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Chapter Ten
Medieval Coins from the Excavations at et-Tell (Bethsaida)
1987–2016
Gregory C. Jenks
The current archaeological excavations at Bethsaida began in 1987 under the leadership of Dr Rami Arav, who continues
as the Director for the Bethsaida Excavations Project. The project operates as a consortium with several universities
participating, and its administrative center was at the University of Nebraska at Omaha until 2016. Since excavations
commenced and until the 2016 season, 610 coins have been recovered at Bethsaida. There was no season at the site in
2017 and the 2018 season had not commenced at the time of writing.
The 64 coins described in this report are from different phases of the Medieval period (500–1700 CE). Fifty-four of
the coins are Islamic, but this report also includes 10 Byzantine, Crusader and European coins. The 108 coins from the
period after 1700 will be the subject of a separate report.
The 10 non-Islamic coins are included as they are integral to the numismatic data for the medieval period at
Bethsaida. In addition to their value as evidence of the commercial and political relationships throughout the Medieval
period at Bethsaida they relate in different ways to the Islamic coins. Several of them were found among coins recovered
from the vicinity of Bedouin tombs.
The information in this report has been prepared in collaboration with and under the supervision of Donald T. Ariel,
Head of the Coin Department, Israel Antiquities Authority. Ariel Berman was responsible for identification of the
Islamic coins. I also acknowledge the contribution of David Jacobson (UK) and Peter Lewis (Australia), each of whom
has assisted with the identification of particular coins. Suhair Nusair (Nazareth) has assisted me at many places with the
reading and translation of the Arabic inscriptions.
The data relating to the Medieval coins is set out in several convenient tables to assist with the analysis of the
information as we seek to determine what these coins indicate about human presence at the site at various points of time.
The focus for this particular report is what the coins suggest about patterns of settlement on the site and about regional
power relations during the 1,200 years between 500 CE and 1700 CE.
From the data presented in these tables, it is clear that we have very few coins prior to the end of the Crusader period.
This suggests that there was very little activity at the site between the Late Roman period and the collapse of the Crusader
kingdoms.
The Byzantine period is attested by just 4 coins from before the Islamic conquest, and they all date prior to 600 CE.
One of them is possibly pierced, suggesting it may have come to the site as late as the Ottoman period, when it was one
item in a collection of pierced coins worn as ornaments by Bedouin women. There is nothing to suggest any economic
activity or any settlement on the site in the pre-Islamic Byzantine era. This lack of coins fits with the absence of structural
and other material remains from the Byzantine period. Bethsaida truly had become a “lost city” despite the Byzantine
interest in pilgrimage sites associated with the ministry of Jesus as described in the NT gospels.
Likewise, the early Islamic period is represented by just a few coins. There are no coins from Rasidun caliphate
(632–661 CE). We have just 4 coins from the Umayyad period, even though there was an Umayyad palace at Horvat
Minya on the northwest shore of the Sea of Galilee (which was later converted to serve as a sugar refinery in the early
Mamluk period). The Abbasid period is represented by just 2 coins, and one of them was only found in secondary use
as a Bedouin ornament (and perhaps only arrived at the site in the late Ottoman period). There are no coins from the
Fatimid caliphate (909–1171 CE). This was a period of general decline across the whole countryside of Palestine.
There are only two Crusader coins: one minted in Jerusalem and the other in Constantinople. Both of them are
pierced for use as ornaments in the Bedouin style and may therefore not reflect a Crusader presence at et-Tell.
As the Crusader control diminishes in the Galilee, we observe the rise of Damascus as a regional seat of power. This
is seen in the 6 coins from Zangid rulers, the 6 Ayyubid coins (including 2 issued by Salah al-Din himself), and the 33
Mamluk coins.
The datable Mamluk coins are concentrated in the earlier phase of Mamluk rule, which began in 1250 CE: 2 of them
are from the thirteenth century, 6 are from the fourteenth century and another 2 are from the early fifteenth century.
While the majority (23) of the Mamluk coins are undatable, no coins can be dated to the late fifteenth or early sixteenth
century. This correlates with the collapse of Mamluk power prior to the Ottoman conquest.
We have just two early Ottoman coins that are dated prior to 1700 CE. This paucity of coins suggests there was no
revival of settlement in the area during the early Ottoman period after the collapse in the late Mamluk period.
