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Chapter Six: Pesticide Use and Safety and IPM Renee Hypes, IPM Technician Colonial Williamsburg Foundation

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Page 1: Chapter Six: Pesticide Use and Safety and IPM Renee Hypes, IPM Technician Colonial Williamsburg Foundation

Chapter Six: Pesticide Use and Safety and IPM

Renee Hypes, IPM Technician Colonial Williamsburg Foundation

Page 2: Chapter Six: Pesticide Use and Safety and IPM Renee Hypes, IPM Technician Colonial Williamsburg Foundation

Pest

What is a pest? For the purposes of pesticide application, there is a legal

definition of pest. "Pest" means any deleterious organism that is: (i) any

vertebrate animal other than man; (ii) any invertebrate animal excluding any internal parasite of living man or other living animals; (iii) any plant growing where not wanted, and any plant part such as a root; or (iv) any bacterium, virus, or other microorganisms (except for those on or in living man or other living animals and those on or in processed food or processed animal feed, beverages, drugs as defined by the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act and cosmetics as defined by the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act. Any organism protected under federal or state laws shall not be deemed a pest for the purposes of this chapter.

Page 3: Chapter Six: Pesticide Use and Safety and IPM Renee Hypes, IPM Technician Colonial Williamsburg Foundation

Pest

And because there is a legal definition of pest, there also is a legal definition of pesticide.

"Pesticide" means: (i) any substance or mixture of substances intended for preventing, destroying, repelling, or mitigating any insects, rodents, fungi, bacteria, weeds, other forms of plant or animal life, bacterium, or viruses, except viruses on or in living man or other animals, which the Commissioner shall declare to be a pest; (ii) any substance or mixture of substances intended for use as a plant regulator, defoliant, or desiccant; and (iii) any substance intended to become an active ingredient in any substance defined in clause (i) and (ii).

Page 4: Chapter Six: Pesticide Use and Safety and IPM Renee Hypes, IPM Technician Colonial Williamsburg Foundation

Pest Management and Decision-MakingThis is where IPM comes in, which we will talk

about in more depth later.The book poses excellent questions to facilitate

decision-making in terms of pests. Is the problem actually caused by a pest? What kind of pest? Is the problem severe enough to require action? Can the pest be controlled at this stage of life/growth? Are pesticides registered for the pest and site? Is pesticide use the best management option? Is pesticide use cost-effective?

Page 5: Chapter Six: Pesticide Use and Safety and IPM Renee Hypes, IPM Technician Colonial Williamsburg Foundation

Pest Management and Decision-Making

If there is a problem that requires action, there are factors that will help with what action to takePest life cycle and habitsPest population size and distributionFactors that attracted pest to siteManagement optionsWays to prevent future problems

Page 6: Chapter Six: Pesticide Use and Safety and IPM Renee Hypes, IPM Technician Colonial Williamsburg Foundation

Safe Use Precautions

If you decide to use a pesticide, the label must be followed.

In place of specific instructions on the label, always use common sense.

Before your trip to Lowe’s, Ace or Cooke’s, be sure of your pest.

Consult a knowledgeable friend, extension agent or knowledgeable garden center employee.

Page 7: Chapter Six: Pesticide Use and Safety and IPM Renee Hypes, IPM Technician Colonial Williamsburg Foundation

Safe Use Precautions

Be as close to 100% positive as possible on what you’re trying to control.

Misidentification will waste time, money and effort.

Also, unnecessary exposure of pesticide to yourself and the environment will result.

Page 8: Chapter Six: Pesticide Use and Safety and IPM Renee Hypes, IPM Technician Colonial Williamsburg Foundation

Safe Use Precautions

Read labels carefully and make sure you understand it

If you have questions ask someone at the store or call an extension agent for advice

Before leaving make sure you have all of the necessary equipment including PPE

Make sure the product is labeled not only for the target pest but also the site

Page 9: Chapter Six: Pesticide Use and Safety and IPM Renee Hypes, IPM Technician Colonial Williamsburg Foundation

Safe Use Precautions

The book also recommends not buying pesticides intended for professional use.

