps and ships
Renaissance spirit of adventure Desire to spread Christianity Competition and power
EUROPEAN MOTIVES FOR COLONIZATION Spanish Motives
Gold and wealth Spread of Christianity
French Motives Motivated by beaver trade Wanted to block Spanish expansion
English Motives Competition with Spain Unemployment Land Markets Political and religious freedom Joint-stock companies provided finances
THE COLUMBIAN EXCHANGE
Old World gave New World Crops (sugar) and animals (cows, pigs,
horse) Plants - KY bluegrass, dandelions, daisies Disease - yellow fever, smallpox, malaria
New World gave Old World Plants = tobacco, maize, beans, tomatoes
and potatoes About 3/5 of crops cultivated worldwide today
originated in the Americas
THE COLUMBIAN EXCHANGE
SPANISH CONQUISTADORES
Treaty of Tordesillas (1494) divided New World between Spain and Portugal Portugal got some territory in Africa, Asia
and present-day Brazil Encomienda - allowed Spanish govt to
give Indians to certain colonists in return for the promise to try to Christianize them
CRUELTIES USED BY THE SPANIARDS ON THE INDIANS
AMERIGO VESPUCCI'S ACCOUNT OF HIS VOYAGE TO THE NEW WORLD IN 1501-02, First image of American Indians published in Europe.
RESULTS OF CONTACT
Native Americans Mass death and genocide Population decimated Cultural changes
Livestock Firearms Migration
Europeans Global empires for the first time Spread of capitalism New diet = longer life
Corn, beans, tomatoes, potato
EUROPEAN AMERINDIAN RELATIONS France (in Canada)
Most successful in creating trading relationship Saw Indians as necessary economic partners Gave gifts to Indians to form positive relationships
Indians recruited into fur trade Indians got firearms, alcohol, pots, glass beads
Firearms intensified Amerindian warfare Alcoholism
England Removal or extermination Took Indian land in Chesapeake Sold Carolina Indians into slavery
EUROPEAN AMERINDIAN RELATIONS -CONT-
Spain Encomienda system
Amerindians forced to do unpaid labor Forceful conversion
Indian religious practice forbidden Founded mission system in New Mexico Pope’s Rebellion (1680): Indians rebelled against
Spanish, killing 1/2 clergy and 350 settlers Caused by famine, attacks by Pueblo Indian attacks by Apache and
Navajo who were retaliating against Spanish aggression and Spanish punishment of Pueblos for backsliding from Christianity to native religions
Introduction of horses and sheep
THE PLANTING OF ENGLISH AMERICA
Chapter Two1500 - 1733
ENGLAND’S IMPERIALISM
England was slow to colonize in the New World due to religious conflict
Characteristics of England that encouraged colonization Unified national state under Elizabeth I Religious unity Nationalism
Conditions w/in England that encouraged colonization Growing population and unemployment Enclosure of cropland for sheep grazing made it hard for
farmers Primogeniture - only oldest sons could inherit land Growth of joint-stock companies Peace w/Spain
JAMESTOWN - 1607
1st permanent British colony in New World Main goals
Gold Religious conversion Northwest Passage
Settled by the Virginia Company Primary goal was to make a profit = religious motivation less
important Was a joint-stock company: business organization where citizens
could invest w/out fear of bankruptcy Colony experienced famine, disease, war w/Indians
1625: 1200 of 8000 original colonists were still alive John Smith saved the settlers from extinction
Settlers weren’t used to working b/c little work was available in England
JOHN SMITH’S MAP OF VIRGINIA
RELATIONS W/INDIANS IN JAMESTOWN Colonists stole food from Indians Conflict over land led to the First (1614) and
Second (1644) Anglo-Powhatan War Banished Chesapeake Indians from ancestral lands
Indians were overcome by Disease - susceptible to smallpox and
measles Disorganization - lacked unity to effectively
oppose English Disposability - served no economic purpose for
the English
CHANGES TO INDIAN SOCIETY DUE TO EUROPEAN COLONIZATION
Introduction of horses = Indian migration
Disease - killed entire cultures and took elder population
Introduction of firearms = intense competition among tribes for hunting ground access for pelts to trade w/Europeans
NORTH AMERICA’S INDIAN + COLONIAL POPULATIONS IN THE 17TH AND 18TH CENTURIES
VIRGINIA + TOBACCO
1612: John Rolfe, husband of Pocahontas, perfected methods for raising tobacco