In summary, when the seat of imperial power was in Cairo or Baghdad there seems to have been little interest in
settlement at Bethsaida. However, with the struggle to defeat the Crusader kingdoms this site was close to ground zero,
and it seems to have been occupied in the Ayyubid and early Mamluk period.
There is no evidence to date that the site was involved in the sugar industry that dominated the Jordan valley in the
early Mamluk period, even though we have the remains of several sugar refining facilities around the Kinneret (see
Stern 2013). We have neither the distinctive pottery associated with sugar processing nor the industrial infrastructure
for a sugar refinery at Bethsaida. This may change with further excavations on the lower slopes of the site, but at this
stage it does not seem that the population at Bethsaida in the early Mamluk period was engaged in the processing of
sugar even if they were involved in the cultivation of cane crops on the nearby alluvial plain.
Table 1: Classical Coins Recovered from Bethsaida (Et-Tell) 1988–2016
Category Total
Hellenistic (Alexander the Great) 3
Autonomous Hellenistic Cities 22
Uncertain 17
Ptolemaic 59
Seleucid 141
Hasmonean 38
Herodian 22
Early Roman 57
Autonomous Roman Cities 9
Uncertain Roman 32
Byzantine 3
Total Classical Coins 404
Table 2: Medieval Coins Recovered from Bethsaida (Et-Tell) 1988–2016
Category Total
Byzantine 4
Islamic (Umayyad, Abbasid, Fatimid) 6
Crusader 2
Islamic (Zangrid, Ilkhanid, Ayyubid, Mamluk
& early Ottoman)
48
European 4
Total Medieval Coins 64
Table 3: Modern & Unidentified/ Unidentifiable Coins
Recovered from Bethsaida (Et-Tell) 1988–2016
Category Total
Islamic (late Ottoman) 98
European 3
Syrian Arab Republic 7
Total Modern Coins 108
Not Identified/ Unidentifiable 35
Table 4: Islamic Coins from Bethsaida
Dynasty Period Coins Pierced
Rasidun Caliphate 11– 41AH / 632–661 CE 0 0
Umayyad Dynasty 14– 133 AH / 661–750 CE 4 0
Abbasid Caliphate 133– 657 AH / 750–1258 CE 2 11
Fatimid Caliphate 297– 567 AH / 909–1171 CE 0 0
Zangid Dynasty 521– 648 AH / 1127–1250 CE 6 0
Ilkhanid Dynasty 654– 736 AH / 1256–1335 CE 0 0
Ayyubid Dynasty 567– 742 AH / 1171–1341 CE 6 0
Mamluk Dynasty 648– 923 AH / 1250–1517 CE 33 0
Ottoman Empire pre-1700 923–1115 AH / 1517–1703 CE 3 0
Ottoman Empire post-1700 1115–1337 AH / 1703–1918 CE 99 42
Ornaments/Tokens — 4 1
Table 5: Medieval Coins by Dynasty and Location on Site
A B C E T ? Total Byzantine 3 1 4
Umayyad 1 2 1 4
Abbasid 1 1 1
Crusader 2 2
Zanjid 1 2 1 2 6
Ayyubid 1 1 2 2 6
Mamluk 8 12 7 5 1 33
Ottoman 1 3 4
European 3 3
Totals 21 16 11 2 10 4 64
Table 6: Medieval Coins from Bethsaida by Mint
Mint Dynasty / Ruler Coins
Baghdad Abbasid 1
Constantinople Byzantine 2
Crusader 1
Ottoman 1
Damascus Zangid 5
Ayyubid 5
Mamluk 6
Egypt (Cairo) Ottoman 1
European mints Holland, Kremnitz, Venice (2) 4
Jerusalem Crusader 1
Persia Mamluk 1
Thessalonica Byzantine 1
Unidentified/Uncertain This includes 26 Mamluk coins,
most of which were probably
minted in Damascus. The balance
are Umayyad (4), Abbasid (1),
Zanjid (1), Byzantine (1), Ayyubid
(1), and Early Ottoman (1).
