Chapter Thirteen – Drug Analysis (Part I)

FRSC 8104Criminalistics II

Professor Bensley

FRSC 8104 – Chapter 13 Objectives1. Understand the basic concepts of psychological and physical

dependence.2. Name and classify commonly abused drugs.3. Define the evolution of the Controlled Substance Act in the

United States and explain the differences between federal and state and local drug laws.

4. List and define the schedules of the Controlled Substance Act.

5. Describe the “five p’s” in the chemical analysis of drugs.6. Describe, explain, and perform the laboratory tests normally

used to perform a routine drug identification analysis.

FRSC 8104 – Chapter 13 Objectives7. Explain the testing procedures used for the forensic

identification of marijuana.8. Explain the testing procedures used for the forensic

identification of pill, tablets, capsules.9. Explain the testing procedures used for the forensic

identification on powders, solids, and residues.10. Develop an understanding of the design and manufacturing

process of clandestine laboratories.

FRSC 8104 – Chapter 13 OutlineI. Introduction

A. Definition of drugs and medicinesIn 2010, there were 4.9 million drug-related emergency department (ED) visits; about one half (46.8 percent, or 2.3 million visits) were attributed to drug misuse or abuse with a nearly equal percentage (47.4 percent) attributed to adverse drug reactions http://www.samhsa.gov/data/2k12/DAWN096/SR096EDHighlights2010.htm

• In 2010, ED visits resulting from the misuse or abuse of pharmaceuticals occurred at a rate of 434.9 visits per 100,000 population compared with a rate of 378.5 visits per 100,000 population for illicit drugs

http://www.samhsa.gov/data/2k12/DAWN096/SR096EDHighlights2010.htm

# ED Visits Visits per 100,000

• Illicit Drugs 1,171,000 378.5– Heroin 224,706 72.6– Cocaine 488,101 157.8– Marijuana 461,028 149.0

• Pharmaceuticals 1,345,645 434.9– Anti-anxiety + Insomnia 472,769 152.8– Benzodiazepines 408,021 131.9– Antidepressants 105,229 34.0– Pain Relievers 659,969 213.3

Drugs with Increasing Involvement in Emergency Department (ED) Visits for Drug Misuse or Abuse: 2004 to 2010

Drug ED Visits, 2004 ED Visits, 2010 Percent Change,2004 to 2010*

Illicit Drugs 991,640 1,171,024 NCMarijuana 281,619 461,028 64%MDMA (Ecstasy) 10,227 21,836 114%Pharmaceuticals 626,472 1,345,645 115%Anti-anxiety and Insomnia Drugs 210,711 472,769 124%

Benzodiazepines 170,471 408,021 139%Antipsychotics 41,930 69,149 65%CNS Stimulants (e.g., ADHD Drugs) 10,656 31,507 196%

Muscle Relaxants 29,014 58,783 103%Pain Relievers 282,275 659,969 134%Narcotic Pain Relievers 166,338 425,247 156%Hydrocodone Products 46,536 115,739 149%

Oxycodone Products 51,418 182,748 255%

* Percent change is measured as difference in the estimated number of visits between 2004 and 2010. Reported changes are significant at the .05 level; "NC" signifies no significant change.Source: 2010 SAMHSA Drug Abuse Warning Network (DAWN).

FRSC 8104 – Chapter 13 Outline

Mokdad AH, Marks JS, Stroup DF, Gerberding JL (March 2004). "Actual causes of death in the United States, 2000". JAMA 291 (10): 1238–45. DOI:10.1001/jama.291.10.1238

B. More Statistics

Actual Causes of Preventable Deaths in United States (2000)

FRSC 8104 – Chapter 13 Outline

http://www.drugwarfacts.org/cms/Economics#Budget

Cocaine Heroin Methamphetamine Marijuana TOTAL0

20

40

60

80

100

120

Table ES.3: Total U.S. Expenditures on Cocaine, Heroin, Methamphetamine and Marijuana ($ Billions) - 2006

$ (B

illio

ns)

FRSC 8104 – Chapter 13 OutlineII. Physiology of Drugs (Social Issues)

FRSC 8104 – Chapter 13 Outline

http://www.davinciinstitute.com/new/admin/content/FCKeditor/uploads/Drug%20Toxicity%20Chart.jpg

A. Toxicity1. Behavioral vs. Physiological Toxicity2. Acute vs. Chronic Toxicity3. DAWN (Drug Abuse Warning Network)

FRSC 8104 – Chapter 13 Outline

http://www.ncjrs.gov/ondcppubs/publications/policy/99ndcs/ii-b.html (chart) and http://www.samhsa.gov/data/2k12/DAWN032/SR032Polydrug2012.htm (other data)

