chapter v data analysis and...

130

CHAPTER – V

DATA ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION

5.1 INTRODUCTION

In this chapter an attempt has been made to identify the perception level of the

employees working in paper industry and their level of stress in the study area. For

this purpose, a field survey method was employed to collect the first-hand

information from 1052 sample respondents (TNPL-580 and SPB-472). The

respondents have been chosen randomly from the different sections of the selected

paper industries.

The data thus collected were arranged a simple tabular form. The level of

perception and their stress level of the selected respondents working in paper

industries was considered as a dependent variable. The Independent variables selected

for the study were Age, Sex, Educational qualification, Designation, Department,

Salary, Marital status, Number of dependents, Family system, Year of experience,

Working company and Working time.

The data were analyzed by using simple statistical tools like Percentage,

Average, Range, Standard Deviation, Two-way tables and Chi-Square test and Anova

test. In addition to these tests, Multiple Regression, Multi-Discriminant analysis and

Factor analysis were used appropriately. Henry Garrett Ranking Technique was also

used to find out the ranking position to know the different causes of stress among the

employees.

131

This chapter was divided into seven sections, for ease of analysis and

understanding. The seven sections of this chapter are as follows :

I. Chi-Square Test

II. Anova Test

III. Percentage Analysis

IV. Henry Garrett Ranking Technique

V. Multiple Regression Analysis

VI. Discriminant Function Analysis and

VII. Factor Analysis

5.2. LEVEL OF PERCEPTION AMONG EMPLOYEES

TOWARDS JOB AND THEIR LIFE : CHI-SQUARE TEST

The level of perception among the employees of paper industries was

measured based on their opinion on perception against their perception in job and in

their life. The respondents‘ opinion were measured based on scale and scoring

technique. Likerts‘ five points scaling was employed and the employees‘ level of

perception was classified as low (below 90 points), medium (90-110 points) and high

(111-140 points) based on mean (100) and standard deviation (10.1).

132

TABLE NO. 5.1

LEVEL OF PERCEPTION AMONG EMPLOYEES TOWARDS

JOB AND THEIR LIFE

S.

No.

Category No. of

Respondents

Percentage

(%)

1.

Low (below 90)

170

16.1

2.

Medium (90-110)

307

29.2

3.

High (111-140)

575

54.7

Total

1052

100.0

It is observed from the above table that 16.1 percent of the respondents were

expressed their level of perception at the low level. It is followed by 29.2 percent of

the respondents were expressed as medium level of perception and 54.7 percent of the

respondents were expressed their perception level as high. The two-way analysis was

prepared based on these three strata for data analysis and through this method chi-

square test was employed to test the relationship between the selected independent

variables and dependent variable.

133

AGE AND LEVEL OF PERCEPTION TOWARDS JOB

Age is an important factor to ascertain the level of perception towards job in paper

industries. For the purpose of the study, age was studied under four classification viz.,

below 25 years, 25-35 years, 36-45 years and above 45 years. The sample consists of 270

(25.7%) respondents belonged to below 25 years age group, 284 (27.0%) respondents

were between 25 and 35 years age group, 304 (28.9%) respondents were between 36 and

45 years and age group. On the other hand, 194 (18.4%) respondents belonged to above

45 years age group.

The distribution of sample respondents according to the age of the respondents

and their level of perception towards job in paper industries are shown in the following

table.

TABLE NO. 5.2


S.

No.

Age No. of

Respondents

% Ave

rage

Range

S.D Min Max

1 Below 25 yrs. 270 25.7 92.7 47.0 129.0 9.2

2 25-35 yrs. 284 27.0 92.9 71.0 126.0 9.7

3 36-45 yrs. 304 28.9 92.8 67.0 128.0 9.6

4 Above 45 yrs. 194 18.4 92.6 74.0 131.0 9.0

Total 1052 100.0

It is observed from the above table that the level of perception towards job in

paper industries perceived by the respondents belong to the age group of below 25 years

ranged between 47 and 129 with an average of 92.7. The respondents with the age group

between 25 and 35 years revealed their level of perception towards job in paper industries

134

ranged between 71 and 126 with an average of 92.9. The level of perception towards job

in paper industries perceived by the respondents between 36 and 45 years age group

ranged between 67 and 128 with an average of 92.8. Finally, the level of perception

towards job in paper industries perceived by the respondents of above 45 years age group

ranged between 74 and 131 with an average of 92.6. From the analysis, it is inferred that

the maximum level of perception was among the age group between 25 and 35 years

towards their job.

With a view to find the degree of association between age of the respondents and

the level of perception towards job in paper industries, a two-way table is prepared and

depicted in the following table.

TABLE NO. 5.3


(TWO-WAY TABLE)

S.No.

Age Level of Perception towards job

Total Low Medium High

1

Below 25 yrs. 40

(14.8%) 74

(27.4%) 156

(57.8%)

270

2

25-35 yrs. 60

(21.1%) 68

(23.9%) 156

(54.9%)

284

3

36-45 yrs. 37

(12.2%) 106

(34.9%) 161

(53.0%)

304

4

Above 45 yrs. 33

(17.0%) 59

(30.4%) 102

(52.6%)

194

Total 170 307 575 1052

It is found from the above table that the percentage of high level of perception

towards job in paper industries was the highest (57.8) among the respondents of below 25

years age group and the same was the lowest (52.6) among the respondents of above 45

years group. The percentage of medium level of perception towards job in paper

135

industries was the highest (34.9) among the respondents between 36 and 45 years of age

group and the same was the lowest (23.9%) among the respondents between 25 and 35

years age group. The percentage of low level of perception towards job in paper

industries was the highest (21.1) among the respondents between 25 and 35 of age group

and the same was the lowest (12.2%) among the respondents between 36 and 45 years

age group.

In order to find the relationship between the age of the respondents and level of

perception towards job in paper industries, the following null hypothesis was framed and

tested with the help of Chi-square test and the result is shown in the following table.

H0 : There is no significant relationship between age of the respondents and

level of perception towards job in paper industries.

H1 : There is a significant relationship between age of the respondents and


TABLE NO. 5.4


(CHI-SQUARE TEST)

Factor Calculated

2

Value

Table Value

D.F

Remarks

Age

14.947

12.592

6 Significant at 5%

level

It is evident from the above table that the calculated chi-square value is greater

than the table value and the result is significant at 5% level. Hence, the hypothesis, ―Age

of the respondents and the level of perception towards job in paper industries are not

associated‖ does not hold good. From the analysis, it is found that there is a close

136

relationship between the age of the respondents and their level of perception towards job

in paper industries.

GENDER AND LEVEL OF PERCEPTION TOWARDS JOB

Genderwise discrimination is not practiced much in India. However, the level of

perception differs according to masculine and feminine gender. For the purpose of this

study, gender has been classified into two strata viz., male and female. The sample

consists of 877 (83.4%) respondents belonging to male category and 175 (16.6%)

respondents belonging to female category.

The distribution of sample respondents according to the gender and their level of

perception towards job in paper industries are shown in the following table.

TABLE NO. 5.5


S.

No.

Gender No. of

Respondents

% Ave

rage

Range

S.D Min Max

1 Male 877 83.4 92.8 47.0 131.0 9.7

2 Female 175 16.6 92.4 75.0 123.0 8.1

Total 1052 100.0

It is inferred from the above table that the level of perception towards job in paper

industries by the male respondents ranged between 47 and 131 with an average of 92.8

and the level of perception of the female respondents ranged between 75 and 123 with an

average of 92.4. From the above analysis it concluded that the maximum level of

perception towards job in paper industries was perceived by the male respondents.

137

With a view to find the degree of association, gender of the respondents and their

level of perception towards job in paper industries, a two-way table was prepared and it is

shown in the following table.

TABLE NO. 5.6


(TWO-WAY TABLE)

S. No.

Gender Level of Perception towards job


1

Male 133

(15.2%)

248

(28.3%)

496

(56.6%)

877

2

Female 37

(21.1%) 59

(33.7%) 79

(45.1%)

175

Total 170 307 575 1052

It is found from the above table that the percentage of high level of perception

towards job in paper industries was the highest (56.6) among the male respondents and

the same was the lowest (45.1) among the female respondents. The percentage of

medium level of perception towards job in paper industries was the highest (33.7) among

the female respondents and the same was the lowest (28.3) among the male respondents.

The percentage of low level of perception towards job in paper industries was the highest

(21.1) among the female respondents and the same was the lowest (15.2) among the male

respondents.

In order to find the relationship between the gender of the respondents and level

of perception towards job in paper industries, the following hypothesis was framed and

tested with the help of Chi-square test and the result is shown in the following table.

138

H0 : There is no significant relationship between gender and level of perception

towards job in paper industries.

H1 : There is a significant relationship between gender and level of perception


TABLE NO. 5.7


(CHI-SQUARE TEST)

Factor Calculated

2

Value

Table Value

D.F

Remarks

Gender

8.180

5.991

2 Significant at 5%

level

It is divulged from the above table that the calculated chi-square value is greater

than the table value and the result is significant at 5% level. Hence, the hypothesis,

―Gender of the respondents and the level of perception towards job in paper industries are

not associated‖ does not hold good. From the analysis, it is found that there is a close

relationship between the gender of the respondents and their level of perception towards

job in paper industries.

EDUCATIONAL QUALIFICATION AND LEVEL OF PERCEPTION TOWARDS

JOB

Education shapes the personality and sharpens the mind of an individual.

According to their qualification, the level perception towards job in paper industry has

fluctuated. For the purpose of the study, the education has been classified into four

categories namely school level, ITI & diploma, graduate level and professional education.

The sample consists 340 (32.3%) respondents having done their school level education,

273 (26.0%) having don‘t their ITI & diploma level education, 185 (17.6%) having done

139

their graduate level education and 254 (24.1%) having done their professional level

education.

The distribution of sample respondents according to the educational qualification

of the respondents and their level of perception towards job in paper industries are shown

in the following table.

TABLE NO. 5.8


JOB

S.

No.

Educational

Qualification

No. of

Respondents

% Ave

rage

Range

S.D Min Max

1 School level 340 32.3 92.6 67.0 129.0 8.8

2 ITI & Diploma 273 26.0 92.5 68.0 128.0 9.0

3 Graduation 185 17.6 92.0 74.0 120.0 9.7

4 Professional 254 24.1 93.7 47.0 131.0 10.5

Total 1052 100.0

It could be discerned from the above table that the level of perception towards job

in paper industries at school level respondents ranged between 67 and 129 with an

average of 92.6. It could be analysed that the level of satisfaction revealed by the

respondents of ITI & Graduate level ranged between 68 and 128 with an average of 92.5.

The level of perception towards job in paper industries at graduate level ranged between

74 and 120 with an average of 92.0. On the other hand, the level of perception towards

job in paper industries among professionals ranged between 47 and 131 with an average

of 93.7. From the analysis it is identified that maximum level of perception towards job

in paper industries at SPB and TNPL was attained by the professional level category

respondents.

140

With a view to find out the degree of association of educational qualification of

the respondents and level of perception towards job in paper industries, a two-way table

was prepared and it is shown in the following table.

TABLE NO. 5.9

EDUCATIONAL QUALIFICATION AND LEVEL OF

PERCEPTION TOWARDS JOB (TWO-WAY TABLE)

S.No. Educational

Qualification

Level of Perception towards job


1

School level 52

(15.3%) 107

(31.5%) 181

(53.2%)

340

2

ITI & Diploma 37

(13.6%) 86

(31.5%) 150

(54.9%)

273

3

Graduate 48

(25.9%) 46

(24.9%) 91

(49.2%)

185

4

Professional 33

(13.0%) 68

(26.8%) 153

(60.2%)

254

Other 170 307 575 1052

It is determined from the above table that the percentage of high level of

perception towards job in paper industries was the highest (60.2) among the respondents

of professionals and the same was the lowest (49.2) among the respondents of graduate.

The percentage of medium level of perception towards job in paper industries was the

highest (31.5) among the respondents of school level and ITI& Diploma and the same

was the lowest (24.9) among the respondents of graduate. The percentage of low level of


of graduate and the same was the lowest (13.0) among the respondents of professionals.

In order to find the relationship between the educational qualification of the

respondents and their level of perception towards job in paper industries, the following

141

hypothesis was framed and tested with the help of Chi-square test and the result is shown

in the following table.

H0 : There is no significant relationship between educational qualification and

their level of perception towards job in paper industries.

H1 : There is a significant relationship between educational qualification and


TABLE NO. 5.10


JOB (CHI-SQUARE TEST)

Factor Calculated

2

Value

Table Value

D.F

Remarks

Educational

Qualification

19.236

12.592

6 Significant at 5%

level

It is examined from the above table that the calculated chi-square value is greater


―Educational qualification of the respondents and the level of perception towards job in

paper industries are not associated‖ does not hold good. From the analysis, it is found that

there is a close relationship between the educational qualification of the respondents and


142

DESIGNATION AND LEVEL OF PERCEPTION TOWARDS JOB

Designation plays a major role in paper industries. According to the ‗designation‘,

the level of perception will differ. For the purpose of the study, the designation has been

classified into three categories namely manager, staff and worker. The sample consists of

250 (23.8%) respondents who are managers, 284 (27.0%) respondents who are staff and

518 (49.2%) respondents who are workers.

The distribution of sample respondents according to the designation and level of


TABLE NO. 5.11


S.No.

Designation No. of

Respondents

% Ave

rage

Range

S.D Min Max

1 Manager 250 23.8 92.1 71.0 129.0 9.1

2 Staff 284 27.0 93.2 67.0 128.0 9.5

3. Worker 518 49.2 92.8 47.0 131.0 9.5

Total 1052 100.0

It is surmised from the above table that the level of perception towards job in

paper industries of the manager ranged between 71 and 129 with an average of 92.1. The

level of perception among staff ranged between 67 and 128 with an average of 93.2.

Finally, the level of perception among workers ranged between 47 and 131 with an

average of 92.8. From the analysis it identified that maximum level of perception towards

job in paper industries was attained by the employer belonging to ‗staff‘ category.

143

With a view to find the degree of association, educational qualification of the

respondents and level of perception towards job in paper industries, a two-way table was

prepared and it is shown in the following table.

TABLE NO. 5.12

DESIGNATION AND LEVEL OF PERCEPTION TOWARDS JOB (TWO-WAY

TABLE)

S.No.

Designation Level of Perception towards job


1

Manager 54

(21.6%)

66

(26.4%)

130

(52.0%)

250

2

Staff 47

(16.5%) 78

(27.5%) 159

(56.0%)

284

3

Worker 69

(13.0%) 163

(31.5%) 286

(55.2%)

518

Total 170 307 575 1052

It is implied from the above table that the percentage of high level of perception

towards job in paper industries was the highest (56.0) among the respondents of staff and

the same was the lowest (52.0) among the respondents of manager. The percentage of


the respondents of worker and the same was the lowest (26.4) among the respondents of

manager. The percentage of low level of perception towards job in paper industries was

the highest (21.6) among the respondents of manager and the same was the lowest (13.0)

among the respondents of worker.

In order to find the relationship between the designation of the respondents and

their level of perception towards job in paper industries, the following hypothesis was

framed and tested with the help of Chi-square test and the result is shown in the following

table.

