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160
Chapter V
Results
161
CHAPTER V
RESULTS
In order to analyze the association of health with cognitive correlates
(cognitive emotion regulation and cognitive distortions) and affective
correlates (emotional experience, emotional expression, emotional
competence, and psychological distress) among male and female doctors,
means, standard deviations, skewness and kurtosis for each of the above-
mentioned variables were computed (see appendix H and I). Product-moment
correlations were computed amongst health and its cognitive and affective
correlates, and stepwise multiple regression analyses were applied. T-test for
(independent samples) was applied to analyze differences between male and
female doctors on the above-mentioned variables.
1. INTER-CORRELATIONS:
In case of female doctors (see table 1), scores on health (with a higher
score depicting poorer health) were positively related with all subscales of
cognitive distortions, viz., self-criticism (r=0.222, p<0.01); self-blame
(r=0.272, p<0.01); hopelessness (r=0.249; p<0.01); helplessness (r=0.397,
p<0.01); and pre-occupation with danger (r=0.290, p<0.01), and
psychological distress (r=0.382, p<0.01). Scores on health were negatively
related with positive expressivity (r=-0.212, p<0.01).
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TABLE 1: SUMMARY TABLE SHOWING THE CORRELATION+ MATRIX FOR FEMALE DOCTORS (N
=150)
HRI CDS:
sc
CDS:
sb
CDS:
hop
CDS:
hIp
CDS:
pwd
CERQ PA NA
PE NE Comp Distress
HRI - .222
** .272
** .249
** .397
** .290
** .068 -.097 .007 -.212
** .094 .131 .382
**
CDS:sc - - .798
** .558
** .634
** .632
** .097 .016 .290
** -.226
** .170
* .068
.471**
CDS:sb - -
- .598**
.672**
.748**
.130 .093 .253
**
-.042 .041 .059
.468**
CDS:hop
- - - - .770
** .631
** .161
* -.034 .231
** .090 -.089 -.136*
.544**
CDS:hIp - - - - - .658
** .160
* -.085 .352
** -.091 .056 -.032
.587**
CDS: pwd - - - -- - - .044 .010 .355
** .059 .091 -.057 .533
**
CERQ - - - - - - - .101
.112 -.095 -.107 .129
.017
PA - - - - - - - - -.348
** .317
** .131 .090 .072
NA - - - - - - - - - .074 .059 -.386
** .267
**
PE - - - -- - - - - - - .039 -.142
* .025
NE
- - - - - - - - - - .048 .060
Comp - - - - - - - - - - - - -.008
Distress - - - - - - - - -
- - -
-
+ t- one tailed values
* p<0.05
** p<0.01
163
TABLE II: SUMMARY TABLE SHOWING THE CORRELATION+ MATRIX FOR MALE DOCTORS (N
=150)
+ t- one tailed values
* p<0.05
** p<0.01
HRI CDS:
Sc
CDS:
Sb
CDS:
hop
CDS:
hlp
CDS:
pwd
CERQ PA NA PE NE Comp Distress
HRI - .077 .165
* .157
* .063 .083 -.045 -.168
* .162
* .003 .002 0.78 .129
CDS:sc - - .726
** .531
** .721
** .709
** .249
** -.404
** .481
** .055 .064 -.349
** .542
**
CDS:sb - - - .709
** .687
** .736
** .223
** -.357
** .396
** .146
* .031 -.234
** .562
**
CDS:Hop
- - - - .659
** .637
** .309
** -.131 .348
** .048 -.046 -.085 .546
**
CDS:hIp - - - - - .810
** .337
** -.243** .377
** -.034 .013 -.333
** .549
**
CDS: pwd - - - -- - - .316
** -.305** .400
** .082 .019 -.349
** .560
**
CERQ - - - - - - - .143* -.094 -.108 -.032 -.093 .302
**
PA - - - - - - - - -.454
** .321
** .128 .257
** -.300
**
NA - - - - - - - - - -.003 .177
** -.389
** .434
**
PE - - - -- - - - - - - .237
** .135
* .097
NE
- - - - - - - - -
- - .176
* -.059
Comp - - - - - - - - - - - - -.201**
Distress - - - - - - - - - - - -
-
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Health was unrelated with cognitive emotion regulation,
positive/negative affect, negative expressivity, and emotional competence.