Tobacco Ruined the soil Mid-1700s = most valuable cash crop produced
in Southern states Tied VA’s fortunes to a single crop
Virginia Company authorized House of Burgesses 1st colonial parliament in the British American colonies Limited representative government
MARYLAND
Founded by Sir George Calvert or Lord Baltimore as a Catholic haven Eventual growth of Protestants made
Catholics a minority Act of Toleration = toleration for
Christians Life
Disease ridden Male dominated
EARLY MARYLAND AND VIRGINIA
THE CAROLINAS
Carolina was granted to a group who had supported Charles II while he was exiled
Goals• Grow foodstuffs for sugar plantations in Barbados
• Many original settlers came from Barbados w/slaves• Export non-English products
Main cash crop = rice Required extreme labor 1680: 4/5 of SC’s population was white; 1720: blacks outnumbered whites 2-1
North Carolina created as refuge for poor whites and religious dissenters
• Most democratic, independent and least aristocratic• Mixed economy of livestock grazing, tobacco and food production• Slavery developed much more slowly here
RICE CULTIVATION IN THE SOUTH
GEORGIA
Founded by James Oglethorp in 1733 Goals
Haven for debtors Buffer state against Spanish Florida
Slavery and rum were initially forbidden but colonists complained
EARLY CAROLINA AND GEORGIA SETTLEMENTS
COMMONALITIES OF PLANTATION COLONIES
Devoted to exportation of commercial agricultural products Profitable staple crops: rice + tobacco
Slavery found in all colonies (only after 1750 in GA)
Strong aristocratic atmosphere except in NC Slow growth of cities, churches and schools Some religious toleration
Tax supported Church of England was dominant
SETTLING THE NORTHERN COLONIES
Chapter Three1619 - 1700
NEW ENGLAND COLONIES
Less ethnic diversity Roots of democracy Strict, conservative lifestyle
Wanted to maintain sense of community Stressed work as a primary way of serving
God Healthy, family based population Economy based on fishing,
shipbuilding, lumbering, shipping and fur trade
17TH CENTURY NEW ENGLAND SETTLEMENTS
Massachusetts Bay Colony was a hub All earlier colonies
grew into it and all later colonies grew out of it
THE PILGRIMS
First wave of Separatists - extreme group of Puritans who wanted complete break from Anglican church Pilgrims wanted to be left alone to achieve
religious goals Got charter w/Virginia Company 1620: Arrived at Plymouth Bay in New
England under rule of William Bradford Was outside jurisdiction of Virginia Company
MAYFLOWER COMPACT
Purpose Legitimize Pilgrims’ settlement outside
Virginia Established civil govt and proclaimed
allegiance to James I Created body of all settlers w/power to
devise laws and elect leaders Adult males assembled to make laws and
conduct open-discussion town meetings
PLYMOUTH PLANTATION
MASSACHUSETTS BAY COLONY
Founded in 1629 by non-Separatist Puritans due to religious persecution Puritans were Protestants who wanted to
reform the Anglican Church 1691: Plymouth merged w/MBC Great Migration in 1630s brought
20,000 immigrants to New England 50,000 others left England for Caribbean Ended w/English Civil War
SOURCES OF THE GREAT MIGRATION
MASSACHUSETTS BAY COLONY -CONT- John Winthrop
Governor of MBC Covenant Theology: Believed Puritans had a covenant
w/God to lead new religious experiment in New World Wanted to “build a city upon a hill”
Economy of MBC Fishing, shipbuilding, fur trade, lumbering
Town hall meetings became staple of democracy Governing open to all free adult males belonging to
Puritan congregations Free male church members annually elected a governor
and deputies from each town
JOHN WINTHROP
“For we must consider that we will be as a city upon a hill. The eyes of all people are upon us. So that if we shall deal falsely with our God in this work we have undertaken, and so cause Him to withdraw His present help from us, we shall be made a story and a by-word through the world.” -John Winthrop
RELIGIOUS DISSENTERS
Quakers were persecuted Anne Hutchinson
Believed in antinomianism - elect were predestined for salvation and didn’t need to obey God or man’s law
1638 tried and eventually banished Went to Rhode Island
Roger Williams Believed MA Puritans weren’t truly pure b/c they
hadn’t completely separated from the Church of England
