chapter ten lecture- mitosis
DESCRIPTION
Chapter Ten lecture for Lab Bio on mitosisTRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Chapter Ten Lecture- Mitosis](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051817/547be35e5806b5d63f8b469c/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Biology
![Page 2: Chapter Ten Lecture- Mitosis](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051817/547be35e5806b5d63f8b469c/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
10–1 Cell Growth
![Page 3: Chapter Ten Lecture- Mitosis](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051817/547be35e5806b5d63f8b469c/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Limits to Cell GrowthLarger cells demand more from their DNA and they have trouble moving enough nutrients and wastes across the cell membrane.
![Page 4: Chapter Ten Lecture- Mitosis](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051817/547be35e5806b5d63f8b469c/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
The rate of transport in and out of the cell is dependent on the surface area of the cell.The bigger a cell is the more nutrients it will need transported in and the more waste it will need transported out.
![Page 5: Chapter Ten Lecture- Mitosis](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051817/547be35e5806b5d63f8b469c/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
A cells volume increases faster than its surface area.This makes it more difficult for large cells to transport materials quickly enough for the cell to survive.
![Page 6: Chapter Ten Lecture- Mitosis](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051817/547be35e5806b5d63f8b469c/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
![Page 7: Chapter Ten Lecture- Mitosis](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051817/547be35e5806b5d63f8b469c/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Before it becomes too large, a growing cell divides forming two “daughter” cells. The process by which a cell divides into two new daughter cells is called cell division.
Interphase is the period of growth that occurs between cell divisions.
![Page 8: Chapter Ten Lecture- Mitosis](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051817/547be35e5806b5d63f8b469c/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
![Page 9: Chapter Ten Lecture- Mitosis](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051817/547be35e5806b5d63f8b469c/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
10-2 Cell Division
![Page 10: Chapter Ten Lecture- Mitosis](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051817/547be35e5806b5d63f8b469c/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Eukaryotic cell division occurs in two major stages. First, mitosis divides the cell nucleus. Second, cytokinesis divides the cell’s cytoplasm.
![Page 11: Chapter Ten Lecture- Mitosis](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051817/547be35e5806b5d63f8b469c/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Chromosomes
Chromosomes
Genetic information is passed from one generation to the next on chromosomes.Before cell division, each chromosome is copied.
One copy two copies
![Page 12: Chapter Ten Lecture- Mitosis](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051817/547be35e5806b5d63f8b469c/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Chromosomes
Each chromosome consists of two identical “sister” chromatids.Each pair of chromatids is attached at an area called the centromere.
Sister chromatids
Centromere
![Page 13: Chapter Ten Lecture- Mitosis](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051817/547be35e5806b5d63f8b469c/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Chromosomes
When the cell divides, the chromatids separate.Each daughter cell gets one chromatid, so they have the same number of chromosomes as the parent cell.
![Page 14: Chapter Ten Lecture- Mitosis](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051817/547be35e5806b5d63f8b469c/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
The cell cycle is the series of events that cells go through as they grow and divide.
During the cell cycle:a cell growsprepares for divisiondivides to form two daughter cells, each of which begins the cycle again
![Page 15: Chapter Ten Lecture- Mitosis](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051817/547be35e5806b5d63f8b469c/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
The cell cycle has four phases:•G1 (First Gap Phase)•S Phase (DNA Synthesis)•G2 (Second Gap Phase)•M Phase (Mitosis)
![Page 16: Chapter Ten Lecture- Mitosis](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051817/547be35e5806b5d63f8b469c/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
During G1, the cell•increases in size•synthesizes new proteins and organelles
![Page 17: Chapter Ten Lecture- Mitosis](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051817/547be35e5806b5d63f8b469c/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Events of the Cell Cycle
During the S phase,chromosomes are replicatedDNA synthesis takes place
Once a cell enters the S phase, it usually completes the rest of the cell cycle.
![Page 18: Chapter Ten Lecture- Mitosis](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051817/547be35e5806b5d63f8b469c/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Events of the Cell Cycle
The G2 Phase (Second Gap Phase)
organelles and molecules required for cell division are producedOnce G2 is complete, the cell is ready to start the M phase—Mitosis
G1 + S + G2 = Interphase
![Page 19: Chapter Ten Lecture- Mitosis](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051817/547be35e5806b5d63f8b469c/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Cell Cycle
Active art
Cell Division
![Page 20: Chapter Ten Lecture- Mitosis](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051817/547be35e5806b5d63f8b469c/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Biologists divide mitosis into four phases:ProphaseMetaphaseAnaphaseTelophase
![Page 21: Chapter Ten Lecture- Mitosis](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051817/547be35e5806b5d63f8b469c/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Mitosis
Mitosis
Mitosis movie
![Page 22: Chapter Ten Lecture- Mitosis](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051817/547be35e5806b5d63f8b469c/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Prophase
Chromosomes (paired
chromatids)
Click to Continue
Spindle forming
Centromere
![Page 23: Chapter Ten Lecture- Mitosis](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051817/547be35e5806b5d63f8b469c/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Prophase is the first and longest phase of mitosis.The centrioles separate and take up positions on opposite sides of the nucleus. Chromosomes
(paired chromatids)
Spindle forming
Centromere
![Page 24: Chapter Ten Lecture- Mitosis](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051817/547be35e5806b5d63f8b469c/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
The centrioles lie in a region called the centrosome.The centrosome helps to organize the spindle, a fanlike microtubule structure that helps separate the chromosomes. Chromosomes
(paired chromatids)
Spindle forming
Centromere
![Page 25: Chapter Ten Lecture- Mitosis](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051817/547be35e5806b5d63f8b469c/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Chromatin condenses into chromosomes.The centrioles separate and a spindle begins to form.During prophase, the nuclear envelope breaks down.