144

H0 : There is no significant relationship between designation and their level of

perception towards job in paper industries.

H1 : There is a significant relationship between designation and their level of


TABLE NO. 5.13


(CHI-SQUARE TEST)

Factor Calculated

2

Value

Table Value

D.F

Remarks

Designation

9.510

9.488

4 Significant at 5%

level

It is discerned from the above table that the calculated chi-square value is greater

than the table value and the result is significant at 5% level. Hence the hypothesis,

―Designation of the respondents and the level of perception towards job in paper

industries are not associated‖ does not hold good. From the analysis, it is found that there

is a close relationship between the designation of the respondents and their level of


DEPARTMENT AND LEVEL OF PERCEPTION TOWARDS JOB

Department is very essential in paper industry. The work was allotted to different

departments in the industry. Based on that, the level of perception varies among the

respondents‘ in paper industries. For the purpose of this study, department has been

studied into four groups viz., administrative, marketing and production. The sample

consists of 292 (27.8%) respondents who are working in administrative department, 318

145

(30.2%) respondents who are working in marketing department and 442 (42.0%)

respondents who are working in production department.

The distribution of sample respondents according to the department and their

level of perception towards job in paper industries are shown in the following table.

TABLE NO. 5.14


S.No.

Department No. of

Respondents

% Ave

rage

Range

S.D Min Max

1 Administrative 292 27.8 94.0 71.0 129.0 9.7

2 Marketing 318 30.2 91.6 71.0 131.0 8.7

3. Production 442 42.0 92.7 47.0 123.0 9.7

Total 1052 100.0

It is witnessed from the above table that the level of perception towards job in

paper industries of the administrative department ranged between 71 and 129 with an

average of 94.0 and the level of perception of the marketing department ranged between

71 and 131 with an average of 91.6. Finally, the level of perception towards production

department ranged between 47 and 123 with an average of 92.7. From the analysis it is

identified that maximum level of perception towards job in paper industries was attained

by the administrative department.

With a view to find the degree of association, department and level of perception

towards job in paper industries, a two-way table was prepared and it is shown in the

following table.

146

TABLE NO. 5.15

DEPARTMENT AND LEVEL OF PERCEPTION TOWARDS JOB (TWO-WAY

TABLE)

S.No.

Department Level of Perception towards job


1

Administrative 40

(13.7%) 75

(25.7%) 177

(60.6%)

292

2

Marketing 64

(20.1%) 97

(30.5%) 157

(49.4%)

318

3

Production 66

(14.9%)

135

(30.5%)

241

(54.5%)

442

Total 170 307 575 1052

It is scrutinized from the above table that the percentage of high level of


of personnel department and the same was the lowest (49.4) towards marketing

department. The percentage of medium level of perception towards job in paper

industries was the highest (30.5) among the respondents of marketing and production

department and the same was the lowest (25.7) amongst the respondents of

administration department. The percentage of low level of perception towards job in

paper industries was the highest (20.1) among the respondents of marketing department

and the same was the lowest (13.7) amongst the respondents of administration

department.

In order to find the relationship between the department of the respondents and



table.

147

H0 : There is no significant relationship between department and their level of


H1 : There is a significant relationship between department and their level of


TABLE NO. 5.16


(CHI-SQUARE TEST)

Factor Calculated

2

Value

Table Value

D.F

Remarks

Department

9.821

9.488

4 Significant at 5%

level

It is extrapolated from the above table that the calculated chi-square value is

greater than the table value and the result is significant at 5% level. Hence, the

hypothesis, ―Department of the respondents and the level of perception towards job in


there is a close relationship between the department and level of perception towards job

in paper industries.

MONTHLY INCOME AND LEVEL OF SATISFACTION

Monthly income is very needful to run their family and to stand upon the society.

The level of perception towards job has varied according to their monthly income in

paper industry. For the purpose of this study, monthly income has been studied into four

groups viz., Below Rs.9000, between Rs.9000 and 12000, between 12000 and 15000 and

above Rs.15000. The sample consists 223 (21.2%) respondents who are earning Below

Rs.9000, 239 (22.7%) respondents earning between Rs.8001 and 12000, 280 (26.6%)

148

respondents earning Rs.12000 and 15000 and 310 (29.5%) respondents earning above

Rs.15000.

The distribution of sample respondents according to the monthly income and their

level of perception towards job in paper industries are shown in the following table.

TABLE NO. 5.17

MONTHLY INCOME AND LEVEL OF PERCEPTION TOWARDS JOB

S.

No.

Monthly Income No. of

Respondents

% Ave

rage

Range

S.D Min Max

1 Below Rs.9000 223 21.2 90.9 47.0 123.0 8.9

2 Rs.9001-12000 239 22.7 93.3 68.0 129.0 9.9

3. Rs.12001-15000 280 26.6 93.0 71.0 131.0 9.0

4. Above Rs.15000 310 29.5 93.4 67.0 126.0 9.7

Total 1052 100.0

It is highlighted from the above table that the level of perception towards job in

paper industries among the respondents of their monthly income of Below Rs.9000

ranged between 47 and 104 with an average of 90.9. The level of perception towards job

in paper industries among the respondents of their monthly income level of Rs.9001-

12000 ranged between 68 and 129 with an average of 93.3. The level of perception by

the respondents of their monthly income level of Rs.12001-15000 ranged between 71 and

131 with an average of 93.0. Finally the level of perception towards job in paper

industries of their monthly income of above Rs.15000 ranged between 67 and 126 with

an average of 93.3. From the analysis it identified that maximum level of perception

towards job in paper industries perceived by the respondents earning their monthly

income of above Rs.15000 in paper industries.

149

With a view to find the degree of association between the monthly income and

level of perception towards job in paper industries, a two-way table was prepared and it is

exhibited in the following table.

TABLE NO. 5.18

MONTHLY INCOME AND LEVEL OF PERCEPTION TOWARDS JOB (TWO-

WAY TABLE)

S.No.

Monthly Income Level of Perception towards job


1

Below Rs.9000 44

(19.7%)

82

(36.8%)

97

(43.5%)

223

2

Rs.9001-12000 39

(16.3%) 61

(25.5%) 139

(58.2%)

239

3

Rs.12001-15000 45

(16.1%) 72

(25.7%) 163

(58.2%)

280

4

Above Rs.15000 42

(13.5%) 92

(29.7%) 176

(56.8%)

310

Total 170 307 575 1052

It is corroborated from the above table that the percentage of high level of


of their monthly income of Rs.9001-12000 and also Rs.12001-15000 and the same was

the lowest (43.5) among the monthly income of Below Rs.9000. The percentage of


the respondents of their monthly income of Below Rs.9000 and the same was the lowest

(25.5) among the respondents of their monthly income of Rs.9001-12000. The percentage

of low level of perception towards job in paper industries was the highest (19.7) among

the respondents of their monthly income of Below Rs.9000 and the same was the lowest

(13.5) among the respondents of their monthly income of above Rs.15000.

150

In order to find the relationship between the monthly income of the respondents

and their level of perception towards job in paper industries, the following hypothesis

was framed and tested with the help of Chi-square test and the result is shown in the

following table.

H0 : There is no significant relationship between monthly income and their


H1 : There is a significant relationship between monthly income and their level

of perception towards job in paper industries.

TABLE NO. 5.19

MONTHLY INCOME AND LEVEL OF PERCEPTION TOWARDS JOB

(CHI-SQUARE TEST)

Factor Calculated

2

Value

Table Value

D.F

Remarks

Monthly

Income

16.270

12.592

6 Significant at 5%

level



hypothesis, ―monthly income of the respondents and the level of perception towards job

in paper industries are not associated‖ does not hold good. From the analysis, it is found

that there is a close relationship between the monthly income and level of perception


MARITAL STATUS AND LEVEL OF SATISFACTION

It is an important factor to know about the married and unmarried respondents‘

level of perception towards job in paper industries. For the purpose of this study, marital

151

status has been studied under two categories namely married and unmarried. The sample

consists 304 (28.9%) unmarried respondents and 748 (71.1%) married category.

The distribution of sample respondents according to the marital status of the

respondents and their level of perception towards job in paper industries are shown in the

following table.

TABLE NO. 5.20

MARITAL STATUS AND LEVEL OF PERCEPTION TOWARDS JOB

S.

No.

Marital Status No. of

Respondents

% Ave

rage

Range

S.D Min Max

1 Married 304 28.9 92.3 68.0 126.0 8.9

2 Unmarried 748 71.1 92.9 47.0 131.0 9.6

Total 1052 100.0

It is scrutinized from the above table that the level of perception towards job in

paper industries of the married respondents ranged between 68 and 126 with an average

of 92.3 and the level of perception of the unmarried respondents ranged between 47 and

131 with an average of 92.9. From the above analysis it concluded that the maximum

level of perception towards job perceived by the unmarried respondents in paper

industries.

With a view to find the degree of association between the marital status and level

of perception towards job in paper industries, a two-way table was prepared and it is


152

TABLE NO. 5.21


(TWO-WAY TABLE)

S. No.

Marital Status Level of Perception towards job


1

Married 36

(11.8%) 110

(36.2%) 158

(52.0%)

304

2

Unmarried 134

(17.9%) 197

(26.3%) 417

(55.7%)

748

Total 170 307 575 1052

It is determined from the above table that the percentage of high level of

perception towards job in paper industries was the highest (55.7) among the unmarried

respondents and the same was the lowest (52.0) among married respondents. The

percentage of medium level of perception towards job in paper industries was the highest

(36.2) among the married respondents and the same was the lowest (26.3) among

unmarried respondents. On the other hand, the percentage of low level of perception

towards job in paper industries was the highest (17.9) among unmarried respondents and

the same was the lowest (11.8) among married respondents.

In order to find the relationship between the marital status of the respondents and



table.

H0 : There is no significant relationship between marital status and their level

of perception towards job in paper industries.

153

H1 : There is a significant relationship between marital status and their level of


TABLE NO. 5.22


(CHI-SQUARE TEST)

Factor Calculated

2

Value

Table Value

D.F

Remarks

Marital Status

12.678

5.991

2 Significant at 5%

level



―marital status of the respondents and the level of perception towards job in paper


is a close relationship between the marital status and level of perception towards job in

paper industries.

NUMBER OF DEPENDENTS IN THE FAMILY AND LEVEL OF PERCEPTION

TOWARDS JOB

Based on the number of dependents in their family, the respondents‘ level of

perception varies in their job in paper industries. For the purpose of the study, number of

dependents in the family has been classified into three categories namely 1-3 members, 4-

5 members and above 5 members. The sample consists 332 (31.6%) respondents having

to 1-3 members in their family, 462 (43.9%) respondents having to 4-5 members in their

family and 258 (24.5%) respondents having to above 5 members in their family.

154

The distribution of sample respondents according to the number of dependents

and level of perception towards job in paper industries are shown in the following table.

TABLE NO. 5.23

NUMBER OF DEPENDENTS IN THE FAMILY AND LEVEL OF PERCEPTION

TOWARDS JOB

S.

No.

No. of Dependents No. of

Respondents

% Ave

rage

Range

S.D Min Max

1 1-3 members 332 31.6 92.8 67.0 131.0 9.8

2 4-5 members 462 43.9 93.0 71.0 129.0 9.0

3 Above 5 members 258 24.5 92.2 47.0 123.0 9.7

Total 1052 100.0

It is extrapolated from the above table that the level of perception towards job in

paper industries among the respondents of 1-3 dependents in their family ranged between

67 and 131 with an average of 92.8. The level of perception among the respondents of 4-

5 dependents in their family ranged between 71 and 129 with an average of 93.0. The

level of perception by the respondents of more than 5 dependents in their family ranged

between 47 and 123 with an average of 92.2. From the analysis it identified that

maximum level of perception towards job in paper industries perceived by the

respondents of 4-5 dependents in a family.

With a view to find the degree of association between the number of dependents

in the family and level of perception towards job in paper industries, a two-way table was

prepared and it is exhibited in the following table.

155

TABLE NO. 5.24

NUMBER OF DEPENDENTS IN THE FAMILY AND LEVEL OF


S.No.

No. of Dependents Level of Perception towards job


1

1-3 members 57

(17.2%) 95

(28.6%) 180

(54.2%)

332

2

4-5 members 56

(12.1%)

149

(32.3%)

257

(55.6%)

462

3

Above 5 members 57

(22.1%) 63

(24.4%) 138

(53.5%)

258

Total 170 307 575 1052



of 4-5 dependents in their family and the same was the lowest (53.5) towards the

respondents of above 5 dependents in their family. The percentage of medium level of


of 4-5 dependents in their family and the same was the lowest (24.4) towards the

respondents of above 5 dependents in their family. The percentage of low level of


of above 5 dependents in their family and the same was the lowest (12.1) towards the

respondents of 4-5 dependents in their family.

In order to find the relationship between the number of dependents in the family

and level of perception towards job in paper industries, the following hypothesis was


table.

156

H0 : There is no significant relationship between number of dependents in the

family and their level of perception towards job in paper industries.

H1 : There is a significant relationship between number of dependents in the

family and their level of perception towards job in paper industries.

TABLE NO. 5.25


PERCEPTION TOWARDS JOB (CHI-SQUARE TEST)

Factor Calculated

2

Value

Table Value

D.F

Remarks

No. of dependents

14.182

9.488

4 Significant at 5%

level



―number of dependents in the family and level of perception towards job in paper


is a close relationship between the number of dependents in the family and level of


FAMILY SYSTEM AND LEVEL OF PERCEPTION TOWARDS JOB

Family system is one among the important factor to analyse the respondents‘ level

of perception towards job in paper industry. For the purpose of the study, family system

has been classified into two categories namely nuclear and joint family. The sample

consists 611 (58.1%) respondents belonged to nuclear family and 441 (41.9%)

respondents belonged to joint family.

157

The distribution of sample respondents according to the family system and level

of perception towards job in paper industries are shown in the following table.

TABLE NO. 5.26

FAMILY SYSTEM AND LEVEL OF PERCEPTION

S.

No.

Family System No. of

Respondents

% Ave

rage

Range

S.D Min Max

1 Nuclear 611 58.1 93.1 47.0 131.0 10.0

2 Joint Family 441 41.9 92.3 67.0 123.0 8.6

Total 1052 100.0

It is speculated from the above table that the level of perception towards job in

paper industries among the respondents of nuclear family ranged between 47 and 131

with an average of 93.1 and the level of perception among the respondents of joint family

ranged between 67 and 123 with an average of 92.3. From the analysis it identified that

maximum level of perception towards job perceived by the joint family respondents in

paper industries.

With a view to find the degree of association between the family system and level

of perception towards job in paper industries, a two-way table was prepared and it is


158

TABLE NO. 5.27

FAMILY SYSTEM AND LEVEL OF PERCEPTION TOWARDS JOB

(TWO-WAY TABLE)

S.

No.

Family System Level of Perception towards job


1

Nuclear 110

(18.0%) 156

(25.5%) 345

(56.5%)

611

2

Joint Family 60

(13.6%) 151

(34.2%) 230

(52.2%)

441

Total 170 307 575 1052

It is extrapolated from the above table that the percentage of high level of


belonging to nuclear family system and the same was the lowest (52.2) among the

respondents belonging to joint family system. The percentage of medium level of


belonging to joint family and the same was the lowest (25.5) among the respondents

belonging to nuclear family system. The percentage of low level of perception towards

job in paper industries was the highest (18.0) among the respondents belonging to nuclear

family system and the same was the lowest (13.6) among the respondents belonging to

joint family system.

