Chapter OneChapter One

Science Skills

Daily Assignment

• What is Science? Where does it come from?

What is Science

• Science begins with curiosity and ends with discovery.

• Science can also happen by accident.• Science versus Technology

– Science aims to understand the world– Technology aims to change the world

Branches of Natural Science

• Physical Science– Chemistry and Physics

• Earth and Space Science– Geology and Astronomy

• Life Science– Biology

Physical Science

• Space and Time• Matter and Change• Forces and Motion• Energy

The Scientific Method

• The Scientific Method is the process by which scientists approach the solving of a problem.

• Sometimes scientists make discoveries by accident, but many are solved in this manner.

Identify the Problem

• Present the problem in a question form.

Examples:• Which paper towel is

the most absorbent?• Which cell phone gives

the most bars in our area?

Gather information• Use

observations to gain perspective and data about your problem.

Hypothesis• Make a testable

solution to the problem.

• Base your hypothesis on the information you’ve collected

Design an Experiment• Plan an

experiment to test the hypothesis.

• This should be performed under controlled conditions.

Perform the Experiment

• Follow your plan as written. Collect data and note any problems with your procedure.

Analyze the data

• Use the information collected to support or refute your hypothesis

• Make a choice

Hypothesis not supported by data

Data supports my hypothesis

Conclusion• Communicate your

results.• Make charts and/or

graphs to summarize your results.

• If your hypothesis is wrong, come up with a new one!

The Variables• Independent Variable: is the item

which you will change in the experiment.

• Dependent Variable: is the item that will change depending on what independent variable is used.

• Control: the experiment run changing only one variable at a time.

Example Experiment

• Suppose my electricity bill was higher than normal recently (Problem).

• I would notice that my bills have been getting higher recently (Gathering Data)

• I believe that this is caused by my old refrigerator (Hypothesis)

Example Experiment• I plan to test all of my appliances using an

Ohm meter to see which draws the most electricity (Designing the Experiment)

• I test all of my appliances to see which draws the most current (Perform the Experiment)

• I then analyze the data and notice that my refrigerator does draw the most power, but it has not been running more than usual. (Conclusion?)

Example Experiment• My hypothesis was wrong, so I need

to get a new one! • Perhaps something has been used

more frequently recently?• It turns out that my ceramic heater

was the culprit because it has been working overtime to keep up with the very low temperatures!!

Can you put the Scientific Method to the test ?

• Over this weekend, you are to perform an experiment

• Come up with a question that you want answered

• Go through the scientific method step by step and try to get an answer.

Can you put the Scientific Method to the test ?

• Come in on Monday either with an answer or a new hypothesis.

• Make sure you have all the steps represented of what you did.

• This does not have to be a lengthy report, just an explanation.

Theories vs. Laws

• What’s the difference?– A Scientific Law describes a pattern in

nature without explaining it. A theory is the accepted explanation of that pattern.

– Examples:

Lab Procedures• Any time we are in a lab setting, the following rules must apply

– Do not touch, take, taste, handle, caress, or drink anything without my permission

– We may have dangerous chemicals, sharp objects, or other lethal / poisonous materials in the classroom

– Make sure your work area is clean before and after the lab

Lab Procedures– Labs will be most likely accompanied by a lab

report, so make sure you are paying close attention to what you are doing.

– Always follow my directions exactly. – There is to be no horse play during labs.– All materials and tools are to be returned to me

at the end of the lab in their original condition.

Scientific Notation

• A short-hand way of writing large numbers without writing all of the zeros.

• The number is written as a base X power of 10.• 2.3 x 10 5

The Distance From the Sun to the Earth

• 93,000,000 miles

Step 1• Move decimal left• Leave only one number to the left of

decimal

Step 2• Write number without zeros

Step 3• Count how many places you moved decimal• Make that your power of ten

Practice Problem

1) 98,500,000 =2) 64,100,000,000 =3) 279,000,000 =4) 4,200,000 =

• 9.85 x 107

• 6.41 x 1010

• 2.79 x 108

• 4.2 x 106

Write in scientific notation. Decide the power of ten.

What about really small numbers? Picture of a dust mite on

the top of a pinhead

The size of dust mite is

0.00000000024 meters

For numbers less than zero

• Move the decimal right, so there is one numeral to the left of the decimal.

0.00000000024 = 2.4• Count the number of spaces you moved the

decimal. This becomes the exponent. The exponent is negative.

2.4 X 10 -10

More Practice Problems

1) 734,000,000 = _____________2) 870,000,000,000 = __________3) 90,000,000,000 = ___________4) 0.0000000034500 = _________5) 0.0000122 = ______________6) 0.00454000 = _____________

On these, decide where the decimal will be moved.

Scientific Notation to Standard Form

When the exponent is positive, move the decimal to the right

3.4 x 105 in scientific notation 3.40000 --- move the decimal

340,000 in standard form

Write in Standard Form

• 6.27 x 106

• 9.01 x 104

• 6,270,000• 90,100

Scientific Notation to Standard Form

• 4.33 x 10-6 in scientific notation

• 0.00000433 --- move the decimal left

When the exponent is negative, move the decimal to the left. Add zero’s as

spacers.

Write in Standard Form

• 7.11 x 10-4

• 5.001 x 10-8

• 2.34 x 10-20

• 0.000711• 0.00000005001• 0.00000000000

00000000234

Introduction to the Metric System

• Click here

Daily Assignment

• Multiply (no calculators) the following:

3 X 5 = a x 2 = 2 4 3 4ac

Systems of MeasurementSystems of Measurement

                       

A History of Measurement

In all traditional measuring systems, short distance units were based on the dimensions of the human body.