As far the inter-relations amongst predictor variables are concerned,
self-criticism (a subscale of cognitive distortions) was negatively related with
positive expressivity (r=-0.226, p<0.01), and positively with negative affect
(r=.290, p<0.01), negative expressivity (r=0.170, p<0.05), and psychological
distress (r=0.471, p<0.01). Self-blame (a subscale of cognitive distortions)
was positively related with negative affect (r=0.253, p<0.01) and
psychological distress (r=0.468, p<0.01). Hopelessness (a subscale of
cognitive distortions) was positively related with cognitive emotion
regulation (r=0.161, p<0.05), negative affect (r=0.231, p<0.01) and
psychological distress (r=0.544, p<0.01), and negatively related with
emotional competence (r=0.136, p<0.05). Helplessness (another subscale of
cognitive distortions) was positively related with cognitive emotion
regulation (r=0.160, p<0.05), negative affect (r=0.352, p<0.01) and
psychological distress (r=0.587, p<0.01). Pre-occupation with danger (a
subscale of cognitive distortions) was positively related with negative affect
(r=0.355, p<0.01) and psychological distress (r=0.533, p<0.01). Positive
affect was positively related with positive expressivity (r=0.317, p<0.01) and
negatively related with negative affect (r=-0.348, p<0.01). Negative affect
was positively related with psychological distress (r=0.267, p<0.01) and
negatively related with emotional competence (r=-0.386, p<0.1). Positive
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expressivity was negatively related with emotional competence (r=-0.142,
p<0.05).
Apart from the above, it was interesting to note that all the subscales
of cognitive distortions, viz., self-criticism, self-blame, hopelessness,
helplessness, and pre-occupation with danger were positively related with
each other for female doctors.
The inter-correlation matrix for males doctors (see table 2) revealed
that scores on health (with a higher score depicting poorer health) were
positively related with two subscales of cognitive distortions [viz., self–
blame (r=0.165; p<0.05) and hopelessness (r=0.157, p<0.01)] and negative
affect (r=0.162, p<0.05), and negatively related with positive affect
(r=-0.168, p<0.05).
Health was unrelated with few subscales of cognitive distortions
(viz., self-criticism, helplessness and pre-occupation with danger); cognitive
emotion regulation, positive/negative expressivity, emotional competence,
and psychological distress.
As far the inter-relations amongst predictor variables are concerned,
self-criticism (a subscale of cognitive distortions) was negatively related with
positive affect (r=-0.404, p<0.01), and emotional competence (r=-0.349,
p<0.01), and positively related with cognitive emotion regulation (r=0.249,
p<0.01), negative affect (r=0.481, p<0.01), and psychological distress
166
(r=0.542, p<0.01). Self-blame (a subscale of cognitive distortions) was
positively related with cognitive emotion regulation (r=0.223, p<0.01),
negative affect (r=0.396, p<0.01), positive expressivity (r=0.146, p<0.05),
and psychological distress (r=0.562, p<0.01), and negatively related with
positive affect (r=-0.357, p<0.01), and emotional competence (r=-0.234,
p<0.01). Hopelessness (a subscale of cognitive distortions) was positively
related with cognitive emotion regulation (r=0.309, p<0.01), negative affect
(r=0.348, p<0.01), and psychological distress (r=0.546, p<0.01).
Helplessness (another subscale of cognitive distortions) was positively
related with cognitive emotion regulation (r=0.337, p<0.01), negative affect
(r=0.377, p<0.01), and psychological distress (r=0.549, p<0.01), and
negatively related with emotional competence (r=-0.333, p<0.01) and
positive affect (r=-.243, p<0.01). Pre-occupation with danger (a subscale of
cognitive distortions) was positively related with cognitive emotion
regulation (r=0.316, p<0.01), negative affect (r=0.400, p<0.01), and
psychological distress (r=0.560, p<0.01), and negatively related with
emotional competence (r=-0.349, p<0.01). Cognitive emotion regulation was
positively related with positive affect (r=0.143, p<0.05), and psychological
distress (r=0.302, p<0.01). Positive affect was negatively related with
negative affect (r=-0.454, p<0.01), and psychological distress (r=-0.300,
p<0.01); and positively related with positive expressivity (r=0.321, p<0.01),
and emotional competence (r=0.257, p<0.01). Negative affect was positively
related with negative expressivity (r=0.177, p<0.05) and psychological
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distress (r=0.434, p<0.01), and negatively related with emotional competence
(r=-0.389, p<0.01). Apart from the above, positive expressivity and negative
expressivity scores were positively related each other (r=0.237, p<0.01).
Positive expressivity and negative expressivity were positively related with
emotional competence (r=0.135, p<0.05; r=0.167, p<0.05) respectively.
Psychological distress was negatively related with emotional competence
(r=-0.201, p<0.05).
Scores on all the subscales of cognitive distortions, viz., self-criticism,
self-blame, hopelessness, helplessness, and preoccupation with danger were
positively related with each other.