Professional pesticides may be cheaper per unit, but usually you end up with way more than needed

Professional formulations also have a greater risk for mistakes and consequently exposure

Page 10: Chapter Six: Pesticide Use and Safety and IPM Renee Hypes, IPM Technician Colonial Williamsburg Foundation

Safe Use Precautions

Generally professional pesticides require very little concentrate per water which makes mixing smaller amounts harder, such as a gallon

The requirements for PPE are usually more strict as are other precautions particularly for the environment

All of these stipulations also mean a longer, more difficult to understand label; another good reason to stay away from professional products.

Page 11: Chapter Six: Pesticide Use and Safety and IPM Renee Hypes, IPM Technician Colonial Williamsburg Foundation

Pesticide Terminology

AcaricideA substance used to kill acarids (a subclass of

aracnids that includes mites and ticks)

AttractantA substance used to lure a pest

AvicideA substance used to kill birds

BactericideFungicide

Page 12: Chapter Six: Pesticide Use and Safety and IPM Renee Hypes, IPM Technician Colonial Williamsburg Foundation

Pesticide Terminology

Growth RegulatorHerbicideInsecticideMiticideNematicides

A substance used to control nematodesRepellantsRodenticide

Page 13: Chapter Six: Pesticide Use and Safety and IPM Renee Hypes, IPM Technician Colonial Williamsburg Foundation

Pesticide Terminology

BandSpraying in-between rows, a small strip

BroadcastDipDirectedDrenchIn-furrow

Application to or within the furrow

Page 14: Chapter Six: Pesticide Use and Safety and IPM Renee Hypes, IPM Technician Colonial Williamsburg Foundation

Pesticide Terminology

Spot treatmentSidedressOver-the-topContactStomachSystemicTranslocated/translaminarSelective/non-selective

Page 15: Chapter Six: Pesticide Use and Safety and IPM Renee Hypes, IPM Technician Colonial Williamsburg Foundation

Pesticide Label

Labeling-all of the printed information on or attached to a pesticide container

The EPA is the federal agency that gives broad approval for a product that claims to have pesticidal activity

In Virginia, manufacturers also have to be approved by VDACS

This approval process ensures the claims made by the company can be proven and also that the product conforms to safety standards

Page 16: Chapter Six: Pesticide Use and Safety and IPM Renee Hypes, IPM Technician Colonial Williamsburg Foundation

Pesticide Label

The most important thing to know about pesticides is that the label is the law!

The label is the law!The label is the law!The label is a contract between EPA,

manufacturer, seller and purchaser.Purchasing a pesticide is agreeing to

the terms on the label.

Page 17: Chapter Six: Pesticide Use and Safety and IPM Renee Hypes, IPM Technician Colonial Williamsburg Foundation

Pesticide Label

The label has partsBrand nameCommon nameChemical name and

composition/ingredient statementEPA registration numberEPA establishment numberName and address of the manufacturerNet contents

Page 18: Chapter Six: Pesticide Use and Safety and IPM Renee Hypes, IPM Technician Colonial Williamsburg Foundation

Pesticide Label

Restricted use designationRestricted use chemicals require a pesticide

license and will not be in most retail establishments and are not meant for homeowner use

Precautionary StatementsSignal Word

Danger/PoisonWarningCaution

Statement of Practical Treatment

Page 19: Chapter Six: Pesticide Use and Safety and IPM Renee Hypes, IPM Technician Colonial Williamsburg Foundation

Pesticide Label

PPEHazards to human and domestic

animalsEnvironmental hazardsDirections for useMisuse statementStorage and disposalEmergency assistance

Page 20: Chapter Six: Pesticide Use and Safety and IPM Renee Hypes, IPM Technician Colonial Williamsburg Foundation

Pesticide Formulations

Aerosol (A)Bait (B)Dust (D)Emulsifiable Concentrate (E,EC)Granule (G)Ready-to-use (RTU)Water Dispersible Granule (WDG), Dry

Flowable (DF)Wettable Powder (WP)

Page 21: Chapter Six: Pesticide Use and Safety and IPM Renee Hypes, IPM Technician Colonial Williamsburg Foundation

Adjuvants

Adjuvants are added to increase effectiveness or safety

Includes activators, compatibility agents, deflocculators, detergent, dispersants, emulsifiers, foam and drift suppressants, and spreading, sticking and wetting agents

Sometimes they are already part of the formulation, sometimes they need to be added or are unnecessary