A History of MeasurementHistorical = current = measurement

Uncia = Inch = width of the thumb Cubit = Foot = length of a foot (length of forearm) Span = Yard = length of arm from

nose to finger

Standard Of Measurement

An exact quantity that people agree to use for comparison.

Two criteria a standard must meet:

Accessible to allNever changing

The English System Uses historical units based on an

agreed upon standard.

1 foot = 12 inches

1 yard = 3 feetThe English system is used primarily in the USA only.

Metric MapUSA, Burma, Liberia

Length

Is defined as the distance between two points

Length is measured using a RulerEnglish units of length are inch, foot,yard, and mile.

Mass

Is defined as the amountof matter in an object.

Is measured using a Balance English units are ounces, pounds, tons

VolumeIs the amount of space an object takes up

Liquid volumeVolume - solid

Volume (continued)Liquid English units are

ounce, pint, quart, gallon

Solid English units are pint, quart bushel, peck,

TimeIs defined as the interval between two events

Is measured using a stopwatch or a clock

Temperature

Is defined as the amount of energy contained in an object

Is measured using a Thermometer

Daily AssignmentEstimate your age as a decimal

Ex : Birthday June 1st = 15.5 years Birthday Feb. 5th = 15.1 yearsNow, convert your age in years to your

age in seconds.

English System ConversionsTo convert from one unit to another in the English system, you must know the equivalent unit’s value

5 miles = _______ feet

.

Daily Assignment• Your mom sends you to Price

Chopper for the first time alone. Wanting to impress her, you try to shop only for the best price.

• Orange juice is on sale for $2/quart or $4/gallon.

• Which is the better price?

Metric System VS. English• Metric is much more user friendly than

the English System.

• Metrics uses the same set of prefixes to relate the base units of mass, length,

volume, time and temperature.

Metric Base UnitsLength = meter (m)

Mass = gram (g)

Volume = liter (l)

Time = second (s)

Temperature = Kelvin (K)

The Metric System• The metric system is based on the

number 10. • Each multiple of ten is assigned aprefix. This prefix is combined with a base unit to give the resultingunit a value.

The Metric PrefixesPrefix = Meaning = Abbreviation kilo = 1000 x larger = k hecta = 100 x larger = h deca = 10 x larger = da Base Unit deci = 10 x smaller = d centi = 100 x smaller = c milli = 1000 x smaller = m

Metric Prefixes

Base unit m l g s

The Metric Staircase kilo

hectadeca

Basedeci

centimilli

Up staircase(.) goes left.

Down staircase(.) goes right.

Metric MeaningsA km is a ______. A dal is a ____

A cg is a ______ A mm is a ____

The abbreviation for decigram is __

The abbreviation for hectaliter is ___

Metric MeaningsA kilometer is ____ larger than a meter?

1000 x A centigram is _____ smaller than a gram?

100 xHow many times larger than a millisecond is a centisecond? ______ 10 x

Converting with Metrics

• To convert between Metric units, simply move the decimal point the same number of steps you move up or down the staircase.

Converting with Metrics• Try some of these:• My motorcycle

traveling at 209 km / hr to m / s

• A snail traveling 123 cm / day to km / hr

• 125,000 meters to centimeters

• 57 nanometers to kilometers

Daily Assignment:In the circles below list three statements of comparison for each system. In

the middle section, list the definition of a system of measurement. System of

measurement

Accuracy Vs. Precision

• Precision: how exact your measurement is, limited by significant digits.

• Accuracy is the closeness of a measurement to the actual value of what is being measured.

What is a graph? A graph is a visual display of

information or data.

Graphing Different types of graphs are

appropriate for presenting different types of information.It is important to use the correct type of graph for the data you are presenting.

Types of Graphs – Pie graphIs used to show how some fixed quantity is broken down into its parts.

Types of Graphs – Bar graph A bar graph is

useful for comparing information in a number of separate, or distinct, categories.

Types of Graphs – Line graph A line graph is

used to display data that shows how one variable (dependent) changes in response to another variable.

Interpreting a Graph• Each graph will be titled. This will

tell you the information contained in that graph.

• For bar and line graphs, the x and y axis should be clearly labeled. On circle graphs, all data sections will be labeled.

Proportion

• Graphs that are said to have proportion behave in a certain way.

• Direct proportion means that if one thing goes up, the other goes up. Or, if one thing goes down, the other goes down.

• Inverse proportion means if one things goes up, the other goes down, and vice versa.

Try this out!!

• http://nces.ed.gov/nceskids/createagraph/default.aspx

Test Review

• What is Science• Branches of Natural Science• Physical Science• The Scientific Method• Theories vs. Laws• Lab Procedures

• Scientific Notation

Test Review• Metric System• Standard Of Measurement• Length, Mass, Volume, Time,

Temperature• Metric System VS. English• The Metric Prefixes• The Metric Staircase

Test Review• Converting with Metrics• Accuracy Vs. Precision• Graphs

– Line– Bar– Pie

• Proportion

Practice with Scientific Notation• 4.56 x 107

• 1.23 x 10-4

• 987,000,000

• .000,0001

• 90,000,000,000

• .000,000,000,000,000,000,000,1

• 8.7 x 1025

• 9.9 x 1011

Metric Conversion Practice• 112 hl to ml

• 43.7 km to cm

• 60 days to s

• Tony running at 8 km / hr to m / s

• Big rig covering 1000 km / day in mm / s

• Faucet dripping at 3 ml / s in kl / hour

Test Review

• When you are done with these problems, do the Chapter Assessment on page 29 in your book, numbers 1-22.