II. MULTIPLE REGRESSION ANALYSES:
In the present investigation, stepwise multiple regression analyses
were applied to assess the relative contribution of cognitive correlates
(viz., cognitive distortions and cognitive emotion regulation) and affective
correlates (viz., emotional experience, emotional expression, emotional
competence, and psychological distress) towards the health of male and
female doctors. As is evident from table III, helplessness, psychological
distress and positive expressivity together explained 23% of the total
variance in health of female doctors. The strongest (negative) predictor of
health for female doctors was helplessness (a subscale of cognitive
distortions) which accounted for 15% of the variance in health. The next
significant predictor was psychological distress which further accounted for
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an additional 5% of the variance in health, over and above the contribution of
helplessness. Further, positive expressivity accounted for another 3% of the
variance in health (over and above that accounted by previous predictors,
viz., helplessness and psychological distress). None of the other variables
emerged as significant predictors of health for female doctors.
TABLE NO. III: SUMMARY TABLE SHOWING STEPWISE
MULTIPLE REGRESSION ANALYSES FOR HEATLH
RATING INDEX OF FEMALES (N=150)
a b
CDS:
Hlp
β b
Dist
β b
(PE)
β R2
F
(For
R2)
R2
∆
F
(For
R2∆)
CDS:
Hlp
35.2 0.51 0.40 - - - - 0.15 27.66 - -
Dist
32.2 0.34 0.27 0.15 0.23 - - 0.20 17.40 0.05 6.17**
PE 39.7 0.30 0.23 0.17 0.25 -0.23 -0.20 0.23 14.51 0.03 7.25**
**p<0.01
TABLE NO. IV: SUMMARY TABLE SHOWING STEPWISE
MULTIPLE REGRESSION ANALYSES FOR HEATH
RATING INDEX OF MALES (N=150)
a b β R
2 F
(For R2)
CDS:
sb
38.13 0.26 0.16 0.03 4.03**
**p<0.01
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TABLE V: SUMMARY TABLE SHOWING t-RATIO‟S+ FOR ALL
VARIABLES FOR MALE AND FEMALE DOCTORS
+ one-tailed values
* p<0.05
Male Doctors
(N=150)
Female Doctors
(N=150)
t-ratio‟s
Mean S. D Mean S. D HEALTH RATING
INDEX 41.73 7.62 41.56 6.92
0.367
CDS:
SELF-CRITICISM 12.15 4.119 12.49 3.896
1.353
CDS:
SELF-BLAME 13.88 4.805 12.87 4.259
1.88*
CDS:
HOPELESSNESS 14.46 4.894 13.76 4.949
1.235
CDS:
HELPLESSNESS 11.71 4.334 12.37 5.364
-1.20
CDS:
PRE-OCCUPATION
WITH DANGER
12.42 4.824 11.94 4.517
0.827
CERQ 99.38 23.849 97.43 22.652 0.719
POSITITVE
AFFECT 64.91 12.772 65.44 13.549
-0.34
NEGATIVE
AFFECT 50.89 16.097 46.70 16.318
2.23*
POSITIVE
EXPRESSIVITY 32.93 5.277 32.35 5.877
0.961
NEGATIVE
EXPRESSIVITY 29.99 5.598 29.95 4.826
0.033
EMOTIONAL
COMPETENCE
316.54
38.496
262.77
46.927
-1.418
PSYCHOLOGICAL
DISTRESS 35.04 11.088 34.13 10.423 0.702
170
As is evident from table IV, self-blame (a subscale of cognitive
distortions) explained 3% of the total variance in health, and emerged as the
sole negative predictor of health among male doctors. None of the other
variables emerged as significant predictors of health for male doctors.
t-RATIO‟S:
An analysis of table V reveals that in comparison to female doctors,
male doctors reported higher levels of self-blame (a subscale of cognitive
distortions, t=1.88, p<0.05) and negative affect (t=2.23, p<0.05). There were
no differences between male and female doctors on health rating index,
cognitive distortions (self-criticism, hopelessness, helplessness, and pre-
occupation with danger), cognitive emotion regulation, positive/negative
affect, positive/negative expressivity, emotional competence, and
psychological distress.
To conclude, it may be said that helplessness (a subscale of cognitive
distortions, which turned out to be a negative predictor), psychological
distress (negative predictor) and positive expressivity (positive predictor)
together explained 23% of the variance in health of female doctors. Self-
blame explained 3% of the variance in health of male doctors. Moreover,
male doctors were found to score higher than female doctors on self-blame
(a subscale of cognitive distortions), and negative affect. There were no
significant differences between male and female doctors on health rating
index, cognitive distortions (self-criticism, hopelessness, helplessness, and
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pre-occupation with danger), cognitive emotion regulation, positive affect,
positive/negative expressivity, emotional competence, and psychological
distress.
Thus, there were differential predictors of health of male and female
doctors. Moreover, the two genders seemed to be rather similar than
dissimilar on health and its cognitive/ affective correlates (with the exception
of self-blame and negative affect) for which males were found to score more
than females.