In order to find the relationship between the family system to which the

employees belongs to and level of perception towards job in paper industries, the

following hypothesis was framed and tested with the help of Chi-square test and the

result is shown in the following table.

159

H0 : There is no significant relationship between family system to which the

employees belong to and their level of perception towards job in paper

industries.

H1 : There is a significant relationship between family system to which the

employees belong to and their level of perception towards job in paper

industries.

TABLE NO. 5.28

FAMILY SYSTEM AND LEVEL OF PERCEPTION TOWARDS JOB (CHI-

SQUARE TEST)

Factor Calculated

2

Value

Table Value

D.F

Remarks

Family system

10.592

5.992

2 Significant at 5%

level



―family system of the respondents and their level of perception towards job in paper


is a close relationship between the family system of the respondents and their level of


EXPERIENCE AND LEVEL OF PERCEPTION TOWARDS JOB

Experience makes everyone to lead a comfortable life in society. According to

the respondents‘ year of experience, their level of perception towards job will be vary.

For the purpose of this study experience gained by the individual has been classified into

four strata viz., upto 5 years experience, between 6 and 10 years experience, between 11

160

and 15 years experience and above 15 years experience. The sample consists of 287

(27.3%) respondents having 1-5 years experience, 322 (30.6%) respondents having

between 6 and 10 years experience, 276 (26.2%) respondents having 11 and 15 years

experience and 167 (15.9%) respondents having above 15 years experience.

The distribution of sample respondents according to the experience and level of


TABLE NO. 5.29


S.

No.

Experience No. of

Respondents

% Ave

rage

Range

S.D Min Max

1 Upto 5 years 287 27.3 92.1 47.0 125.0 9.4

2 6 to 10 years 322 30.6 92.7 68.0 131.0 9.9

3 11 to 15 years 276 26.2 93.3 67.0 123.0 9.4

4 Above 15 years 167 15.9 93.0 71.0 128.0 8.5

Total 1052 100.0

It is speculated from the above table that the level of perception towards job in

paper industries among the respondents who gained upto 5 years of experience ranged

between 47 and 125 with an average of 92.1. The level of perception among the

respondents who gained 6 to 10 years of experience ranged between 68 and 131 with an

average of 92.7. The level of perception by the respondents who gained 11 and 15 years

of experience ranges between 67 and 123 with an average of 93.3. The level of

perception by the respondents who gained above 15 years of experience ranged between

71 and 128 with an average of 93.0. From the analysis it identified that maximum level of

161

perception towards job was perceived by the respondents who gained between 11 and 15

years of experience in paper industries.

With a view to find the degree of association between the experience and level of

perception towards job in paper industries, a two-way table was prepared and it is


TABLE NO. 5.30


(TWO-WAY TABLE)

S.

No.

Experience Level of Perception towards job


1

Upto 5 years 50

(17.4%) 89

(31.0%) 148

(51.6%)

287

2

6 to 10 years 67

(20.7%) 84

(26.0%) 172

(53.3%)

322

3

11 to 15 years 28

(10.1%) 94

(34.1%) 154

(55.8%)

276

4

Above 15 years 25

(15.0%) 41

(24.6%) 101

(60.5%)

167

Total 170 308 575 1052

It is observed from the above table that the percentage of high level of perception

towards job in paper industries was the highest (60.5) among the respondents who gained

above 15 years of experience and the same was the lowest (51.6) among the respondents

who gained 1-5 years of experience. The percentage of medium level of perception

towards job in paper industries was the highest (34.1) among the respondents who gained

between 11 and 15 years of experience and the same was the lowest (24.6) among the

respondents who gained above 15 years of experience. The percentage of low level of


162

who gained between 6 and 10 years of experience and the same was the lowest (10.1)

among the respondents who gained between 11 and 15 years of experience.

In order to find the relationship between the experience and level of perception

towards job in paper industries, the following hypothesis was framed and tested with the

help of Chi-square test and the result is shown in the following table.

H0 : There is no significant relationship between experience and their level of


H1 : There is a significant relationship between experience and their level of


TABLE NO. 5.31


(CHI-SQUARE TEST)

Factor Calculated

2

Value

Table Value

D.F

Remarks

Experience

17.445

12.592

6 Significant at 5%

level

It is conjectured from the above table that the calculated chi-square value is


hypothesis, ―experience of the respondents and their level of perception towards job in


there is a close relationship between experience and level of perception towards job in

paper industries.

163

COMPANY AND LEVEL OF PERCEPTION TOWARDS JOB

The respondents are working in several paper industries. According to their job in

particular company, the level of perception has fluctuated. For the purpose of this study

company has been classified into two strata viz., SPB and TNPL. The sample consists

474 (45.1%) respondents who were working in SPB and 578 (54.9%) respondents who

were working in TNPL.

The distribution of sample respondents according to the company and level of

perception towards job in paper industry are shown in the following table.

TABLE NO. 5.32


S. No.

Company No. of

Respondents

% Ave

rage

Range

S.D Min Max

1 SPB 474 45.1 92.5 47.0 125.0 9.1

2 TNPL 578 54.9 92.9 67.0 131.0 9.7

Total 1052 100.0

It is surmised from the above table that the level of perception towards job in

paper industries of the respondents who worked in SPB ranged between 47 and 125 with

an average of 92.5 and the level of perception of the respondents who worked in TNPL

ranged between 67 and 131 with an average of 92.9. From the above analysis it implied

that the maximum level of perception towards job was perceived by the respondents who

worked in TNPL.

164

With a view to find the degree of association between the company and level of

perception towards job in paper industry, a two-way table was prepared and it is


TABLE NO. 5.33


(TWO-WAY TABLE)

S.No.

Company Level of Perception towards job


1

SPB 56

(11.8%) 138

(29.1%) 280

(59.1%)

474

2

TNPL 114

(19.7%) 169

(29.2%) 295

(51.0%)

578

Total 170 307 575 1052


perception towards job in paper industry was the highest (59.1) among the respondents

who worked in SPB and the same was the lowest (51.0) among the respondents who

worked in TNPL. The percentage of medium level of perception towards job in paper

industry was the highest (29.2) among the respondents who worked in TNPL and the

same was the lowest (29.1) among the respondents who worked in SPB. The percentage

of low level of perception towards job in paper industry was the highest (19.7) among the

respondents who worked in TNPL and the same was the lowest (11.8) among the

respondents who worked in SPB.

In order to find the relationship between the company and level of perception

towards job in paper industry, the following hypothesis was framed and tested with the


165

H0 : There is no significant relationship between company and level of

perception towards job in paper industry.

H1 : There is a significant relationship between company and level of


TABLE NO. 5.34


(CHI-SQUARE TEST)

Factor Calculated

2

Value

Table Value

D.F

Remarks

Company

13.157

5.991

2 Significant at 5%

level

It is witnessed from the above table that the calculated chi-square value is greater


―company where the respondents are working and their level of perception towards job in

paper industry are not associated‖ and does not hold good. From the analysis, it is found

that there is a close relationship between company where the respondents are working

and their level of perception towards job in paper industry.

WORKING TIME AND LEVEL OF PERCEPTION TOWARDS JOB

In every company, the working time is very essential. The level of perception of

the respondents towards job will differ according to their working time in paper industry.

For the purpose of this study working time has been classified into two strata viz., 5-8

hours and more than 8 hours. The sample consists 719 (68.3%) respondents who are

working for 5-8 hours and 333 (31.7%) respondents who are working for more than 8

hours.

166

The distribution of sample respondents according to the working time and level of

perception towards job in paper industry are shown in the following table.

TABLE NO. 5.35


S.

No.

Working time No. of

Respondents

% Ave

rage

Range

S.D Min Max

1 5-8 hours 719 68.3 92.5 67.0 131.0 9.1

2 More than 8 hours 333 31.7 93.2 47.0 128.0 10.1

Total 1052 100.0

It could be inferred from the above table that the level of perception towards job

in paper industry of the respondents who worked for 5-8 hours ranged between 67 and

131 with an average of 92.5 and the level of perception of the respondents who worked

for more than 8 hours ranged between 47 and 128 with an average of 93.2. It is implied

from the above analysis that the maximum level of perception towards job in paper

industry was perceived by the respondents who worked for more than 8 hours.

With a view to find the degree of association between the working time and level

of perception towards job in paper industry, a two-way table was prepared and it is


167

TABLE NO. 5.36


(TWO-WAY TABLE)

S.No.

Working time Level of Perception towards job


1

5-8 hours 105

(14.6%)

229

(31.8%)

385

(53.5%)

719

2

More than 8 hours 65

(19.5%)

78

(23.4%)

190

(57.1%)

333

Total 170 307 575 1052

It could be examined from the above table that the percentage of high level of

perception towards job in paper industry was the highest (57.1) among the respondents

who worked for more than 8 hours and the same was the lowest (53.5) among the

respondents who worked for 5-8 hours. The percentage of medium level of perception

towards job in paper industry was the highest (31.8) among the respondents who worked

for 5-8 hours and the same was the lowest (23.4) among the respondents who worked for

more than 8 hours. The percentage of low level of perception towards job in paper

industry was the highest (19.5) among the respondents who worked for more than 8

hours, and the same was the lowest (14.6) among the respondents who worked for 5-8

hours in paper industry.

In order to find the relationship between the working time and level of perception

towards job in paper industry, the following hypothesis was framed and tested with the


168

H0 : There is no significant relationship between working time and level of


H1 : There is a significant relationship between working time and level of


TABLE NO. 5.37


(CHI-SQUARE TEST)

Factor Calculated

2

Value

Table Value

D.F

Remarks

Working

Time

9.454

5.991

2 Significant at 5%

level



hypothesis, ―working time of the respondents and their level of perception towards job in

paper industry are not associated‖ and does not hold good. From the analysis, it is found

that there is a close relationship between working time of the respondents and their level

of perception towards job in paper industry.

169

5.3 LEVEL OF OCCUPATIONAL STRESS AMONG EMPLOYEES

TOWARDS THEIR WORK - ANOVA – ANALYSIS

The level of occupational stress among the employees of paper industries was

measured based on their opinion about the occupational stress level while in working in

the paper industry. The respondents‘ opinion were measured based on scale and scoring

technique. Likerts‘ five points scaling was employed and the employees‘ level of

occupational stress was classified as low (below 27 points), medium (27-30 points) and

high (31-40 points) based on mean (30) and standard deviation (4).

TABLE NO. 5.38

LEVEL OF OCCUPATIONAL STRESS AMONG EMPLOYEES TOWARDS

THEIR WORK

S.

No.

Category No. of

Respondents

Percentage

(%)

1. Low (below 27) 189 18.0

2. Medium (27-30) 390 37.0

3. High (31-40) 473 45.0

Total 1052 100.0

It is noted from the above table that 18.0 percent of the respondents were having

low level of stress while in working. It is followed by 37.0 percent of the respondents

were having medium level of stress and remaining 45.0 percent of the respondents were

having high level of stress while in working in paper industry. The two-way analysis was

prepared based on these three strata for data analysis and through this method Anova test

was employed to test the significant difference between the selected independent

variables and dependent variable.

170

AGE AND IMPACT OF OCCUPATIONAL STRESS

The distribution of sample respondents according to the age of the respondents

and their impact of occupational stress in paper industry are shown in the following table.

TABLE NO. 5.39


S.

No.

Age No. of

Respondents

% Ave

rage

Range

S.D Min Max

1 Below 25 yrs. 270 25.7 29.9 12.0 45.0 4.5

2 25-35 yrs. 284 27.0 30.2 17.0 45.0 4.1

3 36-45 yrs. 304 28.9 30.1 12.0 44.0 4.0

4 Above 45 yrs. 194 18.4 30.5 21.0 41.0 3.8

Total 1052 100.0

It could be observed from the above table that the impact of occupational stress in

paper industry perceived by the respondents who belong to the age group of below 25

years ranged between 12 and 45 with an average of 29.9. The respondents with the age

group between 25 and 35 years revealed that their impact of occupational stress in paper

industry ranged between 17 and 45 with an average of 30.2. The impact of occupational

stress in paper industry perceived by the respondents between 35 and 45 years age group

ranged between 12 and 44 with an average of 30.1. Finally, the impact of occupational

stress in paper industry perceived by the respondents who are above 45 years age group

ranged between 21 and 41 with an average of 30.5. It is inferred from the analysis that the

maximum impact of occupational stress was among the age group of above 45 years.

171

With a view to find the degree of association between age of the respondents and

the impact of occupational stress in paper industry, a two-way table is prepared and

depicted in the following table.

TABLE NO. 5.40


(TWO-WAY TABLE)

S.No.

Age Impact of occupational stress


1

Below 25 yrs. 56

(20.7%)

94

(34.8%)

120

(44.4%)

270

2

25-35 yrs. 52

(18.3%) 100

(35.2%) 132

(46.5%)

284

3

36-45 yrs. 53

(17.4%) 117

(38.5%) 134

(44.1%)

304

4

Above 45 yrs. 28

(14.4%) 79

(40.7%) 87

(44.8%)

194

Total 189 390 473 1052

It could be found from the above table that the percentage of high impact of

occupational stress in paper industry was the highest (46.5) among the respondents

between 25 and 35 years of age and the same was the lowest (44.1) among the

respondents between 35 and 45 years age. The percentage of medium impact of

occupational stress in paper industries was the highest (40.7) among the respondents of

above 45 years of age and the same was the lowest (34.8) among the respondents of

below 25 years of age. The percentage of low impact of occupational stress in paper

industry was the highest (20.7) among the respondents of below 25 years of age and the

same was the lowest (14.4) among the respondents of above 45 years of age.

172

In order to find the relationship between the age of the respondents and impact of

occupational stress in paper industry, the following hypothesis was framed and tested

with the help of Anova test and the result is shown in the following table.

H0 : There is no significant difference between age of the respondents and

impact of occupational stress in paper industry.

H1 : There is a significant difference between age of the respondents and

impact of occupational stress in paper industry.

TABLE NO. 5.41


(ANOVA TEST)

Source SS DF MS F S

Between Groups

4.307

2

2.153

1.920

Not significant Within Groups

1176.412

1049

1.121

Total 1180.719 1051

It is examined from the above table that the calculated F value is less than the

table value and the result is not significant. Hence, the hypothesis, ―Age of the

respondents and the impact of occupational stress are not associated‖ is accepted. From

the analysis, it is found that there is no significant difference between the age of the

respondents and the impact of occupational stress.

GENDER AND IMPACT OF OCCUPATIONAL STRESS

The distribution of sample respondents according to the gender and the impact of

occupational stress in paper industry are shown in the following table.

173

TABLE NO. 5.42


S.

No.

