chapter one
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CHAPTER ONE
Introduction
1.1 Background of study
According to ILO in 2009, about 81million young people were unemployed, the most ever.
The youth unemployment rate rose from11. 9 percent to 13.0 percent between 2007 and 2009,
an increase of 7.8 million.
Across the globe, economic fluctuations and economic crisis have left an impact on the young
people like the challenges facing when seeking jobs. Between 2008 and 2009, the youth
unemployment rate has seen the largest annual increase on record, reversing the pre-crisis trend
of declining youth unemployment rates since 2002 and rising to 13 per cent in 2009.
Unemployment rates, however, reflect only the tip of the iceberg. Young people are used to work
longer hours under informal, intermittent and insecure work arrangements characterized by low
productivity and earnings and reduced social protection. Young workers are more exposed to
poverty than other age groups.
In 2008, an estimated 152 million young workers were living with their families on less than
US`11 $1.25 a day, amounting to more than 28 per cent of all young workers in the world
(smith Andrew, 2013).
A publication written by Shantayanan Devarajan Chief Economist of the World Bank’s Africa
Region B.A. in mathematics from Princeton University and his Ph.D. in economics from the
University of California, Berkeley says that In low-income African countries, most people
cannot afford to be unemployed. Lacking any significant safety net, 70 to 80 percent of the labor
force seeks a living by working in low-productivity, informal farms or household enterprises.
Private-sector wage and salary jobs have been growing at a fairly rapid clip at 7.3 percent a year
between 1992 and 2005 in Uganda The challenge of youth employment in Africa, therefore, is
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not just to create more wage and salary jobs important as this may be but to increase the
productivity, and hence earnings, of the majority of young people who will be employed in
informal farms and household enterprises. How can this be done? In general, workers’
productivity can be increased by (i) “demand-side” measures, such as better infrastructure and
business climate, that lower the costs of production and thus increase the demand for labor; and
(ii) “supply-side” measures that improve the skills of workers.
Somaliland, unemployment is noted to be at an alarming rate. With regards to SONYO (2010),
The situation of the youth in Somaliland is well described in a study carried out by the
Somaliland National Youth Organization (SONYO), in partnership with Oxfam-Novib, in
December 2010. The term “youth” in the study was defined to mean young people between the
ages of 15 and 30. Altogether, 800 individuals were interviewed, distributed across the regions.
The median age of the participants was 21. 51% of the survey sample came from urban areas,
while rural communities accounted for 49%. The gender breakdown of the sample was 61%
male, 39% female. This study covered both qualitative and quantitative variables about the
challenges facing youth with regard to employment, education, health, HIV/AIDs, young
girls/woman's situation, sports and recreation, political participation and information
communication and technology.
1.2 Problem statement
Local organizations play a vital role in the youth development specially youth employment
creation and other people who oppose this argument and saying local organizations like SONYO
do only their self-interest.
Be that as it, with reference Ahmed (2013), an indigenous person criticizes the role of LNGOs in
halting unemployment. In particular, blames are put on SONYO which bears the name of the
Somaliland youth. This person started his article that SONYO is an entity organized in a way
they do business, and that do not meet standards established under the umbrella of Youth, their
aim is only seeking financial basis as long as the leader has, which until now has never been
asked young idea how things are going.
Therefore, this thesis aims to reveal the role of LNGOs in the nationwide struggle to reduce
youth unemployment.
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1.3 Objectives of the study
1.4.1 The general objective: to assess the role of local nongovernmental organizations on youth
employment in Hargeisa Somaliland.
1.4.2 Specific objectives:
1. To examine the roles of SONYO with regards to youth employment.
2. To explore the ways through which SONYO creates employment
opportunities for the youth.
3. To analyze the fairness of employment opportunities created by SONYO
4. To forward workable recommendations, responding to the findings of the
research.
1.5. Research questions
1. What are the roles of SONYO with regard to youth employment?
2. How SONYO creates an employment opportunity for the youth
members?
3. Does SONYO make fair youth employment opportunity?
1.6 Scope of the study
1.6.1 Time scope
The study covered the period between Marchs – July, 2015.
1.6.2 Geographical scope
The research was conducted at Somaliland national youth organization (SONYO) main branch in
Hargeisa capital city of Somaliland.
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1.7 Significance of the study
This study will be useful in different groups like, local non-governmental organisations,
government institutions as MOYS, MONPD, policy makers and management of SONYO,
academicians and even in current and future researches.
The research will also help the management of SONYO to discover the role of local none
governmental organizations in the youth employment generation. This will help them come up
with better management techniques which will result into improved job creation in the country.
The research will also benefit the future researchers who will carry out research about the same
topic of the role of local none governmental organizations in the youth employment and will
learn more about local organizations, factors contribute employment, the role of local none
governmental organizations in the youth employment.
This study as well advises government organizations, private companies and other people with
authority to come up with effective realistic policies of youth employment.
1.8. Operational Definition of key terms:
Youth: is best understood as a period of transition from the dependence of childhood to
adulthood’s independence.
Employment: Employment is an agreement between an employer and an employee that the
employee will provide certain services on the job, and in the employer's designated workplace, to
facilitate the accomplishment of the employer organization’s goals and mission, in return for
compensation.
NGO: A non-governmental organization (NGO) is a citizen-based association that operates
independently of government, usually to deliver resources or serve some social or political
purpose.
SONYO: The Somaliland National Youth Organization (SONYO Umbrella) is dedicated to
mobilizing and empowering young people in Somaliland. It is made up of young people, local
nongovernmental organizations (NGOs), associations, community organizations, student
committees in universities, educational institutes, colleges and secondary schools.
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