Chromosomes(paired chromatids)
Spindle forming
Centromere
![Page 26: Chapter Ten Lecture- Mitosis](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051817/547be35e5806b5d63f8b469c/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Centriole
CentrioleSpindle
Click to Continue
Metaphase
![Page 27: Chapter Ten Lecture- Mitosis](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051817/547be35e5806b5d63f8b469c/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
MetaphaseThe second phase of mitosis is metaphase.The chromosomes line up across the center of the cell.The centromere connects to the poles of the spindle.
Centriole
Spindle
![Page 28: Chapter Ten Lecture- Mitosis](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051817/547be35e5806b5d63f8b469c/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Individual chromosomes
Anaphase
![Page 29: Chapter Ten Lecture- Mitosis](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051817/547be35e5806b5d63f8b469c/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
AnaphaseAnaphase is the third phase of mitosis.The sister chromatids are pulled apart by the spindle into two separate chromosomes.
Individualchromosomes
![Page 30: Chapter Ten Lecture- Mitosis](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051817/547be35e5806b5d63f8b469c/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Nuclear envelope reforming
Telophase
![Page 31: Chapter Ten Lecture- Mitosis](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051817/547be35e5806b5d63f8b469c/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
TelophaseTelophase is the fourth and final phase of mitosis.Chromosomes gather at opposite ends of the cell and lose their distinct shape.
![Page 32: Chapter Ten Lecture- Mitosis](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051817/547be35e5806b5d63f8b469c/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
In telophase, a new nuclear envelope forms around each cluster of chromosomes.
![Page 33: Chapter Ten Lecture- Mitosis](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051817/547be35e5806b5d63f8b469c/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Cytokinesis
Cytokinesis movie
Cytokinesis is not a part of mitosis.
![Page 34: Chapter Ten Lecture- Mitosis](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051817/547be35e5806b5d63f8b469c/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
During cytokinesis, the cytoplasm pinches in half.Each daughter cell has an identical set of duplicate chromosomes
![Page 35: Chapter Ten Lecture- Mitosis](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051817/547be35e5806b5d63f8b469c/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
In plants, a structure known as the cell plate forms midway between the divided nuclei.
Cell wallCell plate
![Page 36: Chapter Ten Lecture- Mitosis](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051817/547be35e5806b5d63f8b469c/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
The cell plate gradually develops into a separating membrane.A cell wall then begins to appear in the cell plate.
![Page 37: Chapter Ten Lecture- Mitosis](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051817/547be35e5806b5d63f8b469c/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
10-3 Regulating the Cell Cycle
![Page 38: Chapter Ten Lecture- Mitosis](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051817/547be35e5806b5d63f8b469c/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Controls on Cell Division
Controls on Cell Division
Experiments show that normal cells will reproduce until they come into contact with other cells.When cells come into contact with other cells, they respond by not growing.This demonstrates that controls on cell growth and division can be turned on and off.
![Page 39: Chapter Ten Lecture- Mitosis](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051817/547be35e5806b5d63f8b469c/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Controls on Cell Division
Contact Inhibition
![Page 40: Chapter Ten Lecture- Mitosis](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051817/547be35e5806b5d63f8b469c/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Cell Cycle RegulatorsThe cell cycle is regulated by a specific protein.The amount of this protein in the cell rises and falls in time with the cell cycle. Scientists called this protein cyclin because it seemed to regulate the cell cycle. Cyclins regulate the timing of the cell cycle in eukaryotic cells.
![Page 41: Chapter Ten Lecture- Mitosis](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051817/547be35e5806b5d63f8b469c/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
A sample of cytoplasmis removed from a cellin mitosis.
The sample is injectedinto a second cell inG2 of interphase.
As result, the secondcell enters mitosis.
Cyclins were discovered during a similar experiment to this one.
![Page 42: Chapter Ten Lecture- Mitosis](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051817/547be35e5806b5d63f8b469c/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Internal Regulators Proteins that respond to events inside the cell are called internal regulators.Internal regulators allow the cell cycle to proceed only when certain processes have happened inside the cell.
![Page 43: Chapter Ten Lecture- Mitosis](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051817/547be35e5806b5d63f8b469c/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
External Regulators Proteins that respond to events outside the cell are called external regulators.External regulators direct cells to speed up or slow down the cell cycle.
![Page 44: Chapter Ten Lecture- Mitosis](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051817/547be35e5806b5d63f8b469c/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
Uncontrolled Cell Growth
Cancer is a disorder in which some of the body's own cells lose the ability to control growth.
