chapter sk027 overview.ppt

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1. REACTION RATE

2. COLLISION THEORY AND

TRANSITION STATE THEORY

3. FACTORS AFFECTING

REACTION RATE

a) Define reaction rate

b) E!. Gra!" of # $ %& t in re'ation to reaction rate

c) (rite ifferentia' rate e*+ation. Deter,ine

reaction rate ba&e on ifferentia' rate e*+ation

) Define

i) rate 'a-

ii) orer of reaction

iii) "a'f'ife/ t 102

e) (rite interate rate e*+ation for

• ero orer

• Fir&t orer

• Secon orer

f) Deter,ine t"e orer of reaction in%o'%in a &in'e

reactant +&in

i) initia' rate ,et"o

ii) t"e +nit& of rate con&tant&/

iii) t102 ba&e on ra!" of # $ %& t

i%) 'inear ra!" ,et"o ba&e on t"e

interate rate e*+ation an rate 'a-

f) 4erfor, ca'c+'ation +&in t"e interate e*+ation

a) Co''i&ion t"eor5. E! t"e

re*+ire,ent& for effecti%e co''i&ion 6

i) ,ini,+, ener5

ii) correct orientation

a) Tran&ition &tate t"eor5

i) Define Ea -it" reference to

t"e ener5 !rofi'e iara,

ii) efine acti%ate co,!'e

iii) State t"e c"aracteri&tic& of

an acti%ate co,!'e

a) E! t"e effect& of reaction rate&

i) concentration iii) cata'5&t

ii) Te,!erat+re i%) !artic'e &i7e

b) E! 8a-e''9o't7,ann i&trib+tion c+r%e

c) E! effect of cata'5&t on Ea ba&e on ener5

!rofi'e for eot"er,ic an enot"er,ic

reaction&

) Arr"eni+& e*+ation

e) Deter,ine / Ea/ T an A +&in Arr"eni+& e* b5ca'c+'ation an ra!"ica' ,et"o

REACTION :INETICS



a. E!'ain bon c'ea%ae6 Ho,o'5tic an Hetero'5tic

b. State t"e re'ati%e &tabi'itie& of 1;/ 2; an 3; free

raica'&/carbocation& an carbanion&.

E!'ain t"e inductive effect of alkyl groups

toward the stability of carbocation& an

carbanion&.

c. Define e'ectro!"i'e an n+c'eo!"i'e.

i) t5!e& of e'ectro!"i'e

ii) t5!e& of n+c'eo!"i'e&

. E!'ain t"e ,ain t5!e& of oranic reaction&6

i) Addition6 E< an N+

ii) substitution6 E</ N+ an free raica'&

iii) Elimination

i%) Rearrangement

INTROD=CTIONTO ORGANIC CHE8ISTRY OVERVIEW

INTROD=CTIONTO

ORGANIC CHE8ISTRY

INRO!"#ION

a. Define &tr+ct+ra' for,+'a

b. Dra- &tr+ct+ra' for,+'a in t"e for, of e!ane/

conen&e an &e'eta' &tr+ct+re&

c. E!'ain !ri,ar5 >1;)/ &econar5 >2;)/ tertiar5 >3;) an

*+aternar5 >?;) carbon

a. Li&t t"e e'e,ent& t"at ,ae +! oranic co,!o+n&

C/H/O/N/4/S an "a'oen&.

b. State t"e abi'iti5 of carbon to for, co%a'ent bon&

i) &in'e bon

ii) o+b'e bon

ii) tri!'e bon

c. Differentiate bet-een &at+rate an +n&at+rate co,!o+n&

. Gi%e ea,!'e of oranic co,!o+n& +&e in

,eicine/enineerin/biotec"no'o5 an aric+'t+re.

a. Define f+nctiona' ro+!.

b. Na,e f+nctiona' ro+!& an

c'a&&if5 oranic co,!o+n&

accorin to t"eir f+nctiona'

ro+!&.

c. Define "o,o'oo+& &erie&

an e!'ain enera'

c"aracteri&tic& of it& ,e,ber&

a. Define I&o,eri&,

b. E$plain con&tit+tiona'

i&o,eri&,6 chain i&o,er&/

positional i&o,er& an functionalgroup i&o,er&

c. Define &tereoi&o,eri&,

% !escribe cis&trans i&o,eri&,.

Identify cis&trans i&o,eri&,

f. Define c"ira'it5 centre an

enantio,er&.