Page 22: Chapter Six: Pesticide Use and Safety and IPM Renee Hypes, IPM Technician Colonial Williamsburg Foundation

Compatibility

Not all pesticides can be mixed together

The label will give instructions on what can and cannot be mixed

Sometimes the label will also tell you to perform a jar test, but this is usually only with professional pesticides

Page 23: Chapter Six: Pesticide Use and Safety and IPM Renee Hypes, IPM Technician Colonial Williamsburg Foundation

Personal Safety

One of the first things to know about personal safety is what PPE is and what PPE the pesticide you are using requires

The label will give instructions on the minimum PPE, this is a requirement, not a suggestion!

Most often PPE consists of long pants, long-sleeved shirt, shoes plus socks and sometimes chemical resistant gloves and eye protection

Page 24: Chapter Six: Pesticide Use and Safety and IPM Renee Hypes, IPM Technician Colonial Williamsburg Foundation

Personal Safety

Be aware of what you need to wear for each activity, mixing and loading may require more PPE that applying

Eating, drinking, smoking and chewing gum should not happen while spraying, nor should these items be present when you spray

Pesticide contaminated clothing should be washed separately from other laundry and an empty cycle should be run after washing PPE

Page 25: Chapter Six: Pesticide Use and Safety and IPM Renee Hypes, IPM Technician Colonial Williamsburg Foundation

Symptoms of Poisoning

Different pesticides affect people differently but knowing common symptoms can help you get help faster

Symptoms of mild poisoning or early acute poisoning includeFatigueHeadacheDizzinessBlurred visionExcessive sweating and salivation

Page 26: Chapter Six: Pesticide Use and Safety and IPM Renee Hypes, IPM Technician Colonial Williamsburg Foundation

Symptoms of Poisoning

NauseaVomitingStomach crampsDiarrhea

Moderate poisoning or intermediate acute symptoms includeIncreased severity of early symptomsInability to walkWeakness

Page 27: Chapter Six: Pesticide Use and Safety and IPM Renee Hypes, IPM Technician Colonial Williamsburg Foundation

Symptoms of Poisoning

Chest discomfortMuscle twitchesConstricted pupils

Severe or acute poisoningUnconsciousnessSever constriction of pupilsMuscle twitchesConvulsionsSecretions from the mouth and noseBreathing difficultyDeath

Page 28: Chapter Six: Pesticide Use and Safety and IPM Renee Hypes, IPM Technician Colonial Williamsburg Foundation

Symptoms of Poisoning

Acute symptoms appear within 24 hours and are usually reversible with treatment

An MSDS will tell you what to expect and give numbers to call in emergency

If symptoms appear after 12 hours check with a doctor to make sure you have pesticide poisoning and not something else

Page 29: Chapter Six: Pesticide Use and Safety and IPM Renee Hypes, IPM Technician Colonial Williamsburg Foundation

Emergency Procedures

The label will list specific procedures for specific pesticides

Depending on the specific pesticide it may be particularly harmful to the eye or skin and require certain remedies

In general, if a pesticide gets on the skin, wash with soap and water as soon as possible and remove contaminated clothing

Page 30: Chapter Six: Pesticide Use and Safety and IPM Renee Hypes, IPM Technician Colonial Williamsburg Foundation

Emergency Procedures

Clothing soaked with concentrate should be thrown away

If pesticide gets into the eye, flush with a gentle stream of water for 15 minutes

If someone has been acutely poisoned, seek medical attention immediately

Give the doctor the name of the pesticide and how much was ingested

Take the pesticide and the MSDS with youOr call poison control-1-800-222-1222

Page 31: Chapter Six: Pesticide Use and Safety and IPM Renee Hypes, IPM Technician Colonial Williamsburg Foundation

Protecting the Environment

Protecting insect pollinators (bees)Avoid spraying when plants are bloomingSpray in the early morning or eveningChoose spray formulations over dust and

do not apply when temperatures are cool because residues will stay active longer

If you have any concerns about bees, including identification, habits and swarm or nest collection contact the state apiarist at VDACS or the local master beekeepers

Page 32: Chapter Six: Pesticide Use and Safety and IPM Renee Hypes, IPM Technician Colonial Williamsburg Foundation