Gender No. of

Respondents

% Ave

rage

Range

S.D Min Max

1 Male 877 83.4 30.1 12.0 45.0 4.2

2 Female 175 16.6 30.3 21.0 45.0 4.0

Total 1052 100.0

It is inferred from the above table that the impact of occupational stress in paper

industry by the male respondents ranged between 12 and 45 with an average of 30.1 and

the impact of occupational stress of the female respondents ranged between 21 and 45

with an average of 30.3. It is concluded from the analysis that the maximum impact of

occupational stress in paper industry was perceived by the male respondents.

With a view to find the degree of association between gender of the respondents

and impact of occupational stress in paper industry, a two-way table was prepared and it

is shown in the following table.

TABLE NO. 5.43


(TWO-WAY TABLE)

S. No.

Gender Impact of occupational stress


1

Male 159

(18.1%)

319

(36.4%)

399

(45.5%)

877

2

Female 30

(17.1%) 71

(40.6%) 74

(42.3%)

175

Total 189 390 473 1052

It is found from the above table that the percentage of high impact of occupational

stress in paper industry was the highest (45.5) among the male respondents and the same

174

was the lowest (42.3) among the female respondents. The percentage of medium impact

of occupational stress in paper industry was the highest (40.6) among the female

respondents and the same was the lowest (36.4) among the male respondents. The

percentage of low impact of occupational stress in paper industry was the highest (18.1)

among the male respondents and the same was the lowest (17.1) among the female

respondents.

In order to find the relationship between the gender of the respondents and the

impact of occupational stress in paper industry, the following hypothesis was framed and

tested with the help of Anova test and the result is shown in the following table.

H0 : There is no significant difference between gender and

occupational stress in paper industry.

impact of

H1 : There is a significant difference between gender and


impact

of

TABLE NO. 5.44


(ANOVA TEST)

Source SS DF MS F S

Between Groups

.153

2

7.675E-02

.552

Not significant Within

Groups

145.735

1049

.139

Total 145.889 1051

It is witnessed from the above table that the calculated F value is less than the

table value and the result is not significant. Hence, the hypothesis, ―Gender of the

175


the analysis, it is found that there is no significant difference between the gender of the

respondents and the impact of occupational stress.

EDUCATIONAL QUALIFICATION AND IMPACT OF OCCUPATIONAL

STRESS

The distribution of sample respondents according to the educational qualification

of the respondents and impact of occupational stress in paper industry are shown in the

following table.

TABLE NO. 5.45


STRESS

S.

No.

Educational

Qualification

No. of

Respondents

% Ave

rage

Range

S.D Min Max

1 School education 340 32.3 30.4 19.0 45.0 4.0

2 ITI & Diploma 273 26.0 29.6 12.0 45.0 4.0

3 Graduate 185 17.6 30.3 21.0 41.0 3.9

4 Professional 254 24.1 30.1 12.0 41.0 4.5

Total 1052 100.0

It could be discerned from the above table that the impact of occupational stress in

paper industry of school level respondents ranged between 19 and 45 with an average of

30.4. It could be analysed that the level of satisfaction revealed by the respondents of ITI

& Graduate level ranged between 12 and 45 with an average of 29.6. The impact of

occupational stress in paper industry of graduate level respondents ranged between 21

and 41 with an average of 30.3. On the other hand, the impact of occupational stress in

paper industry among professionals ranged between 12 and 41 with an average of 30.1.

176

From the analysis it is identified that the maximum impact of occupational stress in paper

industry was attained by the respondents who did their ‗schooling‘.


respondents and impact of occupational stress in paper industry, a two-way table was


TABLE NO. 5.46

EDUCATIONAL QUALIFICATION AND LEVEL OF


S.No. Educational

Qualification

Impact of occupational stress


1

School education 49

(14.4%) 136

(40.0%) 155

(45.6%)

340

2

ITI & Diploma 56

(20.5%) 105

(38.5%) 112

(41.0%)

273

3

Graduate 30

(16.2%)

67

(36.2%)

88

(47.6%)

185

4

Professional 54

(21.3%) 82

(32.3%) 118

(46.5%)

254

Total 189 390 473 1052

It could be determined from the above table that the percentage of high impact of

occupational stress in paper industry was the highest (47.6) among the graduates and the

same was the lowest (41.0) among the ITI and Diploma holders. The percentage of

medium impact of occupational stress in paper industry was the highest (40.0) among the

respondents who did their schooling and the same was the lowest (32.3) among the

professionals. The percentage of low impact of occupational stress in paper industry was

the highest (21.3) among the respondents of professionals and the same was the lowest

(14.4) among the respondents who did their schooling.

177

In order to find the relationship between the educational qualification of the

respondents and the impact of occupational stress in paper industry, the following

hypothesis was framed and tested with the help of Anova test and the result is shown in

the following table.

H0 : There is no significant difference between educational qualification and

their impact of occupational stress in paper industry.

H1 : There is a significant difference between educational qualification and

their impact of occupational stress in paper industry.

TABLE NO. 5.47


STRESS (ANOVA TEST)

Source SS DF MS F S

Between Groups

6.984

2

3.492

2.588


1415.566

1049

1.349

Total 1422.550 1051

It could be determined from the above table that the calculated F value is less than

the table value and the result is not significant. Hence, the hypothesis, ―educational

qualification of the respondents and the impact of occupational stress are not associated‖

is accepted. From the analysis, it is found that there is no significant difference between

the educational qualification of the respondents and the impact of occupational stress.

178

DESIGNATION AND IMPACT OF OCCUPATIONAL STRESS

The distribution of sample respondents according to the designation and impact of


TABLE NO. 5.48


S. No.

Designation No. of

Respondents

% Ave

rage

Range

S.D Min Max

1 Manager 250 27.0 30.1 12.0 44.0 4.6

2 Staff 284 23.8 30.4 21.0 44.0 4.0

3. Worker 518 49.2 30.0 17.0 45.0 4.0

Total 1052 100.0

It could be inferred from the above table that the impact of occupational stress in

paper industry of the managers ranged between 12 and 44 with an average of 30.1. The

level of perception among the staffs ranged between 21 and 44 with an average of 30.4.

Finally, the level of perception among workers ranged between 17 and 45 with an

average of 30. From the analysis it is identified that maximum impact of occupational

stress in paper industry was attained by the staffs.


respondents and impact of occupational stress in paper industry, a two-way table was


179

TABLE NO. 5.49


(TWO-WAY TABLE)

S.No.

Designation Impact of occupational stress


1

Manager 44

(17.6%) 93

(37.2%) 113

(45.2%)

250

2

Staff 50

(17.6%) 104

(36.6%) 130

(45.8%)

284

3

Worker 95

(18.3%) 193

(37.3%) 230

(44.4%)

518

Total 189 390 473 1052

It is implied from the above table that the percentage of high impact of

occupational stress in paper industry was the highest (45.8) among the staffs and the

same was the lowest (44.4) among the respondents of worker. The percentage of medium

impact of occupational stress in paper industry was the highest (37.3) among the workers

and the same was the lowest (36.6) among the staffs. The percentage of low impact of

occupational stress in paper industry was the highest (18.3) among the workers and the

same was the lowest (17.6) among the managers and staffs.

In order to find the relationship between the designation of the respondents and

the impact of occupational stress in paper industry, the following hypothesis was framed

and tested with the help of Anova test and the result is shown in the following table.

H0 : There is no significant difference between designation and impact of


H1 : There is a significant difference between designation and the impact of


180

TABLE NO. 5.50

DESIGNATION AND IMPACT OF OCCUPATIONAL STRESS (ANOVA TEST)

Source SS DF MS F S

Between Groups

6.997E-02

2

3.498E-02

0.052


699.656

1049

0.667

Total 699.726 1051

It could be determined from the above table that the calculated F value is less than

the table value and the result is not significant. Hence, the hypothesis, ―designation of the


the analysis, it is found that there is no significant difference between the designation of

the respondents and the impact of occupational stress.

DEPARTMENT AND IMPACT OF OCCUPATIONAL STRESS

The distribution of sample respondents according to the department and impact of


TABLE NO. 5.51

DEPARTMENT AND IMPACT OF OCCUPATIONAL STRESS

S.No.

Department No. of

Respondents

% Ave

rage

Range

S.D Min Max

1 Administration 292 27.8 30.3 20.0 41.0 3.8

2 Marketing 318 30.2 29.7 12.0 41.0 4.3

3 Production 442 42.0 30.4 12.0 45.0 4.2

Total 1052 100.0

181

It could be witnessed from the above table that the impact of occupational stress

in paper industry of the administrative department ranged between 20 and 41 with an

average of 30.3. And the level of perception of the marketing department ranged

between 12 and 41 with an average of 29.7. Finally, the level of perception towards

production department ranged between 12 and 45 with an average of 30.4. From the

analysis it identified that the maximum impact of occupational stress in paper industry

was attained by the production department.

With a view to find the degree of association between department and the impact

of occupational stress in paper industry, a two-way table was prepared and it is shown in


TABLE NO. 5.52


(TWO-WAY TABLE)

S.No.

Department Impact of occupational stress


1

Administration 39

(13.4%) 119

(40.8%) 134

(45.9%)

292

2

Marketing 70

(22.0%) 120

(37.7%) 128

(40.3%)

318

3

Production 80

(18.1%) 151

(34.2%) 211

(47.7%)

442

Total 189 390 473 1052

It could be observed from the above table that the percentage of high impact of

occupational stress in paper industry was the highest (47.7) among the respondents of

production department and the same was the lowest (40.3) towards marketing

department. The percentage of medium impact of occupational stress in paper industry

was the highest (40.8) among the respondents of administration department and the same

182

was the lowest (34.2) towards production department. The percentage of low impact of

occupational stress in paper industry was the highest (22) among the respondents of

marketing department and the same was the lowest (13.4) towards administration

department.

In order to find the relationship between the department of the respondents and

the impact of occupational stress in paper industry, the following hypothesis was framed

and tested with the help of Anova test and the result is shown in the following table.

H0 : There is no significant difference between department and the impact of


H1 : There is a significant difference between department and the impact of


TABLE NO. 5.53

DEPARTMENT AND IMPACT OF OCCUPATIONAL STRESS (ANOVA TEST)

Source SS DF MS F S

Between

Groups

2.667

2

1.333

1.970


709.945

1049

.677

Total 712.612 1051

It is noted from the above table that the calculated F value is less than the table

value and the result is not significant. Hence, the hypothesis, ―department of the


the analysis, it is found that there is no significant difference between the department of


183

MONTHLY INCOME AND IMPACT OF OCCUPATIONAL STRESS

The distribution of sample respondents according to the monthly income of the

respondents and the impact of occupational stress in paper industry are shown in the

following table.

TABLE NO. 5.54


S.

No.

Monthly Income No. of

Respondents

% Ave

rage

Range

S.D Min Max

1 Below Rs.9000 223 21.2 29.8 12.0 45.0 3.8

2 Rs.9001-12000 239 22.7 30.2 19.0 40.0 4.1

3. Rs.12001-15000 280 26.6 30.3 20.0 41.0 4.0

4. Above Rs.15000 310 29.5 30.2 12.0 45.0 4.5

Total 1052 100.0

It could be highlighted from the above table that the impact of occupational stress

in paper industry among the respondents of the monthly income of Below Rs.9000

ranged between 12 and 45 with an average of 29.8. The impact of occupational stress in

paper industry among the respondents of the monthly income of Rs.9001-12000 ranged

between 19 and 40 with an average of 30.2. The level of perception by the respondents

of the monthly income level of Rs.12001-15000 ranged between 20 and 41 with an

average of 30.3. Finally the impact of occupational stress in paper industry of the

monthly income of above Rs.15000 ranged between 12 and 45 with an average of 30.2. It

is identified from the analysis that the maximum impact of occupational stress in paper

industry was perceived by the respondents earning their monthly income of Rs.12001 and

Rs.15000 in the paper industry.

184

With a view to find the degree of association between the monthly income and

impact of occupational stress in paper industry, a two-way table was prepared and it is


TABLE NO. 5.55


(TWO-WAY TABLE)

S.

No.

Monthly Income Impact of occupational stress


1

Below Rs.9000 36

(16.1)

102

(45.7)

85

(38.1)

223

2

Rs.9001-12000 40

(16.7) 83

(34.7) 116

(48.5)

239

3

Rs.12001-15000 50

(17.9) 97

(34.6) 133

(47.5)

280

4

Above Rs.15000 63

(20.3) 108

(34.8) 139

(44.8)

310

Total 189 390 473 1052

It is corroborated from the above table that the percentage of high impact of

occupational stress in paper industry was the highest (48.5) among the respondents of the

monthly income of Rs.8001 and 12000 and the same was the lowest (38.1) among the

respondents of monthly income which is Below Rs.9000. The percentage of medium

impact of occupational stress in paper industry was the highest (45.7) among the

respondents of the monthly income of Below Rs.9000 and the same was the lowest (34.6)

among the respondents of the monthly income between Rs.12001-15000. The percentage

of low impact of occupational stress in paper industry was the highest (20.3) among the

respondents of the monthly income of above Rs.15000 and the same was the lowest

(16.1) among the respondents of the monthly income of Below Rs.9000.

185

In order to find the relationship between the monthly income of the respondents

and the impact of occupational stress in paper industry, the following hypothesis was

framed and tested with the help of Anova test and the result is shown in the following

table.

H0 : There is no significant difference between monthly income and the impact

of occupational stress in paper industry.

H1 : There is a significant difference between monthly income and the impact

of occupational stress in paper industry.

TABLE NO. 5.56

MONTHLY INCOME AND THE IMPACT OF OCCUPATIONAL STRESS

(ANOVA TEST)

Source SS DF MS F S

Between Groups

6.871

2

3.436

2.771


1300.455

1049

1.240

Total 1307.326 1051

It is inferred from the above table that the calculated F value is less than the table

value and the result is not significant. Hence the hypothesis, ―monthly income of the


the analysis, it is found that there is no significant difference between the monthly

income of the respondents and the impact of occupational stress.

186

MARITAL STATUS AND IMPACT OF OCCUPATIONAL STRESS

The distribution of sample respondents according to the marital status of the

respondents and the impact of occupational stress in paper industry are shown in the

following table.

TABLE NO. 5.57


S.

No.

Marital

Status

No. of

Respondents

% Ave

rage

Range

S.D Min Max

1 Married 304 28.9 30.2 17.0 45.0 4.0

2 Unmarried 748 71.1 30.1 12.0 44.0 4.2

Total 1052 100.0

It is scrutinized from the above table that the impact of occupational stress in

paper industry of the married respondents ranged between 17 and 45 with an average of

30.2 and the level of perception of the unmarried respondents ranged between 12 and 44

with an average of 30.1. From the above analysis it concluded that the maximum impact

of occupational stress was perceived by the married respondents in paper industry.

With a view to find the degree of association between the marital status and the



187

TABLE NO. 5.58


(TWO-WAY TABLE)

S. No.

Marital

Status

Impact of occupational stress Total

Low Medium High

1

Married 45

(14.8%) 126

(41.4%) 133

(43.8%)

304

2

Unmarried 144

(19.3%) 264

(35.3%) 340

(45.5%)

748

Total 189 390 473 1052

It is determined from the above table that the percentage of high impact of

occupational stress in paper industry was the highest (45.5) among the unmarried

respondents and the same was the lowest (43.8) among the married respondents. The

percentage of medium impact of occupational stress in paper industry was the highest

(41.4) among the married respondents and the same was the lowest (35.3) among

unmarried respondents. On the other hand, the percentage of low impact of occupational

stress in paper industry was the highest (19.3) among the unmarried respondents and the

same was the lowest (14.8) among the married respondents.