Believed govt shouldn’t interfere w/religious matters
1635: Was going to be banished but fled to Rhode Island
RHODE ISLAND - 1644
Founded by Roger Williams Built Baptist church at Providence, possibly
the first in America Complete freedom of religion Manhood suffrage Most independent of colonies
CONNECTICUT - 1636
Founded by Thomas Hooker Believed MBC government was too
oppressive Major cities: Hartford, Windsor and
Wethersfield Drafted Fundamental Orders - first
modern constitution in American history
MAINE AND NEW HAMPSHIRE
Maine absorbed by MBC in 1677 and became a separate colony in 1820
New Hampshire• Became royal colony in 1679• Fishing and trading
IMPORTANCE OF INDIAN ASSISTANCE
Taught settlers about Local foods (corn, beans, pumpkins,
potatoes) Agricultural techniques (burning for
fertilization, planting beans to replenish soil)
Were trading partners to European immigrants
Market for manufactured goods (iron pots, blankets, metal-tipped arrows, guns, alcohol)
PEQUOT WAR 1636 - 1637
Puritans wanted Amerindian land Pequot tribe virtually exterminated
Used Bible to justify attacks 300 Pequot men, women and children
slaughtered Result
New England Confederation founded Alliance of MBC, Plymouth, Connecticut and New
Haven First step toward colonial unity Exclusively Puritan
ATTACK ON A PEQUOT FORT DURING THE PEQUOT WAR OF 1637, ENGRAVING BY J. W. BARBER, 1830
KING PHILIP’S WAR - 1675
52 of 90 Puritan towns were attacked by Wampanoag Chief, King Philip (Metacom) Indians copied Puritan attacks on noncombatants
in Pequot War Colonists won War’s impact
Bloodiest ever fought on New England soil Native Americans removed from MBC, CT
and RI Success of New England Confederation
King Charles clamped down on NEC
KING PHILIP’S WAR AS PUBLISHED IN “A MAPP OF NEW ENGLAND”
DOMINION OF NEW ENGLAND - 1686 1684: MBC charter revoked Dominion formed by royal authority
Unite colonists under one government Enforce Navigation Laws and protect mercantilism
- idea that colonies existed for the wealth of the mother country
Navigation Act of 1660 No ship could trade in colonies unless it had been built in
England or America and carried crew of at least 75% English Certain enumerated goods that weren’t produced in England
(tobacco, sugar, cotton, indigo, ginger) could be transported from colonies only to England or other colonial port
Led by Sir Edmund Andros who was hated by the colonists
Forbade town hall meetings
ANDROS’S DOMINION OF NEW ENGLAND
THE MIDDLE COLONIES
Excellent farming land - “bread colonies”
Rivers and harbors stimulated industry and seaports
Less aristocratic (except NY) Fewer industries than NE, but more
than in South Ethnically mixed, religiously tolerant
population
NEW YORK
Originally founded by the Dutch but became English royal colony in 1685 New Netherlands founded in 1623-24 by
Peter Minuit Autocratic
Leisler’s Rebellion (1691): poor white and farmers unsuccessfully revolted against huge estates
Failed and Leisler was hanged
PENNSYLVANIA - “PENN’S WOODS”
Founded in 1681 by William Penn Primary motive = haven for Quakers
• Refused to pay taxes to Anglican church• No paid clergy• Pacifists
Was best advertised of all colonies No tax supported state church Good relations w/Indians
Penn recognized the Indians as the rightful owners of the land and wouldn’t sell land until he bought it from local chiefs
1700: Philadelphia passed NYC as the largest US city
PENN’S TREATY
NEW JERSEY AND DELAWARE
NJ founded in 1664 as Quaker settlement
1674: Penn established West Jersey with land bought from one of the NJ’s proprietors Helped write a constitution that allowed
almost all free men to vote for legislators and local officials
Delaware granted own assembly in 1703• Large Quaker population• Under governor of PE until American
Revolution
AMERICAN LIFE IN THE SEVENTEENTH CENTURY
Chapter Four1607 - 1692
CHESAPEAKE LIFE
Most immigrants were male indentured servants Three times as many men as women
1700s: 75% of European immigrants to VA and MD were indentured servants
Headright system: person who paid for passage of a white indentured servant got 50 acres of land
Indentured servants worked 5-7 years Disease ridden
50% didn’t live past age 20 Complex families due to high death rate, lack of women and because