35
1 Found in Area T, a context in which many Ottoman items, including other pierced coins, have been found.
Table 7: Medieval Coins Listed by Season
Season Dynasty IAA Number Basket Number
1988 Byzantine 116281 Not known
Zangid 116293 1234
Mamluk 116294 5024
Mamluk 116295 4080
Mamluk 116296 Not known
1989 Mamluk 116300 2016
Mamluk 116301 3000
Mamluk 116302 2042
Mamluk 116303 2043
1990 Mamluk 116306 1733
Mamluk 116307 1952
Mamluk 116315 4056
1991 No Medieval coins recovered during this season
1992 Zangid 116317 5105
Mamluk 116318 5062
1993 Byzantine 116332 9182
1994 Byzantine 116350 2832
Abbasid 95597 2502
Umayyad 116380 6292
Ayyubuid 125067 9558
Mamluk 116351 2844
Mamluk 116352 2962
Mamluk 116381 5639
Mamluk 116382 6049
Mamluk 116383 6146
Mamluk 116395 9532
Mamluk 116402 9597
Mamluk 116404 9558
Mamluk 116406 9598
Mamluk 116407 Not known
European 95598 2537
1995 Umayyad 116400 6462
Mamluk 116415 8535
1996 No Medieval coins recovered during this season
1997 Umayyad 116508 3571
Umayyad 116539 Not known
Crusader 116510 3573
Mamluk 116512 3527
Mamluk 545373 2187
1998 Ayyubid 116454 9088
Ayyubid 116455 9049
1999 Mamluk 116477 9239
Mamluk 125142 9558
2000 Mamluk 116493 6570
2001 Ayyubid 116502 16317
Ottoman 116504 16396
2002 No coins recovered during this season
2003 No Medieval coins recovered during this season
2004 No Medieval coins recovered during this season
2005 Byzantine 115969 17524
2006 No Medieval coins recovered during this season
2007 Ottoman 115978 18371
2008 Zangid 125048 18622
European 125049 18623
2009 No Medieval coins recovered during this season
2010 Ottoman 137117 11029
2011 Mamluk 138132 23388
2012 Ayyubid 138739 31013
Ayyubid 138740 31016
2013 Zangid 143582 31068
Zangid 143586 31124
Mamluk 143581 31060
Mamluk 143583 31108
Mamluk 143584 31144
Mamluk 143585 31170
Mamluk 143587 31163
2014 Abbasid 144635 31191
Crusader 144630 23839
European 144634 23832
European 144628 23806
2015 Zangid 154897 22012
2016 No Medieval coins recovered during this season
References
Album, S., and T. Goodwin. 2002. Sylloge of Islamic Coins in the Ashmolean 1: The Pre-Reform Coinage of the Early
Islamic Period. Oxford. (SICA 1).
Balog, P. 1964. “The Coinage of the Mamlūk Sultans of Egypt and Syria.” Numismatic Studies 12. New York.
-----. 1970. "The Coinage of the Mamlūk Sultans: Additions and Corrections." Museum Notes (American Numismatic
Society) 16: 113-71.
-----. 1980. The coinage of the Ayyubids. Special publication (Royal Numismatic Society), no. 12. London: Royal
Numismatic Society.
Bijovsky, G. 2012. Gold Coin and Small Change: Monetary Circulation in Fifth–Seventh Century Byzantine Palestine.
(Polymnia Numismatica antica e medievale. Studi 2). Trieste.
Bellinger, A. R. 1966. Catalogue of the Byzantine Coins in the Dumbarton Oaks Collection and in the Whittemore
Collection 1: Anastasius I to Maurice 491–602. Washington. (DOC 1).
Carson, R.A.G., and J. P. C. Kent. 1965. “Part II: Bronze Roman Imperial Coinage of the Later Empire, A.D. 346–498.”
In Late Roman Bronze Coinage A.D. 324–498, 41-114. London. (LRBC II).
Hahn, W. 2000. Money of the Incipient Byzantine Empire (Anastasius I–Justinian I, 491–565) (Veröffentlichungen des
Instituts für Numismatik und Geldgeschichte der Universität Wien 6). Vienna. (MIBE).
Hill, P. V., and J. P. C. Kent. 1965. “Part I: The Bronze Coinage of the House of Constantine, A.D. 324–346.” In Late
Roman Bronze Coinage A.D. 324–498, 4-40. (LRBC I).