In order to find the relationship between the marital status of the respondents and

their impact of occupational stress in paper industry, the following hypothesis was


table.

H0 : There is no significant difference between marital status and the impact of


188

H1 : There is a significant difference between marital status and the impact of


TABLE NO. 5.59

MARITAL STATUS AND THE IMPACT OF OCCUPATIONAL STRESS

(ANOVA TEST)

Source SS DF MS F S

Between Groups

.972

2

.486

2.368


215.181

1049

.205

Total 216.152 1051


value and the result is not significant. Hence the hypothesis, ―marital status of the


the analysis, it is found that there is no significant difference between the marital status of


NUMBER OF DEPENDENTS IN THE FAMILY AND IMPACT OF

OCCUPATIONAL STRESS

The distribution of sample respondents according to the number of dependents

and impact of occupational stress in paper industry are shown in the following table.

189

TABLE NO. 5.60

NUMBER OF DEPENDENTS IN THE FAMILY AND THE IMPACT OF

OCCUPATIONAL STRESS

S.

No.

No. of Dependents No. of

Respondents

% Ave

rage

Range

S.D Min Max

1 1-3 members 332 31.6 29.9 17.0 40.0 4.1

2 4-5 members 462 43.9 30.4 12.0 45.0 4.3

3 Above 5 members 258 24.5 30.2 19.0 44.0 4.0

Total 1052 100.0

It could be identified from the above table that the impact of occupational stress in

paper industry among the respondents of 1-3 dependents in their family ranged between

17 and 40 with an average of 29.9. The level of perception among the respondents of 4-5

dependents in their family ranged between 12 and 45 with an average of 30.4. The level

of perception by the respondents of more than 5 dependents in their family ranged

between 19 and 40 with an average of 30.2. It is identified from the analysis that

maximum impact of occupational stress in paper industry was perceived by the

respondents of 4-5 dependents in their family.

With a view to find the degree of association between the number of dependents

in the family and the impact of occupational stress in paper industry, a two-way table was

prepared and it is exhibited in the following table.

190

TABLE NO. 5.61



S.No.

No. of Dependents Impact of occupational stress


1

1-3 members 64

(19.3%)

116

(34.9%)

152

(45.8%)

332

2

4-5 members 79

(17.1%)

176

(38.1%)

207

(44.8%)

462

3

Above 5 members 46

(17.8%) 98

(38.0%) 114

(44.2%)

258

Total 189 390 473 1052

It is scrutinized from the above table that the percentage of high impact of

occupational stress in paper industry was the highest (45.8) among the respondents of 1-3

dependents in their family and the same was the lowest (44.2) towards the respondents of

above 5 dependents in their family. The percentage of medium impact of occupational

stress in paper industry was the highest (38.1) among the respondents of 4-5 dependents

in their family and the same was the lowest (34.9) towards the respondents of 1-3

dependents in their family. The percentage of low impact of occupational stress in paper

industry was the highest (19.3) among the respondents of 1-3 dependents in their family

and the same was the lowest (17.1) towards the respondents of 4-5 dependents in their

family.

In order to find the relationship between the number of dependents in the family

and impact of occupational stress in the paper industry, the following hypothesis was


table.

191

H0 : There is no significant difference between the number of dependents in the

family and the impact of occupational stress in paper industry.

H1 : There is a significant difference between the number of dependents in the

family and the impact of occupational stress in paper industry.

TABLE NO. 5.62


PERCEPTION TOWARDS JOB (ANOVA TEST)

Source SS DF MS F S

Between Groups

.393

2

.196

.352


584.402

1049

.557

Total 584.795 1051

It is indicated from the above table that the calculated F value is less than the table

value and the result is not significant. Hence the hypothesis, ―number of dependents in

the family and the impact of occupational stress are not associated‖ is accepted. From the

analysis, it is found that there is no significant difference between the number of

dependents in the family and the impact of occupational stress.

FAMILY SYSTEM AND IMPACT OF OCCUPATIONAL STRESS

The distribution of sample respondents according to the family system and the

impact of occupational stress in paper industry are shown in the following table.

192

TABLE NO. 5.63


S.No.

Family System No. of

Respondents

% Ave

rage

Range

S.D Min Max

1 Nuclear 611 58.1 30.2 12.0 45.0 4.2

2 Joint Family 441 41.9 30.0 12.0 44.0 4.0

Total 1052 100.0

It could be noted from the above table that the impact of occupational stress in

paper industry among the respondents of nuclear family ranged between 12 and 45 with

an average of 30.2 and the level of perception among the respondents of joint family

ranged between 12 and 44 with an average of 30.0. From the analysis it identified that the

maximum impact of occupational stress was perceived by the respondents of nuclear

family in the paper industry.

With a view to find the degree of association between the family system and



TABLE NO. 5.64


(TWO-WAY TABLE)

S.No.

Family System Impact of occupational stress


1

Nuclear 109

(17.8%)

215

(35.2%)

287

(47.0%)

611

2

Joint Family 80

(18.1%) 175

(39.7%) 186

(42.2%)

441

Total 189 390 473 1052

193

It could be inferred from the above table that the percentage of high impact of

occupational stress in paper industry was the highest (47.0) among the respondents

belonging to nuclear family and the same was the lowest (42.2) among the respondents

belonging to joint family. The percentage of medium impact of occupational stress in

paper industry was the highest (39.7) among the respondents belonging to joint family

and the same was the lowest (35.2) among the respondents belonging to nuclear family.

The percentage of low impact of occupational stress in paper industry was the highest

(18.1) among the respondents belonging to joint family and the same was the lowest

(17.8) among the respondents belonging to nuclear family.

In order to find the relationship between the family system and the impact of



H0 : There is no significant difference between family system and the impact of


H1 : There is a significant difference between family system and the impact of


TABLE NO. 5.65


(ANOVA TEST)

Source SS DF MS F S

Between Groups

.662

2

.331

1.359


255.470

1049

.244

Total 256.132 1051

194

It is evident from the above table that the calculated F value is less than the table

value and the result is not significant. Hence the hypothesis, ―family system and the

impact of occupational stress are not associated‖ is accepted. From the analysis, it is

found that there is no significant difference between the family system and the impact of

occupational stress.

EXPERIENCE AND IMPACT OF OCCUPATIONAL STRESS

The distribution of sample respondents according to the experience and impact of


TABLE NO. 5.66


S.

No.

Experience No. of

Respondents

% Ave

rage

Range

S.D Min Max

1 1-5 years 287 27.3 30.0 12.0 44.0 4.2

2 6 to 10 years 322 30.6 30.3 12.0 45.0 4.4

3 11 to 15 years 276 26.2 30.2 20.0 41.0 3.8

4 Above 15 years 167 15.9 30.0 20.0 41.0 4.0

Total 1052 100.0


paper industry among the respondents who gained 1-5 years of experience ranged

between 12 and 44 with an average of 30. The level of perception among the respondents

who gained 6 to 10 years of experience ranged between 12 and 45 with an average of

30.3. The level of perception by the respondents who gained between 11 and 15 years of

experience ranges between 20 and 41 with an average of 30.2. The level of perception by

195

the respondents who gained above 15 years of experience ranged between 20 and 41 with

an average of 30. From the analysis it identified that the maximum impact of

occupational stress was perceived by the respondents who gained between 6 and 10 years

of experience in the paper industry.

With a view to find the degree of association between the experience and the



TABLE NO. 5.67


(TWO-WAY TABLE)

S.No.

Experience Impact of occupational stress


1

1-5 years 61

(21.3%) 100

(34.8%) 126

(43.9%)

287

2

6 to 10 years 52

(16.1%) 117

(36.3%) 153

(47.5%)

322

3

11 to 15 years 39

(14.1%)

113

(40.9%)

124

(44.9%)

276

4

Above 15 years 37

(22.2%) 60

(35.9%) 70

(41.9%)

167

Total 189 390 473 1052

It is observed from the above table that the percentage of high impact of

occupational stress in paper industry was the highest (47.5) among the respondents who

gained 6 and 10 years of experience and the same was the lowest (41.9) among the

respondents who gained above 15 years of experience. The percentage of medium impact

of occupational stress in paper industry was the highest (10.9) among the respondents

who gained 11 and 15 years of experience and the same was the lowest (34.8) among the

respondents who gained 1-5 years of experience. The percentage of low impact of

196


gained above 15 years of experience and the same was the lowest (14.1) among the

respondents who gained 11 and 15 years of experience.

In order to find the relationship between the experience and impact of



H0 : There is no significant difference between experience and the impact of


H1 : There is significant difference between experience and the impact of


TABLE NO. 5.68


(ANOVA TEST)

Source SS DF MS F S

Between

Groups

.753

2

.377

.349


1131.075

1049

1.078

Total 1131.828 1051


value and the result is not significant. Hence the hypothesis, ―experience and the impact

of occupational stress are not associated‖ is accepted. From the analysis, it is found that

there is no significant difference between the experience of the respondents and the

impact of occupational stress.

197

COMPANY AND IMPACT OF OCCUPATIONAL STRESS

The distribution of sample respondents according to the company and impact of


TABLE NO. 5.69


S.No.

Company No. of

Respondents

% Ave

rage

Range

S.D Min Max

1 SPB 474 45.1 30.1 12.0 44.0 4.2

2 TNPL 578 54.9 30.2 12.0 45.0 4.1

Total 1052 100.0

It is noted from the above table that the impact of occupational stress in paper

industry of the respondents who worked in SPB ranged between 12 and 44 with an

average of 30.1 and the level of perception of the respondents who worked in TNPL

ranged between 12 and 45 with an average of 30.2. It is implied from the analysis that the

maximum impact of occupational stress was perceived by the respondents who worked in

TNPL.

With a view to find the degree of association between the company and the



198

TABLE NO. 5.70


(TWO-WAY TABLE)

S.No.

Company Impact of occupational stress


1

SPB 95

(20.0%) 168

(35.4%) 211

(44.5%)

474

2

TNPL 94

(16.3%) 222

(38.4%) 262

(45.3%)

578

Total 189 390 473 1052

It is noted from the above table that the percentage of high impact of occupational

stress in paper industry was the highest (45.3) among the respondents who worked in

TNPL and the same was the lowest (44.5) among the respondents who worked in SPB.

The percentage of medium impact of occupational stress in paper industry was the

highest (38.4) among the respondents who worked in TNPL and the same was the lowest

(35.4) among the respondents who worked in SPB. The percentage of low impact of

occupational stress in paper industries was the highest (20) among the respondents who

worked in SPB and the same was the lowest (16.3) among the respondents who worked

in TNPL.

In order to find the relationship between the company and impact of occupational

stress in paper industry, the following hypothesis was framed and tested with the help of

Anova test and the result is shown in the following table.

H0 : There is no significant difference between company and impact of


H1 : There is significant difference between company and impact of


199

TABLE NO. 5.71


(ANOVA TEST)

Source SS DF MS F S

Between Groups

.675

2

.337

1.363

Not

significant Within Groups

259.755

1049

.248

Total 260.430 1051


value and the result is not significant. Hence the hypothesis, ―company and the impact of

occupational stress are not associated‖ is accepted. From the analysis, it is found that

there is no significant difference between the company and impact of occupational stress.

WORKING TIME AND IMPACT OF OCCUPATIONAL STRESS

The distribution of sample respondents according to the working time and impact

of occupational stress in paper industry are shown in the following table.

TABLE NO. 5.72


S.

No.

Working time No. of

Respondents

% Ave

rage

Range

S.D Min Max

1 5-8 hours 719 68.3 30.1 12.0 44.0 3.9

2 More than 8 hours 333 31.7 30.1 12.0 45.0 4.6

Total 1052 100.0


paper industry of the respondents who worked for 5-8 hours ranged between 12 and 44

with an average of 30.1 and the level of perception of the respondents who worked for

200

more than 8 hours ranged between 12 and 45 with an average of 30.1. It is implied from

the above analysis that the maximum impact of occupational stress in paper industry was

perceived by the respondents who worked for 5-8 hours and more than 8 hours.

With a view to find the degree of association between the working time and



TABLE NO. 5.73


(TWO-WAY TABLE)

S.No.

Working time Impact of occupational stress


1

5-8 hours 119

(16.6) 278

(38.7) 322

(44.8)

719

2

More than 8 hours 70

(21.0) 112

(33.6) 151

(45.3)

333

Total 189 390 473 1052

It could be examined from the above table that the percentage of high impact of


worked for more than 8 hours and the same was the lowest (44.8) among the respondents

who worked for 5-8 hours. The percentage of medium impact of occupational stress in

paper industry was the highest (38.7) among the respondents who worked for 5-8 hours

and the same was the lowest (33.6) among the respondents who worked for more than 8

hours. The percentage of low impact of occupational stress in paper industry was the

highest (21.0) among the respondents who worked for more than 8 hours and the same

201

was the lowest (16.6) among the respondents who worked for 5-8 hours in the paper

industry.

In order to find the relationship between the working time and impact of



H0 : There is no significant difference between working time and the impact of

occupational stress in the paper industry.

H1 : There is significant difference between working time and the impact of


TABLE NO. 5.74


(ANOVA TEST)

Source SS DF MS F S

Between

Groups

.887

2

.444

2.053


226.705

1049

.216

Total 227.592 1051

It is contemplated from the above table that the calculated F value is less than the

table value and the result is not significant. Hence, the hypothesis, ―working time and the

impact of occupational stress are not associated‖ is accepted. From the analysis, it is

found that there is no significant difference between the working time and the impact of

occupational stress.

202

5.4 PERCENTAGE ANALYSIS

In this section percentage analysis was employed to ascertain the results and the

details are furnished as follows:

DISTANCE BETWEEN THE WORKING COMPANY AND RESIDENCE

This factor is very important to distinguish their traveling time in working days of

employees working in paper industry. In this study, an attempt was made to know about

the distance between the working company and the residence of the employees. The

details are furnished in the following table.

TABLE NO.5.75

DISTANCE BETWEEN THE WORKING COMPANY AND RESIDENCE

S.No. Distance No. of respondents Percentage

1 Less than 2 kms 295 28.0

2 2 to 4 kms 267 25.4

3 4 to 6 kms 310 29.5

4 6 kms and above 180 17.1

Total 1052 100.0

It is surmised from the above table that 28 percent of the respondents were

travelling less than 2 kms distance between the working company and their residence,

25.4 of the respondents were travelling for 2-4 kms to the working company from their

residence, 29.5 percent of the respondents were travelling from 4 to 6 kms distance

between the working company and their residence and 17.1 percent of the respondents

were travelling above 6 kms to the working place from their residence. From the analysis

203

it is noted that majority (29.5%) of the respondents were travelling 4 to 6 kms to the

working place from their residence.

FACTOR MOTIVATED THE EMPLOYEES IN CHOOSING THEIR

PROFESSION

Everyone has the reason in choosing their profession with their at most level of

interest and sincerity. In this study, an attempt was made to know about the factors

motivating the employees in choosing their profession. The details are furnished in the

following table.