people didn’t migrate as family groups Churches and schools developed slowly Lived in “crude houses” w/out interior partitions Maintained generally peaceful relations w/Indians
Powhatan Indians weren’t densely settled and couldn’t easily be subjugated
BACON’S REBELLION - 1676
VA governor William Berkeley wanted to build a line of defensive forts Colonists thought this would be ineffective and expensive
Nathaniel Bacon offered to lead a volunteer army against Indians Wanted command and right to attack other Indians; governor said
no Former white indentured servants felt threatened by Indians and were
angry the govt wasn’t providing protection against them Most lived in Western VA and resented eastern planter aristocrats Many were too poor to find wives
Significance Part of continuing struggle to define boundaries between Indian
and white lands in VA Planters thought white indentured servants were too
difficult to control Increased importation of black slaves
COLONIAL SLAVERY
1675: Southern indentured labor force replaced by black slaves - why? Rising commercial power of England increased English participation in the
slave trade Supply of white servants from England was declining White servant unrest and growing population of unhappy former servants
By 1730s the number of white indentured servants was insignificant Most slaves came from West African coast (Senegal to Angola) across
Middle Passage Captured by African coastal tribes who traded them to European and
American buyers 40% died en route
Slave Codes Blacks and their children were property for life Crime to teach literacy Conversion to Christianity ≠ freedom Were harshest in the South
Slave culture developed, especially in the South
COLONIAL SLAVERY -CONT-
Northern slavery Slavery took root in cities
Most slaves worked as servants or artisans Adapted to European ways much more
quickly New England’s merchants gained profits
from slave trade Distilled rum which was made from West Indian
sugar NY and PE earned income from building
slave ships Early 1700s: 40% of NYC households
owned slaves
SLAVES EN ROUTE TO COASTAL SLAVE MARKET
THE AFRICAN SLAVE TRADE
COLONIAL SLAVERY -CONT-
Stono Rebellion (1739): Largest slave revolt in 13 colonies Slaves in SC tried to march to Spanish FL
after Spanish authorities offered freedom to any slave who reached there
Stopped by militia after 25 whites killed Result: Slave system became more
strictly controlled
ESTIMATED NUMBER OF AFRICANS IMPORTED BY BRITISH NORTH AMERICA
AFRICANS AS PERCENTAGE OF TOTAL POPULATION OF BRITISH COLONIES
18TH CENTURY SOUTHERN SOCIETY Class structure
Plantation owners Small farmers (largest social group)
Were far below plantation owners Some owned 1 or 2 slaves
Landless whites Most were former indentured servants
Indentured servants Number decreased w/increase in use of black slavery
Blacks Society was underdeveloped
Few cities, poor transportation
LIFE IN NEW ENGLAND
Most colonists had moved as nuclear families Single men/women were prohibited from living alone Population grew from natural reproduction
Very high life expectancy - was 10 years longer than in England Family was center of life and divorce was rare Towns were established in an orderly fashion Towns of 50+ families were required to provide elementary
education Literacy was stressed in order to be able to read the Bible Puritans established Harvard and first printing press in the
English colonies Congregational Church government led to democracy in
political government and implementation of town meeting
LIFE IN NEW ENGLAND -CONT-
Little social hierarchy although New England was the least tolerant of other religions
Less ethnically mixed than other colonies
Climate and soil encouraged diversified agriculture and industry Shipbuilding and commerce, fishing
DECLINE OF PURITANISM
Loss of religious zeal Population influx Dissenters
Use of the jeremiad - based on the Old Testament, scolded parishioners to be more committed
Half-Way Covenant - 1662 Gave partial membership to unconverted who had
been baptized as children Allowed baptism for Children of Half-Way members
SALEM WITCH TRIALS - 1692
Young females from poor western MBC accused more prosperous from east
Court was accepting spectral evidence - reports of dreams and visions where accused was the devil’s agent Increase in use of this evidence led Cotton
Mather to call for an end 20 were executed