Protecting the Environment

Persistence and AccumulationPersistence refers to how long a pesticide

remains active in the environmentMost are broken down by sun,

temperature or microbial activityPesticides that build up in the tissues of

animals are said to accumulateMost pesticides that accumulate have

limited uses or are off the market

Page 33: Chapter Six: Pesticide Use and Safety and IPM Renee Hypes, IPM Technician Colonial Williamsburg Foundation

Pesticide Movement

DriftSpray dropletsPesticides attached to soil particles that erode

VolatilizationTendancy for a liquid to turn to gasSome volatize more readily than others like 2,4-

D ester

Do not mix, store or apply pesticide near any source of water or a storm grate

Page 34: Chapter Six: Pesticide Use and Safety and IPM Renee Hypes, IPM Technician Colonial Williamsburg Foundation

IPM

We’ll talk about that more in depth later!

Page 35: Chapter Six: Pesticide Use and Safety and IPM Renee Hypes, IPM Technician Colonial Williamsburg Foundation

Application Equipment

There are different ways to apply different pesticides

Most of the time the application method is determined by the formulation

Reading and understanding the label will tell you haw the pesticide should be applied

Page 36: Chapter Six: Pesticide Use and Safety and IPM Renee Hypes, IPM Technician Colonial Williamsburg Foundation

Application Equipment

Any application equipment should be maintained properlyCleaned after useStored properly

Applicators used for herbicide should not be used for any other pesticide or fertilizer

Caution should also be used when using non-selective herbicides

Page 37: Chapter Six: Pesticide Use and Safety and IPM Renee Hypes, IPM Technician Colonial Williamsburg Foundation

Application Equipment

SprayersUse compression to force

liquid/suspension outOne of the most common ways to apply

pesticideHand duster

Either separate device or built in to the container

Hard to get uniform coverage and tends to drift easily

Page 38: Chapter Six: Pesticide Use and Safety and IPM Renee Hypes, IPM Technician Colonial Williamsburg Foundation

Application Equipment

SpreadersFor granule formulationsMore uniform coverage and low driftBe careful when applying near hard

surfaces and clean excess when finished

Page 39: Chapter Six: Pesticide Use and Safety and IPM Renee Hypes, IPM Technician Colonial Williamsburg Foundation
Page 40: Chapter Six: Pesticide Use and Safety and IPM Renee Hypes, IPM Technician Colonial Williamsburg Foundation

Sprayer Calibration and Application Techniques

Calibration ensures the equipment performs to certain specifications

When using sprayers and spreaders it is important to make sure the equipment is applying the correct amount

This is especially important for labels that express rate as an amount per area, such as ounces per 1000 square feet

Page 41: Chapter Six: Pesticide Use and Safety and IPM Renee Hypes, IPM Technician Colonial Williamsburg Foundation

Sprayer Calibration and Application Techniques

Calibrating a sprayer does not take much time and is relatively easyClean out the sprayer including the hoseMark out an area, something easy like 10

x 10Fill the sprayer with a known volume of

water, such as 1 gallonSpray the area in a continuous fashion as

you would when spraying actual chemicals

Page 42: Chapter Six: Pesticide Use and Safety and IPM Renee Hypes, IPM Technician Colonial Williamsburg Foundation

Sprayer Calibration and Application Techniques

Spray the remaining volume out of the sprayer and measure it

Subtract the remaining amount from the starting amount of liquid

This amount over the area sprayed is your rate

When spraying or spreading it is important to have a good pattern to achieve uniformity

Page 43: Chapter Six: Pesticide Use and Safety and IPM Renee Hypes, IPM Technician Colonial Williamsburg Foundation

Sprayer Calibration and Application Techniques

Try not to spray so that you are walking through it

A good way to get a uniform broadcast application is to spray half the rate in one direction and then again in a perpendicular direction

Page 44: Chapter Six: Pesticide Use and Safety and IPM Renee Hypes, IPM Technician Colonial Williamsburg Foundation

Storage and Disposal

Always read the label for instructions on how to properly store and dispose of any chemical

There are general guidelines but the label will have specific concerns and requirements

Page 45: Chapter Six: Pesticide Use and Safety and IPM Renee Hypes, IPM Technician Colonial Williamsburg Foundation

Storage and Disposal

In general a pesticide storage area should haveSecurityGood ventilationGood lightingMoisture controlProtection from temperature extremesEnough space to store and separate pesticidesConstruction so that spills and leaks can be

contained

Page 46: Chapter Six: Pesticide Use and Safety and IPM Renee Hypes, IPM Technician Colonial Williamsburg Foundation

Storage and Disposal

Make sure you have clean-up materials at hand

The clean-up supplies should be for pesticide only

Pesticides should always be stored in their original container!