Cancer cells do not respond to the signals that regulate the growth of most cells.
![Page 45: Chapter Ten Lecture- Mitosis](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051817/547be35e5806b5d63f8b469c/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Cancer cells divide uncontrollably and form masses of cells called tumors that can damage the surrounding tissues. Cancer cells may break loose from tumors and spread throughout the body, disrupting normal activities and causing serious medical problems or even death.
![Page 46: Chapter Ten Lecture- Mitosis](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051817/547be35e5806b5d63f8b469c/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
Practice questions are not part of the lecture notes, so you don’t need to copy them even though they are black.
Have a nice day! ☺
![Page 47: Chapter Ten Lecture- Mitosis](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051817/547be35e5806b5d63f8b469c/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
10–1
As a cell increases in size, which of the following increases most rapidly?
a. surface area
b. volume
![Page 48: Chapter Ten Lecture- Mitosis](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051817/547be35e5806b5d63f8b469c/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
10–1
If an imaginary cube-shaped cell has a length of 6 cm, its ratio of surface area to volume is
a. 1 : 1.
b. 6 : 1.
c. 36 : 1.
d. 1 : 6.
![Page 49: Chapter Ten Lecture- Mitosis](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051817/547be35e5806b5d63f8b469c/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
10–1
The process by which a cell divides into two new daughter cells is called
a. cell growth.
b. cell division.
c. DNA replication.
d. cell multiplication.
![Page 50: Chapter Ten Lecture- Mitosis](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051817/547be35e5806b5d63f8b469c/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
10–1
When one cell divides in two, what happens to the surface area to volume ratios in the new cells?a. There is no change in the amount of material
exchanged. b. Each new cell can exchange more material
than the original cell. c. Each new cell can exchange less material than
the original cell. d. The two new cells cannot be compared to the
original cell.
![Page 51: Chapter Ten Lecture- Mitosis](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051817/547be35e5806b5d63f8b469c/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
10–1
When a growing cell undergoes cell division, each new cell gets
a. half the DNA from the original cell.
b. twice as much DNA as the original cell.
c. a random sample of the DNA in the original cell.
d. a full copy of all the DNA in the original cell.
![Page 52: Chapter Ten Lecture- Mitosis](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051817/547be35e5806b5d63f8b469c/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
10-2
The series of events that cells go through as they grow and divide is called
a. the cell cycle.
b. mitosis.
c. interphase.
d. cytokinesis.
![Page 53: Chapter Ten Lecture- Mitosis](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051817/547be35e5806b5d63f8b469c/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
10-2
The phase of mitosis during which the chromosomes line up across the center of the cell is
a. prophase.
b. metaphase.
c. anaphase.
d. telophase.
![Page 54: Chapter Ten Lecture- Mitosis](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051817/547be35e5806b5d63f8b469c/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
10-2
Cytokinesis usually occurs
a. at the same time as telophase.
b. after telophase.
c. during interphase.
d. during anaphase
![Page 55: Chapter Ten Lecture- Mitosis](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051817/547be35e5806b5d63f8b469c/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
10-2
DNA replication takes place during the
a. S phase of the cell cycle.
b. G1 phase of the cell cycle.
c. G2 phase of the cell cycle.
d. M phase of the cell cycle.
![Page 56: Chapter Ten Lecture- Mitosis](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051817/547be35e5806b5d63f8b469c/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
10-2
During mitosis, “sister” chromatids separate from one another during
a. telophase.
b. interphase.
c. anaphase.
d. metaphase.
![Page 57: Chapter Ten Lecture- Mitosis](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051817/547be35e5806b5d63f8b469c/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
10-3
The cell cycle is believed to be controlled by proteins called
a. spindles.
b. cyclins.
c. regulators.
d. centrosomes.
![Page 58: Chapter Ten Lecture- Mitosis](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051817/547be35e5806b5d63f8b469c/html5/thumbnails/58.jpg)
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
10-3
Proteins that respond to events inside the cell are called
a. internal regulators.
b. external regulators.
c. cyclins.
d. growth factors.
![Page 59: Chapter Ten Lecture- Mitosis](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051817/547be35e5806b5d63f8b469c/html5/thumbnails/59.jpg)
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
10-3
Once a multicellular organism reaches adult size, the cells in its body
a. stop dividing.
b. grow and divide at different rates, depending on the type.
c. have the same life span between cell divisions.
d. undergo cell division randomly.
![Page 60: Chapter Ten Lecture- Mitosis](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051817/547be35e5806b5d63f8b469c/html5/thumbnails/60.jpg)
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
10-3
One effect of an internal regulator is that a cell will not begin mitosis until
a. it becomes too large.
b. the cell’s growth is stimulated.
c. it is in physical contact with other cells.
d. all its chromosomes have been replicated.
![Page 61: Chapter Ten Lecture- Mitosis](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051817/547be35e5806b5d63f8b469c/html5/thumbnails/61.jpg)
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
10-3
One factor common to almost all cancer cells is
a. a lack of cyclin.
b. a defect in gene p53.
c. exposure to tobacco smoke.
d. exposure to radiation.