Identify c"ira'it5 centre in a

,o'ec+'e

. E$plain o!tica' acti%it5 of aco,!o+n

". !raw a !air of enantio,er&

+&in '&dimensional

i. Define race,ate ,it+re

@. Gi%e t"e a!!'ication& of c"ira'

co,!o+n& in ai'5 'ife

("N#IONA) *RO"+, AN!

-O.O)O*O", ,ERIE,

I,O.ERI,.

REA#ION, IN OR*ANI##O.+O"N!,

.O)E#")AR AN!

,R"#"RA) (OR.")AE



a) Define hydrocarbon compounds

b) C'a&&if5 hydrocarbons into :

i) aliphatic and aromatic

ii)

saturated and unsaturated

c) Dec&cribe alkanes as saturated by

hydrocarbon with the general formula :

i) # n- /n0/ 1 n 2 3 for open chain alkanes

ii) # n- /n 1 n 2' for cycloalkanes

e) E!'ain the physical properties:

i) compare the boiling points of4

& alkanes based on molecular weight

& isomeric alkanes

& alkanes and cycloalkanes

ii) solubility

f) State the natural source of alkanes

g) De&cribe the combustion of alkane in

i) e$cess o$ygen ii) limited o$ygen

h) E!'ain the unreactivity of alkanes

i) E!'ain the halogenation reaction of alkanes

j) E!'ain the free radical substitution

mechanism for ,et"ane, et"ane, and

!ro!ane

k) E!'ain the monosubstitution of alkane

containing equivalent type of hydrogen

atoms as in neo!entane

d) Dra- the structures and na,e t"e co,!o+n&

according to the I=4AC no,enc'at+re for :

i) straight chain and branched alkanes 5#3&#6 7

ii) cyclic alkanes 5#'&#8 7

iii) alkyl groups

AL:ANES

OBERBIE(



c) S"o- the !re!aration of a'ene& through :

i) dehydration of alcohols 5mechanism7

ii) dehydrohalogenation of haloalkanes

) State Sa5t7eff& r+'e. Deduce the ,a@or !ro+ct of

elimination reaction.

e) E!'ain the reacti%it5 of alkenes

f) E!'ain the aition reaction& of alkenes with :

i) hydrogen in presence of catalyst 5hydrogenation7

ii) halogen !l" or #r ") in inert solvent !$"!l" 5halogenation7

iii) halogen !l" or #r ") in water 5halogenation7

iv) hyrogen halides $!l or $#r) 5hydrohalogenation7

v) acidified water 5hydration7

vi) cold concentrated sulphuric acid

) (rite the ,ec"ani&, of electrophilic addition of :

i) hyrogen halides 5hyrohalogenation7ii) acidified water 5hydration7

%&plain the for,ation of !ro+ct according to the

8aro%nio%& r+'e

h) Deter,ine the product of the reaction between alkene and

hydrogen bromide in the presence of pero&ide according to

anti8aro%nio%& r+'e.

i) E!'ain the +n&at+ration te&t for alkene :

i) 9ae5er& te&t using cold, dilute, alkalinesolution '(n* at room temperature.

ii) reaction -it" bro,ine in !$"!l" and bromin

water

@) Deter,ine the !o&ition of o+b'e bon through :

i) O9onolysis

ii) reaction with hot1 acidified :.nO ;

AL:ENESOBERBIE(

a) De&cribe a'ene& as unsaturated hydrocarbon with

the general formula !n$"n , n+"

b) Dra- the structures and na,e the compounds

according to I=4AC no,enc'at+re for :

i) straight chain 5# / &# 3< 7 and

branched alkenes 5# ;&# 3< 7

ii) cyclic alkenes 5# ;&# 8 7

iii) simple dienes 5# ;&# 8 7



ARO.AI# #O.+O"N!, OVERVIEW

ARO8ATIC

SO84O=NDS

INRO!"#ION

. Draw and named using

-/0! nomenclature a) monosubstituted

b) d isubstituted

c) tri substituted

d) tetrasubstituted

. Describe the terms

a) aromatics compounds

b) :ekule= structure

c) resonance structure

". Draw and give e&ample ben1ene

as a substitutent: CH > phenyl )