Changing containers can be confusing and the second container may not be able to hold the pesticide

Page 47: Chapter Six: Pesticide Use and Safety and IPM Renee Hypes, IPM Technician Colonial Williamsburg Foundation

Storage and Disposal

Pesticide should always be stored by itself and never with food (animal or human), cleaning products or drugs

Keep track of what has been purchased and use older pesticides first

Check for deteriorating containers and labels

Replace labels when necessary ensuring they are fixed to the container

Page 48: Chapter Six: Pesticide Use and Safety and IPM Renee Hypes, IPM Technician Colonial Williamsburg Foundation

Storage and Disposal

By keeping good inventory and only buying what is needed for the growing season, disposal problems are eliminated

If the product is still legal for use the best and most recommended way to dispose of it is to use it according to the label

If you cannot use it, see if you can give it to another gardener

Page 49: Chapter Six: Pesticide Use and Safety and IPM Renee Hypes, IPM Technician Colonial Williamsburg Foundation

Storage and Disposal

The label will give specific directions on disposing of unused concentrate

It may be returned to the manufacturer or the point of sale but generally that only happens when the product is illegal for use

Another way to dispose is to participate in a homeowner waste collection program or VDACS pesticide disposal program

Page 50: Chapter Six: Pesticide Use and Safety and IPM Renee Hypes, IPM Technician Colonial Williamsburg Foundation

Storage and Disposal

NEVER pour concentrate out anywherePlan carefully to avoid dealing with excess

dilutionStorage is not recommended, but to use

what is mixed according to the labelTry to reuse rinsate in another mixContainers should also be disposed of

according to label directions

Page 51: Chapter Six: Pesticide Use and Safety and IPM Renee Hypes, IPM Technician Colonial Williamsburg Foundation

Pesticides and the Law

The EPA and VDACS are the agencies that regulate pesticides in Virginia

FIFRA is the federal legislation on pesticides

The Pesticide Control Act is the Virginia legislation that governs pesticides

Page 52: Chapter Six: Pesticide Use and Safety and IPM Renee Hypes, IPM Technician Colonial Williamsburg Foundation

Choosing the Right Pesticide

If you are unfamiliar with pesticides or have a new problem contact the local extension agent for advice

A knowledgeable garden center employee is also helpful

There are internet resources for pest control as well, including the Virginia Pest Management Guide published yearly by Virginia Cooperative Extension

Page 53: Chapter Six: Pesticide Use and Safety and IPM Renee Hypes, IPM Technician Colonial Williamsburg Foundation

Choosing the Right Pesticide

Some things to consider when choosing a pesticide areSiteEquipment and PPEMinimize wasteLeast toxicEnvironmental hazardsDisposal

Page 54: Chapter Six: Pesticide Use and Safety and IPM Renee Hypes, IPM Technician Colonial Williamsburg Foundation

IPM!

What is IPM?Science-based decision-making process

that identifies and reduces risks from pests and pest management related strategies

IPM coordinatesPest biologyEnvironmental informationAvailable technology

Page 55: Chapter Six: Pesticide Use and Safety and IPM Renee Hypes, IPM Technician Colonial Williamsburg Foundation

IPM

The goals of IPM areTo prevent unacceptable levels of pest

damageUse the most economical means Pose the least risk to people, property,

resources and the environment

Page 56: Chapter Six: Pesticide Use and Safety and IPM Renee Hypes, IPM Technician Colonial Williamsburg Foundation

IPM

There are 5 basic steps in IPMPest identificationPest biologyMonitoring/scoutingEstablish thresholds and determine

treatmentsEvaluation of results

Page 57: Chapter Six: Pesticide Use and Safety and IPM Renee Hypes, IPM Technician Colonial Williamsburg Foundation

IPM

The first step is proper pest identification

To that I would also add plant identification too

Without proper identification of the host as well as the problem, effective treatment cannot happen