Recently (2009):

Cocaine – 422,901

Heroin – 213,118

FRSC 8104 – Chapter 13 OutlineB. Addiction (Habit-forming)

1. Tolerance2. Physical Dependence

a. Withdrawal syndrome

3. Physiological Dependencea. Reinforcement

C. Crime and Violence

FRSC 8104 – Chapter 13 Outline

Rate per 100,000 Americans

FRSC 8104 – Chapter 13 OutlineIII. Chemical Commodities

A. Legal – Pharmaceutical Industry1. Ethical vs. Proprietary2. Legend vs. OTC3. Proprietary vs. Generic

B. Illegal

Heroin Production

Drug Trafficking Routes

Marijuana Production by State - 2006

Rank StateHarvestedPlants

Production Weight(Lb)

Value to Growers

1 California 21,667,609 8,622,831 $13,848,267,000

2 Tennessee 6,779,093 2,980,853 $4,787,250,000

3 Kentucky 6,467,186 2,786,396 $4,474,952,000

4 Hawaii 5,447,131 2,378,196 $3,819,383,000

5 Washington 2,074,349 641,354 $1,030,015,000

6 North Carolina 998,512 418,588 $672,253,000

7 Florida 1,434,745 369,740 $593,802,000

8 Alabama 810,287 354,551 $569,409,000

15 New York 544,957 205,208 $329,565,000

UNITED STATES 56,412,611 22,293,643 $35,803,591,000

http://www.drugscience.org/Archive/bcr2/Appendix_State_MJ_Prod.pdf

FRSC 8104 – Chapter 13 OutlineC. Drug Names

1. Chemical2. Generic3. Brand4. Street

FRSC 8104 – Chapter 13 Outline

Chemical - 7-chloro-1,3-dihydro-1-methyl-5-phenyl-1,4-benzodiazepin-2(3H)-one

Generic - Diazepam

Brand – Valium®

Street – Candy, Downers, Sleeping Pills, Tranks

http://www.medisupplies.ie/wp-content/uploads/2009/10/COMMON-STREET-NAMES-21.gif

Also see this web site!!!

FRSC 8104 – Chapter 13 OutlineIV. Drug Categories

A. Actions (Effect)1. Stimulants2. Depressants3. Analgesics (Narcotics)4. Hallucinogens5. Cannabis

B. Acid/Base/Neutral1. Acidic Drugs2. Basic Drugs3. Neutral Drugs

C. Scheduling of Drugs

Schedule I Controlled Substances

(A) The drug or other substance has a high potential for abuse.

(B) The drug or other substance has no currently accepted medical use in treatment in the United States.

(C) There is a lack of accepted safety for use of the drug or other substance under medical supervision.

Examples – Heroin, LSD, Marijuana, Methaqualone, Mescaline, MDMA, GHB, Tryptamines, Most synthetic drugs

Schedule II Controlled Substances

(A) The drug or other substance has a high potential for abuse.

(B) The drug or other substance has a currently accepted medical use in treatment in the United States or a currently accepted medical use with severe restrictions.

(C) Abuse of the drug or other substances may lead to severe psychological or physical dependence.

Examples - Morphine, Codeine, phencyclidine (PCP), cocaine, methadone, and methamphetamine

Schedule III Controlled Substances(A) The drug or other substance has a potential for abuse

less than the drugs or other substances in schedules I and II.

(B) The drug or other substance has a currently accepted medical use in treatment in the United States.

(C) Abuse of the drug or other substance may lead to moderate or low physical dependence or high psychological dependence.

Examples - Anabolic steroids, codeine and hydrocodone with aspirin or Tylenol®, and some barbiturates

Schedule IV Controlled Substances

(A) The drug or other substance has a low potential for abuse relative to the drugs or other substances in schedule III.

(B) The drug or other substance has a currently accepted medical use in treatment in the United States.

(C) Abuse of the drug or other substance may lead to limited physical dependence or psychological dependence relative to the drugs or other substances in schedule III.

Examples - Darvon®, Talwin®, Equanil®, Valium®, and Xanax®(Diazepam, Alprazolam, Clonazepam, Flunitrazepam, etc.)

Schedule V Controlled Substances

(A) The drug or other substance has a low potential for abuse relative to the drugs or other substances in schedule IV.

(B) The drug or other substance has a currently accepted medical use in treatment in the United States.

(C) Abuse of the drug or other substance may lead to limited physical dependence or psychological dependence relative to the drugs or other substances in schedule IV.

Example - Cough medicines with codeine