Ilisch, L. 1993. Sylloge Numorum Arabicorum Tübingen: Palästina IVa Bilād aš-Šam I. Tübingen. (SNAT 1993).
Jenks, Gregory C. 2014a. “A Roman coin from Bethsaida (Et-tell).” In A Life in Parables and Poetry: Pedagogue, Poet,
Scholar. Essays in honor of Mishael Maswari Caspi, edited by John T. Greene, 121–32. Berlin: Klaus Schwarz.
-----. 2014b. "More Than Just Couch Change: Bethsaida Coin Report 2001-2012." In Bethsaida in Archaeology, History,
and Ancient Culture: A Festschrift in Honor of John T. Greene, edited by J. Harold Ellens, 152–87. Newcastle upon
Tyne: Cambridge Scholars Publishing.
Kabaklarli, N. 1998. Mangir: Copper Coins of the Ottoman Empire 1299–1808 (Osmanli imperatorluğu bakir paralari)
(Uşaklilar eğitim ve kültür vakfi yayinlari 1). Istanbul.
Kent, J. P. C. 1994. The Roman Imperial Coinage X: The Divided Empire and the Fall of the Western Parts, AD 395–
491. London. (RIC X).
Kindler, Arie. 1999. "Coin Finds at Bethsaida Excavations." In Bethsaida: A City by the North Shore of the Sea of
Galilee, edited by Rami Arav and Richard A. Freund, vol. 2, 250-68. Kirksville, MO: Truman State University Press.
-----. 2009. "Bethsaida Numismatic Survey: Seasons of 1997 through 2000." In Bethsaida: A City by the North Shore of
the Sea of Galilee, edited by Rami Arav and Richard A. Freund, vol. 4, 252–66. Kirksville, MO: Truman State
University Press.
Meier, Cecilia. 1995. "Appendix to Chapter 1: Breakdown of Coins by Period (until 1993 Season)." In Bethsaida: A
City by the North Shore of the Sea of Galilee, edited by Rami Arav and Richard A. Freund, vol. 1, 53–63. Kirksville,
MO: Thomas Jefferson University Press.
Mitchiner, Michael, 1977. The World of Islam. Oriental Coins and Their Values. London: Hawkin.
Pere, N. 1968. Coins of the Ottoman Empire. Istanbul (Turkish).
Stern, Edna J. 1999a. The Sugar Industry in Palestine During the Crusader, Ayyubid and Mamluk Periods in Light of
the Archaeological Finds. Vol. 1: Text. Vol. 2: Figures. Jerusalem: Hebrew University.
-----. 1999b. "Medieval Sugar Production in the Eastern Mediterranean as Reflected in the Archaeological Finds
(Hebrew)." In Mare Nostrum: Physical, Human and Cultural Aspects in the Mediterranean Sea, edited by D. Sivan
and H. Kutiel, 79–83. Haifa: University of Haifa.
-----. 2013. "Sugar Production in the Lake of Galilee Region as Revealed by Ceramic Vessels Unearthed at
Archaeological Excavations in Tiberias (Crusader Period, 12th Century CE)." In 45 years for the Golan Heights
survey. A conference in honor of Moshe Hartal. Hecht Museum, University of Haifa.
Valentine, W. H. 1911. Modern Copper Coins of the Muhammadan States of Turkey, Persia, Egypt, Afghanistan,
Morocco, Tripoli, Tunis, etc. London.
Walker, J. 1956. A Catalogue of the Arab-Byzantine and Post-Reform Umayyad Coins (A Catalogue of the
Muhammadan Coins in the British Museum II). London.
CATALOGUE
The catalogue is organized chronologically. Unless otherwise indicated all
dates are according to the Western calendar. The majority of the coins are
bronze or copper-alloy, but there are several silver coins included in this
report.
Mints are abbreviated as follows:
B Baghdad H Holland T Thessalonica
C Constantinople J Jerusalem U Uncertain
D Damascus P Persia V Venice
E Egypt S Spain
Cat.
No.
Areas, Loci,
Baskets
(Axis,
Diam., Wt.)
Obverse Reverse Date
(CE)
Mint
Bibliography Notes IAA
No.