TABLE NO.5.76

FACTOR MOTIVATED THE EMPLOYEES IN CHOOSING THEIR

PROFESSION

S.No.

Factors No. of

Respondents

Percentage

1 Respect in society 293 27.9

2 High pay packages 303 28.8

3 Comfort 263 25.0

4 Convenient working hours 128 12.2

5 Challenging profession 65 6.1

Total 1052 100.0

It is corroborated from the above table that 27.9 percent of the respondents were

motivated to choose their profession because of respect in society, 28.8 percent of the

respondents preferred their profession because of high pay packages, 25 percent of the

respondents selected their profession because of comfort, 12.2 percent of the respondents

preferred their profession because of convenient working hours and 6.1 percent of the

respondents selected their profession since it was a challenging one. From the analysis it

204

is noted that majority (28.8%) of the respondents preferred their profession because of

high pay packages.

FACTORS INFLUENCED THE EMPLOYEES IN JOINING THEIR EXISTING

ORGANIZATION

In this study, an attempt was made to know about the factors influenced the

employees in joining the present organisation. The details are furnished in the following

table.

TABLE NO.5.77

FACTORS INFLUENCED THE EMPLOYEES IN JOINING THEIR EXISTING

ORGANIZATION

S.

No.

Factors No. of

respondents

Percentage

1 Family situation 249 23.7

2 Nearness to house 289 27.5

3 Attractive Pay 301 28.6

4 Conducive working environment 136 12.9

5 Change for promotion and personal development

77 7.3

Total 1052 100.0

From the above table it is discerned that 23.7 percent of the respondents joined

the existing organization because of their family situations, 27.5 percent of the

respondents stick on with the existing organization since it was nearness to their home,

28.6 percent of the respondents adhered to their organization because of attractive pay,

12.9 percent of them joined in their organization because of conducive working

environment and 7.3 percent of the respondents joined the existing organization due to

promotion prospects and personal development. From the analysis it is noted that

205

majority (28.6%) of the respondents adhered to the existing organization because of

attractive pay offered to them.

OPINION OF EMPLOYEES TOWARDS STRESSFUL EVENT

Every human being is having many problems in both formal and informal way. In

this study, an attempt was made to know about opinion towards stressful event. The

details are furnished in the following table.

TABLE NO.5.78

OPINION TOWARDS STRESSFUL EVENT

S.

No.

Factors No. of

respondents

Percentage

1 Work related issues 211 20.1

2 Relationships with superior, peers and subordinates

261 24.8

3 Family events 263 25.0

4 Health problems 317 30.1

Total 1052 100.0

It is substantiated from the above table that 20.1 percent of the respondents felt

stress related with the work issues, 24.8 percent of the respondents were undergone

stressful events with their superior, peers and subordinates, 25 percent of the respondents

have experienced the stress mostly with their family events and 30.1 percent of the

respondents felt stress because of their health problems. From the analysis it is noted that

majority (30.1%) of the respondents have experienced stress because of their health

problems.

206

PERCEPTION OF RESPONDENTS TOWARDS OCCUPATIONAL STRESS

An attempt was made to know about the perception of respondents towards

occupational stress. The details are furnished in the following table.

TABLE NO. 5.79

PERCEPTION OF RESPONDENTS TOWARDS OCCUPATIONAL STRESS

(in percentage)

S.No.

Statements

Agree

Neutral

Disagree

1

My job is stressful 573

(54.5) 248

(23.6) 231

(22.0)

2

My experience stress very often 310

(29.5) 484

(46.0) 258

(24.5)

3 Occupational Stress has a negative impact on my performance

402 (38.2)

294 (27.9)

356 (33.8)

4 Occupational stress does not have any impact on my performance at work

315 (29.9)

412 (39.2)

325 (30.9)

From the above table it is conjectured that the respondents have agreed with the

statements that job is stressful and occupational stress has a negative impact on their

performance to the extent of 54.5 and 38.2 percent respectively. The respondents were

neutral towards the statements of they being experiencing stress very often and

occupational stress does not have any impact on their performance at work as 46 and 39.2

percent respectively. From the analysis it is noted that the most (54.5%) of the

respondents have agreed to the statement that job is stressful.

OPINION OF RESPONDENTS TOWARDS OCCUPATIONAL STRESS

In this study, an attempt was made to know about the opinion of respondents

towards occupational stress. The details are given in the following table.

207

TABLE NO. 5.80

OPINION OF RESPONDENTS ON OCCUPATIONAL STRESS

(in percentage)

S.No.

Statements

Agree

Disagree

1

Do you have self-confidence 988

(93.9) 64

(6.1)

2

Are you able to adapt to changes 619

(58.8) 433

(41.2)

3

Are you aggressive 475

(45.2)

577

(54.8)

4

Are you competitive 752

(71.5) 300

(28.5)

5

Do you have positive image of your self 648

(61.6) 404

(38.4)

6

Do you have patience 665

(63.2) 387

(36.8)

7

Do you mild mannered 710

(67.5)

342

(32.5)

8

Do you have high self-esteem 678

(64.4) 374

(35.6)

9

Are you suspicious of others 453

(43.1) 599

(56.9)

10

Do you have tolerance 568

(54.0) 484

(46.0)

From the above table it is surmised that the respondents opinion towards

occupational stress. The respondents were agreed with the statements like having self-

confidence, able to adapt for the changes, very competitive, having positive image of

their self, having patience, very mild mannered, having high self-esteem and having

tolerance as the percentage of 93.9, 58.8, 71.5, 61.6, 63.2, 67.5, 6.4 and 54.0 respectively.

The respondents were not agreed with the statements like very aggressive and suspicious

of others as 54.8 and 56.9 percent respectively. It is analysed from the above table that

the maximum (93.9%) of the respondents were agreed with the statement of having self

confidence.

208

PERCEPTION TOWARDS JOB

In this study, an attempt was made to know about the perception about job. The

details are given in the following table.

TABLE NO. 5.81

PERCEPTION ABOUT JOB

(in percentage)

S.No.

Statements

SA

A

N

D

SD

1 On the whole, I get well along with

others at work

520

(49.4)

312

(29.7)

94

(8.9)

88

(8.4)

38

(3.6)

2

No conflict within my team 347

(33.0)

171

(16.3)

163

(15.5)

185

(17.6)

186

(17.7)

3 I am able to share my feelings with my

boss/colleagues

363

(34.5)

225

(21.4)

209

(19.9)

167

(15.9)

88

(8.4)

4

I am confidence to succeed in the job 436

(41.4)

184

(17.5)

166

(15.8)

195

(18.5)

71

(6.7)

5 The shift work is a main source of stress

for me

200

(19.0)

147

(14.0)

221

(21.0)

279

(26.5)

205

(19.5)

6 Intellectual / Technical demands of a

job are the source of stress for me

320

(30.4)

155

(14.7)

202

(19.2)

229

(21.8)

146

(13.9)

7

The work assigned is monotonous 259

(24.6)

90

(8.6)

182

(17.3)

289

(27.5)

232

(22.1)

8 Interruption makes it difficult to

complete all my works

286

(27.2)

195

(18.5)

200

(19.0)

224

(21.3)

147

(14.0)

9 I am satisfied by the corrective

measures given by the organisation

321

(30.5)

189

(18.0)

175

(16.6)

245

(23.3)

122

(11.6)

10 I feel the leadership style in the

organisation is appropriate

378

(35.9)

209

(19.9)

160

(15.2)

158

(15.0)

147

(14.0)

11 Ability to complete the work assigned

to me

345

(32.8)

205

(19.5)

164

(15.6)

209

(19.9)

129

(12.3)

12 Information received about the things

need to know for me

365

(34.7)

185

(17.6)

192

(18.3)

181

(17.2)

129

(12.3)

209

S.No.

Statements

SA

A

N

D

SD

13 I have too many work demands at the

same time

436

(41.4)

262

(24.9)

186

(17.7)

104

(9.9)

64

(6.1)

14 I feel anxious and apprehensive when at

work

311

(29.6)

169

(16.1)

156

(14.8)

207

(19.7)

209

(19.9)

15 For all new tasks, receive adequate

training

319

(30.3)

184

(17.5)

243

(23.1)

204

(19.4)

102

(9.7)

16 My opinion is not sought in solving

organisation problems

285

(27.1)

178

(16.9)

189

(18.0)

263

(25.0)

137

(13.0)

17 The levels of physical effort required in

job is stress for me

286

(27.2)

171

(16.3)

195

(18.5)

231

(22.0)

169

(16.1)

18 Job stress leads to physical as well as

mental health problems

290

(27.6)

158

(15.0)

197

(18.7)

256

(24.3)

151

(14.4)

From the above table it is contemplated that the respondents opinion about their

job. The respondents were strongly agreed towards the respective statements like on the

whole, get well along with others at work, conflict within their team, able to share their

feelings with the boss/colleagues, having confidence that will succeed in their job,

intellectual / Technical demands of a job are the source of stress, interruption makes it

difficult to complete all their work, satisfied by the corrective measures given by the

organization, the leadership style in their organisation is appropriate, able to complete

the assigned work, informed the things need to know, having too many work demands at

the same time, feel anxious and apprehensive in their work, for all new tasks, they are

receiving adequate training, their opinion is not sought in solving organisation problems,

the levels of physical effort required in job are stress for them and job stress leads to

physical as well as mental health problems as the percentage of 49.4, 33.0, 34.5, 41.4,

30.4, 27.2, 30.5, 35.9, 32.8, 34.7, 41.4, 29.6, 30.3, 27.1, 27.2 and 27.6 respectively.

On the other hand, the respondents were disagreed with the respective statements like the

210

shift work leads to source of stress and the work assigned is monotonous as 26.5 and 27.5

percent respectively. It is analysed from the above table that the maximum (49.4) of the

respondents were strongly agreed with the statement of get well along with others at

work.

PERCEPTION ABOUT FAMILY

An attempt was made to know about the respondents‘ perception about their

family. The details are given in the following table.

TABLE NO. 5.82

PERCEPTION ABOUT FAMILY

(in percentage)

S.No.

Statements

SA

A

N

D

SD

1

Drugs have become part of my life 365

(34.7)

131

(12.5)

151

(14.4)

173

(16.4)

232

(22.1)

2

My work is cutting into my family life 267

(25.4)

133

(12.6)

127

(12.1)

255

(24.2)

270

(25.7)

3

Problems in my family gives me stress 264

(25.1)

159

(15.1)

224

(21.3)

254

(24.1)

151

(14.4)

4

Financial problems gives me stress 297

(28.2)

178

(16.9)

193

(18.3)

247

(23.5)

137

(13.0)

5

Low social support leads me to stress 286

(27.2)

150

(14.3)

206

(19.6)

252

(24.0)

158

(15.0)

6 I feel uncomfortable to adjust with the

society when I am in stress

312

(29.7)

176

(16.7)

186

(17.7)

238

(22.6)

140

(13.3)

7 I agree that my qualification is more for

the present job

295

(28.0)

161

(15.3)

164

(15.6)

284

(27.0)

148

(14.1)

8 I have a close and warm relationship

with family and friends

410

(39.0)

202

(19.2)

182

(17.3)

184

(17.5)

74

(7.0)

9 I am satisfied with my family members

co-operation in my work life

480

(45.6)

171

(16.3)

118

(11.2)

145

(13.8)

138

(13.1)

10

My journey to work place is stressful 202

(19.2)

136

(12.9)

216

(20.5)

300

(28.5)

198

(18.8)

211

From the above table it is extrapolated that the respondents were strongly agreed

with the statement about their family like, drugs becoming part of their life, work is

cutting into their family life, Problems in their family gives stress, financial problems

gives stress, low social support leads to stress, feel uncomfortable to adjust with the

society when they are in stress, agree that their qualification is more for their present job,

having a close and warm relationship with family and friends and satisfied with their

family members co-operation in their work life as the percentage of 34.7, 25.4, 25.1,

28.2, 27.2, 29.7, 28.0, 39.0 and 45.6 respectively. The respondents were disagreed with

the statement of their journey to work place is stressful as 28.5 percent. It is witnessed

from the above analysis that maximum (45.6%) of the respondents were satisfied with

their family members co-operation in their work life.

IMPACT OF OCCUPATIONAL STRESS

An attempt was made to know about the impact of occupational stress towards the

respondents in paper industry. The details are given in the following table.

212

TABLE NO. 5.83

IMPACT OF OCCUPATIONAL STRESS

(in percentage)

S.No.

Statements

SA

A

N

D

SD

1 I feel completely exhausted at the

end of the day at my work place

477

(45.3)

192

(18.3)

166

(15.8)

99

(9.4)

118

(11.2)

2 I look irritated, nervous, angry and

tensed while performing my job

236

(22.4)

154

(14.6)

253

(24.0)

190

(18.1)

219

(20.8)

3

I feel dissatisfied with my job 326

(31.0)

136

(12.9)

250

(23.8)

187

(17.8)

153

(14.5)

4

I often think of quitting my job 248

(23.6)

150

(14.3)

235

(22.3)

223

(21.2)

196

(18.6)

5

I feel calm and relaxed at work 304

(28.9)

184

(17.5)

242

(23.0)

187

(17.8)

135

(12.8)

6 I have taken a number of days of

leave due to severe stress

274

(26.0)

131

(12.5)

251

(23.9)

224

(21.3)

172

(16.3)

7 I am able to complete my work in

the stipulated time

393

(37.4)

221

(21.0)

192

(18.3)

143

(13.6)

103

(9.8)

8 I feel that I am doing work in the

best way

348

(33.1)

218

(20.7)

188

(17.9)

183

(17.4)

115

(10.9)

9

I feel that my official assignments

are more important than my

personal interests

335

(31.8)

233

(22.1)

227

(21.6)

152

(14.4)

105

(10.0)

It is speculated from the above table that the effect of occupational stress towards

the respondents in their company. In the work, the respondents were strongly agreed

towards the statements like feel completely exhausted at the end of the day in their work

place, feel dissatisfied with their job, very often think about quitting their job, feel calm

and relaxed at work, number of days of leave have taken due to severe stress, able to

complete their work in the stipulated time, feel that they are doing their work in the best

way and feel that their official assignments are more important than their personal

213

interests as the percentage of 45.3, 31.0, 23.6, 28.9, 26.0, 37.4, 33.1 and 31.8

respectively. The respondents were neutral with the statement towards their look

irritated, nervous, angry and tensed while performing their job as 24.0 percent. It is

implied from the above analysis that maximum (45.3%) of the respondents were strongly

agreed towards the statement that feel completely exhausted at the end of the day in their

work place.

EMPLOYERS TO REDUCE STRESS AT WORK PLACE

An attempt was made to know about employers to reduce stress at workplace.

The details are given in the following table.

TABLE NO. 5.84

EMPLOYERS TO REDUCE STRESS AT WORK PLACE

(in percentage)

S.

No.

Statements

Yes

No

1

The equipment you use within my job is out dated 621

(59.0)

431

(41.0)

2 There is risk of physical injury/illness in your working

environment.

575

(54.7)

477

(45.3)

3 The top management commitment and support for the

problems will only tend to more positive results.