Page 58: Chapter Six: Pesticide Use and Safety and IPM Renee Hypes, IPM Technician Colonial Williamsburg Foundation

IPM

Basic plant identificationWoody or herbaceous?Perennial, biennial, annual?Simple or compound leaves?Color variation?Flowers or fruit visible?Habit?Leaf shape

Page 59: Chapter Six: Pesticide Use and Safety and IPM Renee Hypes, IPM Technician Colonial Williamsburg Foundation

IPM

Page 60: Chapter Six: Pesticide Use and Safety and IPM Renee Hypes, IPM Technician Colonial Williamsburg Foundation

IPM

Disease IdentificationSymptoms

DiebackChlorosisWiltingNecrosisGrowths/gallsCankersOdd coloration

Page 61: Chapter Six: Pesticide Use and Safety and IPM Renee Hypes, IPM Technician Colonial Williamsburg Foundation

IPM

SignsFruiting bodiesMyceliaBacterial ooze

Page 62: Chapter Six: Pesticide Use and Safety and IPM Renee Hypes, IPM Technician Colonial Williamsburg Foundation

IPM

Insect identificationEight legs or six?Complete or incomplete metamorphosis?

WingsHeld like a tentFixedFold flatOne set hard, or patchy-lookingOnly one set

Page 63: Chapter Six: Pesticide Use and Safety and IPM Renee Hypes, IPM Technician Colonial Williamsburg Foundation

IPM

AntennaeClubbedSegmentedFeatheredElbowed

Body segmentsThin abdomenFat abdomenDistinct/indistinct separation of segmentsHead visible from above or hidden

Page 64: Chapter Six: Pesticide Use and Safety and IPM Renee Hypes, IPM Technician Colonial Williamsburg Foundation

IPM

Page 65: Chapter Six: Pesticide Use and Safety and IPM Renee Hypes, IPM Technician Colonial Williamsburg Foundation

IPM

Page 66: Chapter Six: Pesticide Use and Safety and IPM Renee Hypes, IPM Technician Colonial Williamsburg Foundation

IPM

Page 67: Chapter Six: Pesticide Use and Safety and IPM Renee Hypes, IPM Technician Colonial Williamsburg Foundation

IPM

The next step in IPM is understanding pest biology

It is impossible to go over the specifics of all the pests you might encounter so learning how to find and utilize good resources is key

Good resources can be books, other knowledgeable persons, or the internet

Page 68: Chapter Six: Pesticide Use and Safety and IPM Renee Hypes, IPM Technician Colonial Williamsburg Foundation

IPM

Some of my most used booksWebsites

Various state extension websiteswww.bugguide.net

Knowledgeable personsExtension agentsAREC personell

Page 69: Chapter Six: Pesticide Use and Safety and IPM Renee Hypes, IPM Technician Colonial Williamsburg Foundation

IPM

The Pest Management Guide from VA cooperative extension

Can have it in print or bookmark the website

Updated every yearLooks like this

Page 70: Chapter Six: Pesticide Use and Safety and IPM Renee Hypes, IPM Technician Colonial Williamsburg Foundation

IPM

Important aspects of pest biologyLife cycleHabitat-does it change with stage of lifeFeeding habitsVulnerability

Specific stage of lifeSpecific type of pesticide

Page 71: Chapter Six: Pesticide Use and Safety and IPM Renee Hypes, IPM Technician Colonial Williamsburg Foundation

IPM

Monitoring and scoutingIn order to effectively manage pests, it is

necessary to assess populationsKnowing pest biology will determine when

is the best time to be looking for the pestHelps determine populations and in

conjunction with thresholds determines treatment

Also can determine populations of beneficial bugs

Page 72: Chapter Six: Pesticide Use and Safety and IPM Renee Hypes, IPM Technician Colonial Williamsburg Foundation

IPM

Monitoring or scouting can be once a month, week, biweekly or just a few times a year

Pest pressure and thresholds will determine a schedule

Tools for monitoring includeHand lensPen and notebook to keep trackMin-max thermometers

Page 73: Chapter Six: Pesticide Use and Safety and IPM Renee Hypes, IPM Technician Colonial Williamsburg Foundation