BYZANTINE Justinus II (565–78)
1 A. L818. B2832
(6, 28mm,
10.97g)
[…] PP AV 565 C Kindler 1999:
254, No. 33
Æ 116350
2 C. L917. B9182
(6, 28mm,
11.3g)
[DNIVSTI] -
NVS PP
AVG
570 C Kindler 1999:
264, No. 186. Cf. DOC 1: 207, No.
28
Æ 116332
Tiberius II (579 CE)
3 A. (?) (?) (6,
19mm, 5.87g)
TIBCO K. Above,
cross. [To l.,
ANNO
(vertical).]
To r., U.
579 T Kindler 1999:
254, No. 34. Cf.
DOC 1: 277, No.
23. Bellinger
1966: 320, No. 71–73; Malloy
1994: 76, No. 28;
Metcalf, NC
(1987) 1a–3.
Æ 116281
Uncertain Byzantine
4 A. L1706.
B17524 (6,
18mm, 1.07g)
[…] - NVS
MAX AVG
[GLOR - IA
EXERC] -
ITVS
U Cf. LRBC 1: 28,
No. 1221 Æ 115969
UMAYYAD Post-reform (697–750 CE)
5 A. L217. B3571
(22mm, 2.73g)
ال إلههللاإال
وحده
محمد رسول
هللا
Kindler 2009:
262, No. 218 Æ Fals 116508
6 B. L681. B6292
(16mm, 4.19g)
Kindler 1999:
260, No. 127.
Æ Fals 116380
7 B. L574. B6462 (17mm, 3.17g)
Kindler 1999: 260, No. 126.
Æ Fals1
116400
8 C. (?) (?)
(17mm, 2.27g)
Kindler 2009:
262, No. 177. Cf.
Pere 1968: 194,
No. 523
Æ Fals2
116539
‘ABBASID al-Mansur (95–158 AH / 714 –775 CE)
9 A. L784. B2502
(0, 18mm,
4.19g)
(around)
محمد رسول هللا ارسله بالهدى ودين الحّق
ليظهرهعلى الدين
كلّه
ال اله اال هللا وحده
ال شريك له
(around)
بسم هللا ضرب
بسنة هذا الدينر ست وثلثين ومئة
محمد
رسول
هللا
754 B Kindler 1999:
254, No. 35
Š Dinar 95597
1 Scorpion design indicates end of the Umayyad period (Berman). 2 Berman says this is not an Umayyad coin.
Uncertain Abbasid Coins
10 T. L4016.
B31191 (18mm
x 22mm, 1.57g)
(illegible) (illegible) U Identified by
Ariel Berman, 21
Jan 20153
Æ 144635
CRUSADER Late Byzantine (eleventh c. CE)
11 A. L217. B3573
(6, 28mm,
6.37g)
[ … ] C Kindler 2009:
262, No. 221.
Cf. DOC 3: 681,
No. C14
Æ Fals.
Pierced
116510
Amuary (1163–1174 CE)
12 AW. L2278. B23839 (20mm,
0.81g)
REX AMA[L]RIC
VS
Cross patte
annulets in
2nd & 4th
quadrants
+ DE IER[V]SAL
EM
Church of
the Holy
Sepulchre
1163/
74
J Bilon Dernier
Double
banded.
Pierced
and
Broken.
144630
ZANGID Nur al-Din (541–569 AH / 1146–1174 CE)
13 B. T8. B1234 (23mm x 27mm,
4.97g)
محمود ابو الملك العادل زنكی
1146/
74
D Kindler 1999:
260, No. 129.5
Æ Fals 116293
3 This is the only pre-Ottoman Islamic coin that had been pierced, whereas about
50% of the Ottoman coins were pierced for use as Bedouin ornaments. It was
found in Area T, a location with many Ottoman materials, suggesting that this coin
may only have been pierced in the Ottoman era. (See also two pierced Byzantine
coins: #116350 and #116510, and the pierced Crusader coin: #144630.) 4 Berman advises that a hoard of these coins was found in Tiberias. This particular
coin seems to have been pierced for secondary use as a Bedouin ornament. 5 Berman indicates that Zangid coins were used in the Ayyubid period, and do not
reflect Zangid rule in Palestine
14 B. L411. B5105
(24mm x 27mm,
4.69g)
محمود ابو الملك العادل زنكی
1146/
74
D Kindler 1999:
260, No. 128.6
Æ Fals 116317
15 T. L4008.
B31124 (22mm,
5.64g)
(motif with
two letters
between two
stars) الملك العادل(motif)
(motif) محمد ابو زنكي
(motif)
1146/
74 D (See note 5) Æ Fals 143586
16 C. L5740.
B22012 (25mm,
4.31g)
1146/
74
2015 season Æ Fals 154897
al-Salih Isma’il (569–577 AH / 1174–1181 CE)
17 A. L2061.
B18622 (20mm
x 24mm, 5.39g)
(decoration) الملك المادا
(decoration)
(decoration)
... ] ابو زنكي]
1174/
81
D Cf. BMCO III:
602, No. 212
Æ Fals 125048
18 T. L4005.
B31068 (21mm,
3.61g)
(decoration) الملك
الصليح(decoration)
المتضي امير المؤمنين
1174/
81
D Æ Fals 143582
ILKHANID
19 B. L402. B2043
(19mm, 1.35g)
(around)
(illegible)
radiated sun
(around)
(illegible)
(within
circle): lion,
l.
P Berman7 Æ Fals 116303
6 See note 5. 7 IAA cards suggest Ikhanid dynasty, but Kindler (1999: 261, No. 140) identifies
this as Mamluk a coin of Al-Ashraf Sayf al-Din Qaitbay. Berman confirms
Ikhanid, fourteenth century: Muhammad Khudabanda Uljaytu 1304-1316 CE or
his successor Abu Sa'id 1316-1335 CE. That was a period of political and
commercial alliance with the Mamluks. This explains the presence of those coins
in the Syrian area.
AYYUBID Salah al-Dīn (570–590 AH / 1174–1193 CE)
20 T. L4000.
B31013 (24mm,
5.1g)
الملك
النصر
يوسف
بن ايوب1189 D Cf. Balog 1980:
93, No. 145 Æ Fals 138739
21 T. L4000.
B31016 (23mm x 25mm, 5.39g)
الملك
النصر
يوسف
بن ايوب
1193 D Cf. Balog 1980:
94, No. 148
Æ Fals 138740
Al-`Aziz `Uthman (589–595 AH / 1193–1198 CE)
22 E. L342. B9088
(22mm, 5.04g)
عشان الملك العزيز
سف بن الملك النا
يو
1198/ 9
CE
D Kindler 2009:
263, No. 6. Cf. Balog 1980: 113,
No. 223
Æ Fals 116454
Al-Adil Sayf al-Dīn (597–614 AH / 1200–1217 CE)
23 C. L963. B9558
(13mm x 15mm,
1.85g)
(Hexagon) الملك] [العادل
(Hexagon) [االمام]
1199/
1218
CE
D Kindler 1999:
264, No. 188. Cf.
Balog 19064:
164, No. 267
Æ Fals 125067
Al-Kamil (615–635 AH / 1218–1238 CE)
24 A. L1508.
B16317 (21mm,
4.31g)
(Square in
the circle
type) الملك الكا
مل ناصر الديف
(Square in
the circle
type) محمد بن ابن بكر بن ايوب
1238
CE
D Cf. Balog 1980:
169: No. 465
Æ Fals 116502
Uncertain Ayyubid Ruler
25 E. L343. B9049
(22mm, 3.09g) (illegible) (illegible) U Kindler 2009:
263, No. 108 Æ Fals 116455
8 Kindler lists this as a Mamluk coin, Berman indicates that the coin is not
readable. The IAA card identifies the coin as "Ayyubid uncertain".
MAMLŪK BAHRI DYNASTY (648–784 AH / 1250–1382 CE)
Al-Salih Ismail 635–616 & 637–643 AH / 1237–1238 & 1239–1245 CE)
26 B. L303. B2016
(21mm, 3.18g)
[ … ] [ … ] D Kindler 1999:
260, No. 130
Æ Fals 116300
Baybars I (659–676 AH / 1260–1277 CE)
27 A. L219. B3527
(23mm, 2.13g)
(illegible) (illegible) Kindler 2009:
262, No. 179.9
Silver-
plated Æ
Dirham
116512
Salah al-Dīn Khalil (689–693 AH / 1290–1293 CE)
28 T. L4007. B31144
(15mm, 0.93g)
الملك [ ... ]
[ … ]
الملك المنصور
قالون D Æ Fals 143584
Nasir al-Dīn Muhammad I
693–694 AH / 1293–1294 CE (first reign)
698–708 AH / 1299–1309 CE (second reign)
709–740 AH / 1309–1340 CE (third reign)
29 B. L329. B4080 (18mm x 20mm,
2.77g)
D Kindler 1999:
260, No. 133.