581

(55.2)

471

(44.8)

4

Do you think changes in the work place will prevent stress 595

(56.6)

457

(43.4)

5

Do you feel improving communication will prevent stress 493

(46.9)

559

(53.1)

6 Do you feel that developing strategies that DO NO

HARM will prevent stress

558

(53.0)

494

(47.0)

7 Do you feel that stress management programmes and

training for employees will reduce the stress?

632

(60.1)

420

(39.9)

8 Do you feel providing opportunities for social interaction

among employees?

631

(60.0)

421

(40.0)

214

From the above table it is scrutinized that the respondents were agreed with the

employers to reduced the stress in their work place of the respective statements like the

equipment they use within their job is out dated, there is risk of physical injury/illness in

their working environment, the top management commitment and support for the

problems will only tend to more positive results, think changes in the work place will

prevent stress, feel that developing strategies that DO NO HARM will prevent stress,

feel that stress management programmes and training for employees will reduce the stress

and providing opportunities for social interaction among employees as the percentage of

59.0, 54.7, 55.2, 56.6, 53.0, 60.1 and 60.0 respectively. On the other hand, the

respondents were disagreed with the statement that improving communication will

prevent stress as 53.1 percent. It is noted from the analysis that maximum (60.1) of the

respondents were agreed with the statement of the employers to reduced the stress in their

work place by conducting the stress management programmes and training for employees

will reduce the stress.

5.5 HENRY GARRETT RANKING TECHNIQUE

WORK RELATED CAUSES FOR STRESS

In paper industry, each and every person has to experience the stress in their

work. Many factors cause the stress in related with respondents work in the paper

industry. For the purpose of this study, work related causes are categorized into nine

issues viz., temperature, noise, lightening, technology, accident at work place,

cleanliness, health hazards, air pollution and excess work load. The factors are studied

with the help of Henry Garrett ranking technique and the details are shown in the

following table.

215

TABLE NO. 5.85

WORK RELATED CAUSES

S.

No.

Factors Total

Score

Mean

score

Rank

1 Temperature 50816 48.3 IX

2 Noise 56655 53.9 I

3 Lighting 53066 50.4 IV

4 Technology 51327 48.8 VI

5 Accidents at work place 51153 48.6 VII

6 Cleanliness 52231 49.6 V

7 Health hazards 51026 48.5 VIII

8 Air Pollution 53730 51.1 III

9 Excess work load 56609 53.8 II

It is identified from the above table that from among the work related causes

―noise‖ was ranked first with the total Garrett score of 56655 points. It is followed by the

―excess work load‖ which was ranked second with the Garrett score of 56609 points. The

work related causes such as ―Air pollution‖, ―Lightning‖ and ―Cleanliness‖ were ranked

in the third, fourth and fifth ranks with the Garrett scores of 53730, 53066 and 52231

points respectively. The sixth, seventh and eighth ranks were placed to the work related

causes such as ―technology‖, ―accidents at work place‖ and ‗health hazards‘ with the

Garrett scores of 51327, 51153 and 51026 points respectively. The last rank was placed

to ―temperature‖ with the score of 50816 points. From the analysis, it is concluded that

the respondents who have faced the maximum work related causes of paper industry are

because of ―noise‖ and ―excess work load‖.

216

ORGANIZATION RELATED CAUSES OF STRESS

In paper industry, mainly respondents have experienced the stress due to problems

faced in their organisations. For the purpose of this study, organization related causes are

categorized into nine issues viz., interpersonal relations, poor organization structure, job

turnover, low morale, poor organization climate, low self-esteem, rare promotions,

insufficient holidays and financial problems. The factors are studied with the help of

Henry Garrett ranking technique and the details are shown in the following table.

TABLE NO. 5.86

ORGANIZATION RELATED CAUSES OF STRESS

S. No.

Factors Total

Score

Mean

score

Rank

1 Interpersonal relations 51203 48.7 VIII

2 Poor organization structure 53248 50.6 III

3 Job turnover 55243 52.5 I

4 Low morale 52467 49.9 VI

5 Poor organization climate 51848 49.3 VII

6 Low self-esteem 52791 50.2 V

7 Rare promotions 52900 50.3 IV

8 Insufficient holidays 50913 48.4 IX

9 Financial problems 53707 51.1 II

It is inferred from the above table that from among the organization related causes

of stress ―job turnover‖ was ranked first with the total Garrett score of 55243 points. It is

followed by the ―financial problems‖ and ―poor organization structure‖ which were

ranked second and third with the Garrett scores of 53707 and 53248 points respectively.

The organization related causes such as ―rare promotions‖, ―low self-esteem‖ and ―low

morale‖ were ranked in the fourth, fifth and sixth ranks with the Garrett scores of 52900,

217

52791 and 52467 points respectively. The seventh and eighth ranks were placed for the

organization related causes such as ―poor organization climate‖ and ―interpersonal

relations‖ with the Garrett scores of 51848 and 51203 points respectively. The last rank

was placed to ―insufficient holidays‖ with the score of 50913 points. From the analysis,

it is concluded that the respondents who have faced the maximum organization related

causes in paper industry are ―job turnover‖ and ―financial problems‖.

PSYCHOLOGICAL CONSEQUENCES OF STRESS

Due to stress, the respondents were unable to concentrate in their work. This will

lead to stress in their work place. For the purpose of this study, psychological

consequences are categorized into eight issues viz., anxiety, boredom, low self esteem,

forgetfulness, depression, angry, apathy/worry and insomnia (sleepless). The factors are

studied with the help of Henry Garrett ranking technique and the details are shown in the

following table.

TABLE NO. 5.87

PSYCHOLOGICAL CONSEQUENCES OF STRESS

S.No.

Factors Total

Score

Mean

score

Rank

1 Anxiety 48590 46.2 VIII

2 Boredom 53538 50.9 IV

3 Low self esteem 52595 50.0 V

4 Forgetfulness 51601 49.1 VI

5 Depression 53905 51.2 III

6 Angry 54038 51.4 II

7 Apathy / worry 51529 49.0 VII

8 Insomnia (Sleeplessness) 55254 52.5 I

218

It is identified from the above table that the psychological causes ―Insomnia

(Sleeplessness)‖ was ranked first with the total Garrett score of 55254 points. It is

followed by the consequence of being ―angry‖ which was ranked second with the Garrett

score of 54038 points. The factors such as ―depression‖, ―boredom‖ and ―low self-

esteem‖ were ranked in the third, fourth and fifth ranks with the Garrett scores of 53905,

53538 and 52595 points respectively. The sixth and seventh ranks were placed to

―forgetfulness‖ and ―apathy/worry‖ with the Garrett scores of 51601 and 51529 points

respectively. The last rank was placed to ―anxiety‖ with the score of 48590 points. From

the analysis, it is concluded that the respondents who have faced the most psychological

consequences of the paper industries are ―Insomnia (Sleeplessness)‖ and being ―angry‖.

PHYSICAL CONSEQUENCES

Physical health is very important for every human being. The depression of stress

makes ones physical body to undergo many problems. For the purpose of this study,

physical consequences are categorized into seven issues viz., headache, diabetes,

hypertension, skin disorder, ulcers, hair loss and stomach upset. The factors are studied

with the help of Henry Garrett ranking technique and the details are shown in the

following table.

219

TABLE NO. 5.88

PHYSICAL CONSEQUENCES OF STRESS

S.No.

Factors Total

Score

Mean

score

Rank

1 Headache 53703 51.0 IV

2 Diabetes 55053 52.3 II

3 Hypertension 55229 52.5 I

4 Skin disorder 53895 51.2 III

5 Ulcers 50796 48.3 VII

6 Hair loss 51216 48.7 V

7 Upset stomach 51082 48.6 VI

It could be identified from the above table that from among the physical causes

―hypertension‖ was ranked first with the total Garrett score of 55229 points. It is

followed by the ―diabetes‖ which was ranked second with the Garrett score of 55053

points. The factors such as ―skin disorder‖ and ―headache‖ were ranked in the third and

fourth ranks with the Garrett scores of 53895 and 53703 points respectively. The fifth and

sixth ranks were placed to ―hair loss‖ and ―ulcers‖ with the Garrett scores of 51216 and

51082 points respectively. The last rank was placed to ―ulcers‖ with the score of 50796

points. From the analysis, it is concluded that most of the respondents who have faced

the most physical consequences of ―hypertension‖ and ―diabetes‖.

COPING STRATEGIES FOR STRESS

Everyone should live in present and enjoy the life happily and peacefully without

any kind of stress. To overcome the stress, the employees should handle certain type of

strategies to reduce the stress. For the purpose of this study, coping strategies are

categorized into twelve issues viz., prayer, laugh, listening to music, share with

220

colleagues, moving from the place, meditation, exercise, smoking/chewing, drinking

water, rest and feel fresh, ignoring the problems and keeping quite and cool. The factors

are studied with the help of Henry Garrett ranking technique and the details are shown in


TABLE NO. 5.89

COPING STRATEGIES

S.No.

Sources Total

Score

Mean

score

Rank

1 Prayer 67445 64.1 I

2 Laugh 60881 57.9 III

3 Listening to Music 57683 54.8 VI

4 Share with colleagues 48755 46.3 XI

5 Moving from the place 49564 47.1 X

6 Meditation 55235 52.5 VII

7 Exercise 49779 47.3 IX

8 Smoking/Chewing 61274 58.2 II

9 Drinking water 58397 55.5 IV

10 Rest and feel fresh 58297 55.4 V

11 Ignoring the problems 43332 41.2 XII

12 Keeping quite and Cool 50857 48.3 VIII

It could be inferred from the above table that from among the coping strategies

―prayer‖ was ranked first with the total Garrett score of 67445 points. It is followed by

―smoking/chewing‖ and ―laugh‖ with the Garrett score of 61274 and 60881 points and

occupies second and third rank respectively. The factors such as ―drinking water‖, ―rest

and feel fresh‖ and ―listening to music‖ were ranked in the fourth, fifth and sixth ranks

with the Garrett scores of 58397, 58297 and 57683 points respectively. The seventh,

eighth and ninth ranks were placed to ―meditation‖, ―keeping quite and cool‖ and

221

―exercise‖ with the Garrett scores of 55235, 50857 and 49779 points respectively. The

factors such as ―moving from the place‖ and ―sharing with colleagues‖ were ranked in

the tenth and eleventh ranks with the Garrett scores of 49564 and 48755 points

respectively. The last rank was placed to ―ignoring the problems‖ with the score of 43332

points. From the analysis, it is concluded that from among the coping strategies to reduce

the stress ―prayers‖ and ―smoking/chewing‖ at the time of work in paper industry has

been opted by most of the respondents when compared to others.

5.6 MULTIPLE REGRESSION ANALYSIS – LEVEL OF STRESS

In the following analysis, the relationship between the level of stress among the

employees who are working in paper industry in Tamilnadu and twelve independent

factors were studied. It was found that out of twelve factors, ten factors were closely

associated with the level of stress by the selected sample respondents.

Selected twelve independent factors are.

1. Age

2. Gender

3. Educational status

4. Designation

5. Department

6. Salary

7. Marital Status

8. Number of dependents

9. Family System

222

10. Experience

11. Company working

12. Working Time

In order to measure the interdependence of independent factors and their level of

stress while working in paper industry in Tamilnadu, the results were subjected to

multiple regression analysis. The results of multiple regression analysis are shown in

Table No. 5.90.

TABLE 5.90

MULTIPLE REGRESSION ANALYSIS

Sl.

No.

Variables

Unstandardized

coefficients

Standardized

coefficients

T

Sig.

B Std.

Error

Beta

(Constant) 0.960 0.114

1 Age -0.003 0.011 -0.009 -0.292 NS

2 Gender 0.218 0.095 0.070 2.293 5%

3 Educational Qualification

0.068

0.025

0.085

2.758

1%

4 Designation -0.410 0.040 -0.303 -10.33 1%

5 Department 0.101 0.044 0.068 2.332 1%

6 Salary 0.053 0.023 0.070 2.247 5%

7 Marital Status 0.024 0.015 0.049 1.579 NS

8. Number of dependents 0.142 0.072 0.060 1.985 5%

9 Family system 0.111 0.047 0.071 2.337 5%

10 Experience 0.433 0.078 0.169 5.524 1%

11 Company working 0.072 0.033 0.069 2.161 5%

12 Working time 0.023 0.010 0.072 2.293 5%

R-Value R2

-Value Degree of

freedom – V1

Degree of

freedom – V2

F Value Significance

0.944 0.892 12 1039 711.90 1% Level

223

The multiple linear regression co-efficient (dependent variable) is found to be

statistically good fit as R2

is 0.892. It shows that independent variables contribute about

89.2 per cent of the variation in their level of stress and this is statistically significant at

1% level and 5% level respectively.

The table indicated that the co-efficient of Gender, Educational Qualification,

Department, Salary, Number of dependents, Family system, Experience, Company

Working and Working time are positively associated with the level of stress among the

employees in paper industry. On the other hand, the co-efficient of Designation is

negatively associated. The co-efficient of age and marital status are not associated with

the level of stress among the employees in paper industry. Further, it is indicated that the

contribution of Gender, Educational Qualification, Department, Salary, Number of

dependents, Family system, Experience, Company Working and Working time are

statistically significant implying that their level of stress is stronger than other variables.

Thus from the above analysis, the following observation could be made. The level

of stress is positively associated with their Gender, Educational Qualification,

Department, Salary, Number of dependents, Family system, Experience, Company

Working and Working time among the selected employees in the paper industry of

Tamilnadu.

5.7 DISCRIMINANT FUNCTION ANALYSIS

Opinions of employees towards their stress according to their experience in paper

industry of Tamilnadu were collected. In the study area 1052 respondents were divided

into two groups, one showing low level of stress and the other showing high level of

224

stress. The difference of opinion among the respondents in one group with the other was

studied with the help of discriminant function analysis. For the purpose of the study

twelve variables were selected.

1. Age

2. Gender

3. Educational status

4. Designation

5. Department

6. Salary

7. Marital Status

8. Number of dependents

9. Family System

10. Experience

11. Company Working

12. Working Time

The discriminant function analysis was attempted to construct a function with

these and other variables, so that the respondents belonging to these two groups are

differentiated at the maximum. The linear combination of variables is known as

discriminant function and its parameters are called discriminant function coefficients. In

constructing this discriminant function, all the variables which contribute more to

differentiate these two groups were examined.

225

Mahalanobis minimum D2

method is based on the generalized squared Euclidean

distance that adjusts for unequal variances in the variables. The major advantage of this

procedure is that it is computed in the original space of the predictor (independent)

variables rather than as a collapsed version which is used in the other method.

Generally, all the variables selected will not contribute to explain the maximum

discriminatory power of the function. So a selection rule is applied based on certain

criteria to include those variables which best discriminate. Stepwise selection method was

applied in constructing discriminant function which selects one variable at a time to

include in the function. Before entering into the function, the variables are examined for

inclusion in the function.

The variables which have maximum D2

value, if entered into the function are

selected for inclusion in the function. Once entered, any variable already in the equation

is again considered for removal based on certain removal criteria. Likewise, at each step,

the next best discriminating variable is selected and included in the function and any

variable already included in the function is considered for removal, based on the selection

and removal criteria respectively.