1. %&p. the e'ectro!"i'ic &+b&it+tion

of ben1ene:

a) nitration

b) halogenation c) (ridel&#rafts alkylation

d) (ridel&#rafts acylation

2. %&p.the inf'+ence of

a) ortho&para director

b) meta director

towards electrophilic substitution

3. %&p.the reaction of

ben1ene derivatives

a) o$idation of alkylben9ene

b) halogenation of toluene

?. 2ive the uses of aromatic

compounds include the

carcinogenic effects of

aromatic compounds

(ree radicals sub% 5presence "V7

Electrophilic sub% 5presence of )ewis Acid7

.echanism for each reaction

NO.EN#)A"RE O(

>EN?ENE AN! I=,

!ERIVAIVE,

#-E.I#A) +RO+ERIE, O(

>EN?ENE AN! I=, !ERIVAIVE,

noradilah3unitkimia.kmk



HALOAL:ANE >AL:YL HALIDES)OVERVIEW

INTROD=CTION

CHE8ICAL 4RO4ERTIES

1. Gi%e t"e enera' for,+'a of "a'oa'ane

2. Dra- t"e &tr+ct+re&

3. C'a&&if5 1/ 2/ 3 "a'oa'ane/

?. I=4AC no,enc'at+re

. De&cribe "a'oa'ane 6contain !o'ar bon/carbon bearin t"e "a'oen i& &+&ce!tib'e to

n+c'eo!"i'ic attac

. De&cribe (+rt7 reaction

?. E!. E'i,ination reaction -it"

reference to dehydrohalogenation R@

3. Co,!are t"e re'ati%e

reacti%itie& of 3< 1 / < 1 '< R@ to-ar&

"5ro'5&i&

2. E!'ain

a7 , N 3 mechanism

b7 , N 3 mechanism

1. E!. N+ &+b&tit+tion of R

a7 -ydrolysis of R@ with NaO-- / O

b7 Reaction of R@ with :#N

c7 Reaction of R@ with N- '

. E!. t"e +&e of R in t"e

S5nt"e&i& of Grinar Reaent&

a7 ,ynthesis of alkane

b7 ,ynthesis of 3< 1 / < 1 '< alcohols

c7 ,ynthesis of carbo$ylic acid

. (rite t"e i,!ortance

of R a& inert &+b&tance



HYDROY CO84O=NDS

OVERVIEW

INTROD=CTION

4HENOL

4RE4ARATION OFROH

Genera' for,+'a of o!en c"ain a'co"o'

I=4AC no,enc'at+re

3% Reaction with sodium

/% Esterification

'% !ehydration

;% ,ubstn% reaction using

-@1 +@ '1 +@ 6 or ,O#l

6% O$idation

9oi'in !oint

So'+bi'it54"5&ica' !ro!ertie&

Dra- an c'a&&if5 t"e &tr+ct+re

Ientification te&t

3% )ucas test

/% O$idation test

'% Iodoform test

In+&tria' !re!aration

of !"eno'

CHE8. 4RO4S OF 4HENOLS

3% Reaction with sodium

/% Reaction with Naoh

'% E 0 substn 4

5&O- as ortho&para director7

3% (ermentation

/% -ydration of alkenes

'% -ydrolysis of R@

;% Addition of *rignard Reagents

to carbonyl compounds

CHE8ICAL 4RO4ERTIES

OF ROH

Ientification te&t for !"eno'

3% (e#l ' solution

/% >romin water

Co,!are t"e aciit5 of

!"eno'/ a'co"o'& an -ater Co,,on +&e& of a'co"o'

an !"eno'&



CAR9ONYL CO84O=ND Overview

INTROD=CTION

1) enera' for,+'a

2) Dra- t"e &tr+ct+re&

3) I=4AC no,enc'at+re

4RE4ARATION OF CAR9ONYL

37 O$idation of alcohol

/7 O9onolysis of alkene

'7 (riedel&#rafts acylation

CHE8ICAL 4RO4S. OF CAR9ONYL

37 Nu & addition

/7 Reduction

'7 #ondensation

;7 O$idation

67 Iodoform test

HCN

R8

NaHSO3

H2O

LiA'H? 0H<

H2 0cata'5&t

Na9H? 0H<

"5ro5'a,ine

2/?DN4H

!"en5'"5ra7ine

"5ra7ine

:8nO? 0H<

Fe"'in& 0 9eneict

To''en&

:2Cr 2O 0H<

Sc"iff&

ROH

5 I! test 7

5 I! test 7

5 I! test 7



CAR9OYLIC ACIDS AND ITS DERIBATIBES

OVERVIEW

4RE4ARATION OF RCOOH

CHE8ICAL 4RO4ERTIES OF RCOOH

INTROD=CTION 1. Genera' for,+'a

2. I=4AC no,enc'at+re

3. 4"5&ica' !ro!ertie&

1. Oiation of a'5'ben7ene/ ROH an a'e"5e

2. H5ro'5&i& of nitri' co,!o+n

3. Carbonation of Grinar Reaent

1. Ne+tra'i&ation -it" ba&e

2. Reaction -it" e'ectro!o&iti%e

,eta' >Na/ 8/ or Ca)