Æ Fals 116295
30 A. L532. B9239
(23mm, 2.94g)
Kindler 2009:
263, No. 28
Silver-
plated
Æ Fals
116477
Sayf al-Dīn Abu Bakr (AH 741/42 / 1341 CE)
31 C. L963. B9558
(20mm, 2.85g)
(within
hexagram)
[امد]
(within
hexagram)
ضرب | مشق | بد
D Kindler 1999:
264, No. 188. Cf. Balog 1964: 164,
No. 267.10
Æ Fals 116404
9 Kindler (2009: 262, No. 179) indicates Rukn al-Din Baybars I (658–676 AH /
1260–1277 CE), but Berman says definitely not Baybars I. 10 Originally fused to coin #125067 (same basket & locus). See #125067.
32 A. T63. B1733
(17mm x 19mm,
3.08g)
(Hexagon
design)
(Hexagon
design)
D Kindler 1999:
254, No. 36.
Æ Fals 116306
Imad al-Dīn ‘Isma’il (743–746 AH / 1342–1345 CE)
33 B. L405. B5024
(22mm, 2.89g)
D Kindler 1999:
260, No. 131
Æ Fals 116294
34 B. L608. B5062
(19mm, 2.44g) D Kindler 1999:
260, No. 132. Æ Fals 116318
Salah al-Dīn Haiji II (784 & 792 AH / 1382 & 1389/90 CE)
35 B. L302. B2042
(21mm, 2.29g) 138
9/90 U Kindler 1999:
261, No. 140
Æ Fals.
Badly
minted
116302
MAMLŪK BURJI DYNASTY (784–923 AH / 1382–1517 CE)
Sayf al-Dīn Barquq (784–792 AH / 1382–1389 CE)
( 793–802 AH / 1390–1399 CE)
36 B. L350. B4056
(21mm, 2.53g)
Kindler 1999:
260, No. 136.
Æ Fals.
Over-
strike
116315
EUROPEAN AND MODERN Antonio Venier, Venice (1382–1400 CE)
37 AW. L2271.
B23806 (6,
23mm, 1.68g)
ANTOVE
NERIO - • S
• M • VEN[ETI]
S. Marco
porge il
vessillo al
doge ANTO VENERIO
lungo l’asta
DVX, a
destra •S•M•VENE
TI
IC - XC
Il rednetore
in trono IC XC. Nel
campo a
sinistra una
stella di
cincque punti, a
destra
l’iniziale del
massaro.
V Papadopolo
1893: vol 1, 229,
No. 2; Thomsen Collection,
#1887.
š
Grosso
144628
MAMLŪK BURJI DYNASTY (784–923 AH / 1382–1517 CE)
Sayf al-Dīn Inal
(857–865 AH / 1453–1461 CE)
38 T. L4005. B31060
(16mm, 1.34g)
(around)
السلطان[ الملك االشرف ابو
[الناصر
(centre)
اينال
(around)
ال هللا [ … ] [ … ]
(within
dotted
margin the
value) نصف
D No other example of this
coin has been
published,
according to
Berman, 2013.
š Half
Dirham
143581
Sayf al-Dīn Qa'itbay
(873–902 AH / 1468–1496 CE)
39 C. L559. B2187 U Kindler 2009:
263, No. 26a
Æ 545373
Uncertain Mamlūk Ruler
40 A. L429. B6570
(16mm x 19mm,
2.93g)
(blank) (blank) 14th c. Kindler 2009:
263, No. 34.11
Æ Fals 116493
41 C. L963. B9558 (13mm x 15mm,
1.85g)
14th c. Coin separated
from #116404
125142
42 T. L4006. B31108
(18mm, 2.31g)
(effaced) 14 [ … ] دمشقth c. D Identified by
Berman, 2013
Æ Fals 143583
43 T. L4007. B31170
(14mm, 1.12g)
(illegible) (illegible) 14th c. Identified by
Berman, 2014
Æ Fals 143585
44 T. L4008. B31163
(17mm, 2.07g)
(illegible) (illegible) Identified by
Berman, 2014
Æ Fals 143587
11 Such blank coins reflect a period when the weight of the coin was more
important than the inscription.