DISCRIMINANT ANALYSIS FOR THE PROBLEM UNDER STUDY

Since discriminant function analysis involved classification problem also, to

ascertain the efficiency of the discriminant function analysis all the variables which

satisfy the entry and removal criteria were entered into the function. Normally, the criteria

used to select the variables for inclusion in the function is minimum ‗F‘, to enter

226

into the equation (i.e) F statistic calculated for the qualified variable to enter into the

function is fixed as 1.

Similarly, any variable entered in the equation will be removed from the function

if ‗F‘ statistic for the variable calculated is <1. The two groups are defined as

Group 1 - Low level of Stress

Group 2 - High level of Stress

The mean and standard deviation for these groups and for the entire samples are

given for each variable considered in the analysis.

TABLE NO. 5.91

GROUP MEANS (BETWEEN LOW & HIGH STRESS GROUPS)

S.

No.

Factor LOW HIGH TOTAL

Mean SD Mean SD Mean SD

1 Age

2.424

1.066

2.386

1.056

2.401

1.060

2 Gender

1.119

0.324

1.198

0.399

1.166

0.373

3 Educational Qualification

2.269

1.136

2.380

1.180

2.336

1.163

4 Designation

2.219

0.820

2.278

0.813

2.255

0.816

5 Department

2.281

0.783

2.051

0.837

2.143

0.823

6 Salary

2.581

1.110

2.685

1.118

2.644

1.115

7 Marital Status

1.645

0.479

1.755

0.431

1.711

0.454

8 Number of dependents

1.924

0.775

1.934

0.727

1.930

0.746

9 Family system

1.419

0.494

1.419

0.494

1.419

0.494

10 Experience

2.226

1.036

2.361

1.036

2.307

1.038

11 Company Working

1.533

0.499

1.560

0.497

1.549

0.498

12 Working time

1.236

0.425

1.370

0.483

1.317

0.465

227

The overall step wise D.F.A. results after all significant discriminators have been

included in the estimation of discriminated function is given in the following table.

TABLE NO. 5.92

SUMMARY TABLE BETWEEN LOW AND HIGH STRESS GROUPS

Step

Variable entered Wilk’s

lambda Minimum D

2

Significance

1. Working time 0.980 0.085 *

2. Department 0.962 0.163 *

3. Marital Status 0.949 0.223 *

4. Sex 0.939 0.269 *

5. Experience 0.935 0.290 *

* Significant at 1% level

The summary table indicates that the variable working time entered in step 1,

department entered in step 2, variable marital status entered in the step 3, variable sex is

entered in the step 4 and the variable experience is entered in the step 5. The variables

working time, department, marital status, sex and experience are significant at 1% level.

All the variables are significant discriminator‘s based on their Wilk‘s Lambda and D2

value. The multivariate aspect of the model is given in the following table.

TABLE NO. 5.93

CANONICAL DISCRIMINANT FUNCTION

(BETWEEN LOW AND HIGH STRESS GROUPS)

Canonical

correlation

Wilks

Lambda

Chi-square

D.F.

Sig

0.255

0.935

70.458

7 Significant at

1% level

The canonical correlation is 0.255 when squared is 0.065 that is 6.5% of the

variance in the discriminant group can be accounted for by this model, Wilk‘s Lambda

228

and chi-square value suggested that D.F. is significant at 1% level. The variables given

above are identified finally by the D.F.A. as the eligible discriminating variables. Based

on the selected variables, the corresponding D.F. coefficients are calculated. They are

given in the following table.

TABLE NO. 5.94

DISCRIMINANT FUNCTION COEFFICIENTS


Gender 1.096

Department -0.671

Marital Status 1.049

Experience 0.260

Working Time 1.094

Constant -3.677

Z = - 3.677

+ 1.096

(Gender)

- 0.671

(Department)

+ 1.049

(Marital Status)

+ 0.260

(Experience)

+ 1.094

(Working Time)

Using this D.F. coefficients and variables, discriminating scores for 2 groups are

found out which are called group centroids or group means.

For low stress (Z1) it is – 0.323

For high stress (Z2) it is + 0.215

229

0

-0.323

Discriminating factor is the weighted average of Z1 and Z2.

(ie.) Z = (420 × Z1) + (632 × Z2 )

420 + 632

If it is represented diagrammatically it will be

Z1 Z Z2

+0.215

Low level High level

Thus, to classify any respondents as to low or high stress level respondents, the Z

score for the respondents is found out by using the equation. If the score found out for

any respondents is Z0 and if the value is >Z (i.e. Z0> Z ) then it is classified into high

stress employees and if Z0<Z then (i.e. Z0< Z ) it is classified in the low stress employees.

Now the questions remain to be answered are

1. How efficient are the discriminating variables in the D.F.A. ?

2. How efficient the D.F. itself is ?

The first question cannot be answered directly however, the discriminating power

or the contribution of each variable to the function can sufficiently answer the question.

For this, the following table is considered.

230

TABLE NO. 5.95

RELATIVE DISCRIMINATING INDEX


Variables

Group 1

Mean X1

Group 2

Mean X2

Unstandardized

dic. Coeff. (kj)

Ij = ABS (Kj)

Mean

(Xjo – x ji)

Rj = Ij /

sum

Ij j*100

Gender 1.119 1.198 1.096 0.946 33.5

Department 2.281 2.051 -0.671 0.310 11.0

Marital Status 1.645 1.755 1.049 0.617 21.8

Experience 2.226 2.361 0.260 0.113 4.0

Working Time 1.236 1.370 1.094 0.840 29.7

Total 2.826 100.0

RELATIVE DISCRIMINATING INDEX

For each variable, the respective D.F. co-efficient, its mean for each group and Rj

are given. Rj called relative discriminating index is calculated from the discriminant

function coefficient and group means. Rj tells how much each variable is contributing

(%) to the function. By looking at this column it is found that ‗Gender‘ is maximum

discriminating variable and ‗Experience‘ is the least discriminating variable.

The second question is answered by reclassifying the already grouped individuals

into low or high level of stress the D.F.(Z) defined in the equation. This reclassification is

called predictor group membership. In short, the efficiency of the D.F. is how correctly it

predicts the respondents into respective groups.

231

TABLE NO. 5.96

CLASSIFICATION RESULTS (BETWEEN LOW

AND HIGH STRESS GROUP)

Actual group

No. of cases Predicted group membership

Group I Group II

Group I (Low Stress level)

420 261

(62.1%) 159

(37.8%)

Group 2 (High Stress level)

632 249

(39.4%) 383

(60.6%)

Percent of grouped cases correctly classified : 61.2%.

The above table gives the results of the reclassification. The function, using the

variables selected in the analysis classified 61.2% of the cases correctly in the respective

groups.

Discriminate Function Analysis was applied to the respondents based on the low

and high stress level. The following factors significantly discriminate the two groups.

They are

1. Gender

2. Department

3. Marital Status

4. Experience

5. Working Time

232

5.8 FACTOR ANALYSIS

Factor analysis is a branch of multivariate analysis that is concerned with the

sharp internal relationship of a set of variables. The numerous variables used in a multi

item scale such as that utilized in the thesis, can be analyzed of those variables could be

seen approximately explaining a single factor. Both Exploratory Factor Analyses (EFA)

and Confirmatory Factor Analyses (CFA) were used in this thesis. EFA refers to the

determination of the number of common factors necessary and sufficient to account for

the inter correlations of a given set of variables. It is traditionally used to explore the

possible underlying structure of a set of items without imposing any structure.

CFA on the other hand is where the number of factor is assumed to be known and

the main issue is to fit a postulated pattern of zero and non zero loading to a given

correlation matrix. CFA more of a theory testing, rather than a theory rating method as it

is based on strong theoretical and empirical foundation. Data obtained were investigated

by an exploratory factor analysis to determine the number of latent constructs underlying

the variables. This was then used in the CFA carried out by utilizing the first or second

order CFA for the various scales used in the tests.

233

TABLE NO. 5.97

VARIABLE WITH EXTRACTED COMMUNALITY

FACTOR VALUE – PERCEPTION OF THE JOB

Variables Initial Extraction

FACTOR 1 1.000 0.385

FACTOR 2 1.000 0.992

FACTOR 3 1.000 0.992

FACTOR 4 1.000 0.655

FACTOR 5 1.000 0.704

FACTOR 6 1.000 0.987

FACTOR 7 1.000 0.934

FACTOR 8 1.000 0.626

FACTOR 9 1.000 0.992

FACTOR 10 1.000 0.611

FACTOR 11 1.000 0.992

FACTOR 12 1.000 0.843

FACTOR 13 1.000 0.859

FACTOR 14 1.000 0.992

FACTOR 15 1.000 0.971

FACTOR 16 1.000 0.619

FACTOR 17 1.000 0.981

FACTOR 18 1.000 0.667

Where,

Factor 1 - On the whole, they get well along with others at work

Factor 2 - There is conflict within team

Factor 3 - They are able to share their feelings with boss/colleagues

Factor 4 - They have confidence that they will succeed in their job

Factor 5 - The shift work creates stress

234

Factor 6 - Intellectual / Technical demands of a job are the source of stress

for them

Factor 7 - The work assigned to them is monotonous

Factor 8 - Interruption makes it difficult to complete all their work

Factor 9 - They are satisfied by the corrective measures given by the

organization

Factor 10 - The employees feel that the leadership style in their organization is

appropriate

Factor 11 - They are able to complete the work assigned to them

Factor 12 - The things they need to know they are getting informed

Factor 13 - They have too many work demands at the same time

Factor 14 - They feel anxious and apprehensive when they are at work

Factor 15 - For all new tasks, they are receiving adequate training

Factor 16 - Their opinion is not sought in solving organization problems

Factor 17 - The levels of physical effort required in job are stress for them

Factor 18 - Job stress leads to physical as well as mental health problems

The following table reveals that the extraction has been undertaken by using

principal-component method and the initial Eigen values are formulated from the

communalities table and the same has been developed as extraction sums of squared

loadings with percentage of variance and the relative cumulative percentage. From the

initial Eigen values and the extraction sums of squared loadings values, the rotation sums

of squared loadings has been formulated and shown in the following table.

TABLE NO. 5.98

TOTAL VARIANCE – PERCEPTION OF THE JOB

Component

Initial Eigen values Extraction Sum./s of Squared

Loadings

Rotation Sums of Squared

Loadings

Total

percentage

of

Variance

Cumulative

percentage

Total

percentage

of

Variance

Cumulative

percentage

Total

percentage

of

Variance

Cumulative

percentage

1 9.125 50.695 50.695 9.125 50.695 50.695 8.961 49.786 49.786

2 1.854 10.300 60.995 1.854 10.300 60.995 1.788 9.931 59.717

3 1.477 8.207 69.202 1.477 8.207 69.202 1.386 7.700 67.417

4 1.259 6.994 76.197 1.259 6.994 76.197 1.383 7.684 75.101

5 1.088 6.046 82.243 1.088 6.046 82.243 1.286 7.142 82.243

6 .845 4.694 86.936

7 .728 4.042 90.978

8 .632 3.508 94.486

9 .576 3.199 97.685

10 .274 1.521 99.206

11 .072 .400 99.607

12 .043 .238 99.844

13 .013 .071 99.916

14 .011 .062 99.978

15 .004 .022 100.000

16 .000 .000 100.000

17 .000 .000 100.000

18 .000 .000 100.000

Extraction Method: Principal Component Analysis

235

236

The extraction process has been carried out by using principal-component

method, and it is found from the rotation sums of squared loadings and the total sum

of twenty five variables has been extracted and the same has been grouped into five

components which have Eigen value of more than one. It ranges from component no.

1 to component no. 5 with the cumulative percentage from 50.695 percent to 82.243

percent. The percentage of variance ranges from 49.786percentage to

7.142percentage. For the fifth component of initial Eigen values, the total, percentage

of variance and the cumulative percentage values are 1.088, 6.046 percentage and

82.243 respectively. The extracted sum of squared loadings for the same are 1.088,

6.046 percentage and 82.243 percentage respectively. The rotation sums of squared

loadings for the above are 1.286, 7.142 and 82.243 respectively.

From the analysis, it is inferred that the factor analysis has been supported up

to 82.243 percentage in this study. This is an excellent result and made the study

reliable to the analysis.

The following table has been formulated by using ‗principal-component

method‘ for extraction of variables into components and Varimax with Kaiser

Normalization has been done by using ‗rotation method‘. All the eighteen variables

have been grouped into five components and each component consists of sets of

factors and the analysis has been made to identify the influence of one variable over

another.

237

TABLE NO. 5.99

ROTATED COMPONENT MATRIX a –

PERCEPTION OF THE JOB

Variable No. Component

1 2 3 4 5

FACTOR 1

FACTOR 2 .992

FACTOR 3 .992

FACTOR 4 .750

FACTOR 5 -.838

FACTOR 6 .989

FACTOR 7 .952

FACTOR 8 .760

FACTOR 9 .992

FACTOR 10 .744

FACTOR 11 .992

FACTOR 12 .912

FACTOR 13 .924

FACTOR 14 .992

FACTOR 15 .977

FACTOR 16 .780

FACTOR 17 .986

FACTOR 18 .809

Extraction Method: Principal Component Analysis

Rotation Method: Varimax with Kaiser Normalization

a. Rotation converged in 5 iterations

It is observed from the above table that the following are the results extracted

from the rotated component matrix among eighteen variables. Among the eighteen

variables the Component factor 1 consisted of nine variables which have high

influence with one another. They are variable no. 2,3,6,7,9,11,14,15 and 17.

238

Component factor 2 consisted of two variables which have high influence with one

another and they are 12 and 13. Component factor 3 has two closely influencing

variables and the numbers are 4 and 5. Component factor 4 has two high influencing

variables and the variable numbers are 16 and 18 respectively. Component factor 5

consisted of two closely related variables and their numbers are 8 and 10.

From the above factor analysis, it has been identified that all the eighteen

factors are very much closely associated with one another and the same has been

analyzed by using factor analysis and the influence of one factor with another has

been tested and the same has succeeded in measuring the correlation between the

particular variable and the factor with 82.243 percent reliability and the factor

analysis supported the study.

CONCLUSION

In this chapter, the researcher discussed about the socio-economic conditions

of the employees, the level of perception of the employees, occupational stress of the

employees and different category of causes in different situations who are working in

paper industries in Tamilnadu. From the analysis, majority of the employees are

having high level of perception while working in Paper Industries. From the selected

independent factors, the factors like age, gender, educational qualification,

designation, working department, monthly income level, marital status, number of

dependents, family system, working experience, working company and working time

are closed associated with their level of perception. On the other hand, the selected

239

independent factors are not having any significant difference with the occupational

stress of them.

While in the case of work related causes, the respondents are facing the

problems like loud sound and excess work load. In analyzing with organization

related causes, the respondents caused by job turnover problem and financial

problems. The respondents attend the psychological problems like ‗Insomnia

(sleeplessness)‘ and ‗angry‘ while in working in the company. Physical problems like

‗hypertension‘ and ‗diabetes‘ are also faced by the selected respondents.

From the selected twelve coping strategies, majority of the respondents are

using ‗Prayer‘ for reducing the problems followed by ‗Smoking / Chewing‘ for

managing the stress.

chapter v data analysis and...

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