IPM

Determining thresholds and establishing treatmentsIn IPM, thresholds need to be establishedA threshold is the point where action is

takenThresholds can be number of pests, or

amount of damage to plantsThere can also be multiple thresholds for

multiple treatments

Page 74: Chapter Six: Pesticide Use and Safety and IPM Renee Hypes, IPM Technician Colonial Williamsburg Foundation

IPM

After thresholds are set, treatments can be determined

Treatments can escalate as thresholds increase

Treatments should include as many of the following types as possibleCultural

Focus on plant healthProper conditions for optimal growthCrop rotation

Page 75: Chapter Six: Pesticide Use and Safety and IPM Renee Hypes, IPM Technician Colonial Williamsburg Foundation

IPM

Physical/MechanicalPhysically altering the environment or the

pest to obtain a level of controlTillingHand-weedingRow covers

ResistanceUsing plants that are resistant to pests

BiologicalOther living organisms to control anotherSuch as ladybugs, Beauvaria bassiana

Page 76: Chapter Six: Pesticide Use and Safety and IPM Renee Hypes, IPM Technician Colonial Williamsburg Foundation

IPM

ChemicalPesticides

Evaluate resultsKeeping track of what was used and

when can give a good idea of how well it worked

Review records at end of season to find trends and make the program better for the coming year

Page 77: Chapter Six: Pesticide Use and Safety and IPM Renee Hypes, IPM Technician Colonial Williamsburg Foundation

IPM-Examples

Aphids Identification

Small, often smaller than a grain of riceTwo projections on the rear called corniclesCan be many different colors and are soft-bodiedTend to congregateMay see cast skins and sooty moldLeaves of plants can be distorted and curledMay see winged malesSegmented antennae almost as long as the bodyFat abdomenIncomplete metamorphosis

Page 78: Chapter Six: Pesticide Use and Safety and IPM Renee Hypes, IPM Technician Colonial Williamsburg Foundation

IPM-Examples

Page 79: Chapter Six: Pesticide Use and Safety and IPM Renee Hypes, IPM Technician Colonial Williamsburg Foundation

IPM-Examples

Pest biologyHave incomplete metamorphosisPopulations are primarily femalesAll females can produce other female

aphid nymphsAphids give live birthMales may or may not be producedEggs are the overwintering stageCan complete a life cycle in as little as

ten days

Page 80: Chapter Six: Pesticide Use and Safety and IPM Renee Hypes, IPM Technician Colonial Williamsburg Foundation

IPM-Examples

Set thresholdsDepends on the plant

How much damage can it sustainHow long are the insects active on the plantWhat is the chance for re-infestation

Depends on the situationHow much damage is acceptableWhat control options are available

Set threshold based on damage to plant or insect population?

Page 81: Chapter Six: Pesticide Use and Safety and IPM Renee Hypes, IPM Technician Colonial Williamsburg Foundation

IPM-Examples

Determine Treatment(s)Cultural

Keeping healthy, vigorous plants to out-grow damage

Mechanical/PhysicalRow coversSyringing-a forceful spray of water to

dislodge the aphidsResistance

May not have varietal resistance but different species

Page 82: Chapter Six: Pesticide Use and Safety and IPM Renee Hypes, IPM Technician Colonial Williamsburg Foundation

IPM-Examples

BiologicalPredators-ladybugs, lacewings, parasitic waspsBeauveria bassiana PyrethrumNeem oil

ChemicalSoaps and oils work wellOther contact insecticides

RotenonePyrethrins

Page 83: Chapter Six: Pesticide Use and Safety and IPM Renee Hypes, IPM Technician Colonial Williamsburg Foundation

IPM-Examples

Systemic insecticideImidacloprid

Monitoring/ScoutingHow oftenWeekly or monthly?

Evaluation of resultsKeep records of monitoring and controlsDid you achieve the amount of control desiredDo any adjustments need to be made

Page 84: Chapter Six: Pesticide Use and Safety and IPM Renee Hypes, IPM Technician Colonial Williamsburg Foundation

IPM-Examples

Pest identificationPest biologySet thresholds and determine

treatmentsMonitoring/scoutingEvaluate results

Page 85: Chapter Six: Pesticide Use and Safety and IPM Renee Hypes, IPM Technician Colonial Williamsburg Foundation

Pesticides and IPM

Any [email protected]