3. Re+ction -it" LiA'H? 0 H<

?. Ac5' c"'orie for,ation

. An"5rie for,ation

. E&terification

. A,ie for,ation

i) :8nO? 0 H<

ii) To''en& reaent

E!'ain re+cin !ro!ertie&of ,et"anoic aci -it" 6

E!'ain t"e re'ati%e& reacti%itie& of RCOOH

eri%ati%e& to-ar& "5ro'5&i& reactionGi%e t"e +&e& of RCOOH an it& eri%ati%e&

a) 9oi'in !oint&

b) So'+bi'it5

c) Aciit5 Co,!are -it" ROH an 4"eno'

Ha'oenate RCOOH ba&e on

i) N+,ber of "a'oen

ii) 4o&ition of "a'oen

RCOOH

eri%ati%e&



A8INESOVERVIEW

INTROD=CTION

4RE4ARATION

4HYSICAL 4RO4ERTIES

CHE8ICAL 4RO4ERTIES

1) C'a&&if5 1/ 2/ 3 a,ine

2) I=4AC no,enc'at+re1) 9oi'in !oint

a) Co,!are 1/ 2/ 3 a,ine

b) Co,!are -it" RH/ R/ ROH/ carbon5'2) So'+bi'it5

a) Co,!are 1/ 2/ 3 a,ine

3) 9a&icit5

a) In+cti%e effect

b) Re&onance effect

1) Re+ction of nitro

2) Re+ction of nitri'&

3) Re+ction of a,ie&

?) Hoff,ann& eraation

• LiA'H? 0 H<

• Na9H? 0 H<

• H2 0 4t

• LiA'H? 0 H<

• Na9H? 0 H<

• n 0 H<

• SnC'2 0 H<

a) Reaction of a,ine -it"

• Ac5' c"'orie

• Aci an"5rie

• Hin&ber te&t > ID te&t )

• Nitro+& aci& > ID te&t )

• 9ro,in -ater > ID te&t )

b) E!. For,ation of 5e



A8INO ACIDS AND 4ROTEINOVERVIEW

INTROD=CTION

CHE8ICAL 4RO4ERTIES

1) Genera' &tr+ct+re of a,ino aci&

2) Ientif5 t"e &tr+ct+re of 2 &tanara,ino aci&

3) I=4AC no,enc'at+re of a,ino aci&

?) Define ter,&

a) -itterion an

b) I&oe'ectric !oint/ !I

) Dra- t"e i%en a,ino aci& 6

a) in aciic ,ei+,

b) in ba&ic ,ei+,

c) at !I

1) Reaction of a,ino aci& -it"

a) HC'

b) NaOH

c) HNO2

) ROH 0 H<

2) For,ation of !e!tie bon

in !o'5!e!tie&

Gi%e t"e i,!ortance of a,ino aci&

>1 e&&entia' aci&) an !rotein&

>e 6 co''aen an "e,o'obin)



4OLY8ERSOVERVIEW

1) E!'ain t"e ter,&

a) ,ono,er ) co!o'5,er

b) !o'5,er e) &trai"t c"ain !o'5,er

c) "o,o!o'5,er f) cro&&'ine !o'5,er

2) Nat+ra' !o'5,er& a) !rotein&

b) carbo"5rate&

c) nat+ra' r+bber

!re!aration

conen&ationaition

1) 4o'5a,ie& a) :e%'ar

b) N5'on

c) N5'on /

2) 4o'5e&ter a) acron

b) ter5'ene

1) 4o'5a'ene& a) !o'5et"5'ene

b) !o'5>%in5'c"'orie)

c) !o'5&t5rene

3) S5nt"etic !o'5,er

T"e +&e of &5nt"etic !o'5,er&

chapter sk027 overview.ppt

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