45 A. L818. B2844
(16mm, 4.02g)
(blank) (blank) early
15th c.
Kindler 1999:
254, No. 38.12
(See note 11.)
Æ Fals 116351
46 B. L438. B5639
(21mm, 2.96g) (blank) (blank) early
15th c. Kindler 1999:
260, No. 137.
(See note 210.)
Æ Fals 116381
47 C. L961. B9532
(21mm, 3.6g)
early
15th c.
Kindler 1999:
264, No. 187.
Æ Fals 116395
48 C. L964. B9598
(18mm, 2.30g) (blank) (blank) early
15th c. Kindler 1999:
264, No. 190.
(See note 11.)
Æ Fals 116406
49 B. (?) (?) (17mm x
19mm, 2.64g)
(blank) (blank) Kindler 1999:
260, No. 134.
Æ Fals.
Effaced
116296
50 A. (?) B1952
(21mm, 2.93g) (illegible) (illegible) Kindler 1999:
254, No. 37.13 Æ Fals 116307
51 A. L831. B2962
(16mm x 18mm,
2.33g)
(blank) (blank) Kindler 1999:
254, No. 39.
Æ Fals 116352
52 B. L614. B6049
(20mm, 2.77g) (effaced) (effaced) Kindler 1999:
261, No. 138.14
Æ Fals.
Effaced 116382
53 B. (Surface) B6146
(21mm, 2.31g)
(effaced) (effaced) Kindler 1999:
261, No. 139.15
Æ Fals.
Effaced
116383
54 C. L964. B9597
(20mm, 2.27g)
(Hexagram) (Hexagram) Kindler 1999:
264, No. 189.
Æ Fals 116402
55 C. (?) (?) (18mm,
0.75g)
Kindler 1999:
264, No. 191.
Æ Fals 116407
56 (?) L853. B8535
(20mm, 3.82g)
Lion rampart Kindler 1999:
265, No. 205.16
Æ Fals 116415
12 Kindler mistakenly lists the basket number as 2843. 13 Kindler refers to this item as a "coin-shaped piece of copper". 14 Effaced coin recycled for its value as a weight. The image(s) published in
Kindler 1999 are not of this coin, nor even two sides of the same coin. 15 Effaced coin recycled for its value as a weight. 16 Kindler lists this coin as blank, but Berman (2015) suggests a lion rampart on
57 AW. L2229.
B23388
(illegible) (illegible) Æ 138132
58 B. L302. B3000
(19mm, 2.31g)
Kindler 1999:
260, No. 135
Æ Fals 116301
OTTOMAN Suleiman I (926–974 AH / 1520–1566 CE)
59 (?) L1515. B16396 (13 mm x 16 mm.
1.17g)
سليمان بد سليم
حان
1520/
66
E Berman, 2013 š Medin 116504
16th and 17th c. coins
60 (?) L2043. B18371
(14 mm, 0.98g) (effaced) [دم]شق D Æ Fals 115978
61 AW. L1102.
B11029 (14 mm,
.54g)
Tughra (illegible) 17th. c š Para 11311717
EUROPEAN AND MODERN
Laurenzo Priuli, Venice (1556–1559 CE)
62 A. L788. B2537
(20mm, 1.25g)
V Kindler 1999:
254, No. 40
Copper.
4 Solidi 95598
Frederick Henry, Prince of Orange (1625–1647 CE)
63 A. L2061. B18623
(3, 30mm, 8.26g)
FRED HENR • D •
G •
PRINAVR •
COM •
NASS
SOLI • DEO • HONOR • ET •
GLOR
H Cf. Poey D’Avant vol II:
408, No. 4605;
H. J. van der
Wiel 1973: 74,
No. 63 (prob. p.
112)
š Teston 125049
rev design. 17 One of three coins found together in AW L2249.
Leopold VI of Hungary (1657–1705 CE)
64 A. L850. B8517 S Kindler 1999:
254, No. 41 š 116410