chapter vii village and cottage industries -...

141

CHAPTER VII

VILLAGE AND COTTAGE INDUSTRIES

7.1 Introduction

In this Chapter, definition and importance of village and cottage

industries, development of village and cottage industries in Ratnagiri

district, tahsil wise distribution of oil ghanis, food processing, pottery,

leather, carpentry and blacksmith, cane and bamboos, fruit processing and

other units are discussed in detail. In this chapter lastly calculated levels

of industrial development.

7.2 Definition and Importance of Village and Cottage industries

The Khadi and Village industries (KVI) programmes play a

predominant role in providing employment opportunities to rural artisans

more specially the social economic weaker strata of the society. Since

agriculture has been losing its ability to generate additional employment

opportunities for the fast increasing workforce in rural area, the

importance of Khadi and Village Industries Commission has increased to

find an alternative and appropriate employment for rural people.

Before British rule rural industries had vital role in Indian

economy. But they were neglected during the British period. At the

beginning of 20th century Mahatma Gandhi emphasized the role of rural

industries and started their revival. There is no clear description of the

industries falling under this category. All the experts are also realized

their importance.

The report of the Fiscal Commission (1949-50) define cottage

industry as follows; “A cottage industry is one which is operated mainly

142

or primarily with the help of the members of the family either as a whole

or part-time occupation.”

The village industries are considered in the main, with the

processing of local raw materials for local markets and with simply

techniques, and they form “an integral part of the village economy”. They

are at present of “a rudimentary character but with the progress of rural

electrification their character is likely to be transformed.” (Pasad, 1963)

Khadi and village Industries Commission was set up by the

Government in 1957 to Promotes these industries. The Commission has

promoted the adoption of new and improved technology, sale and

marketing encouragement of co-operative effects, through the distribution

of tools and equipments and training. It has also been exporting khadi and

other products directly.

Khadi and Village industries are a major source of living in smaller

towns, suburbs and villages. Khadi includes all types of cloths woven on

handloom from cotton, silk or woolen or mixture of any or all of these

yarns. Village industries include manufacture of household utensils, gum

resins, katha, blacksmith, carpentry, bamboo and cane work, processing

up of fruits, vegetables cereals, pulses, handmade paper, oil ghanis and

cottage soap, match pottery, fireworks, agarbatti industries etc.

At present Khadi and Village Industries Boards functioning all

over India. These boards are assisting the implementing agencies

involved in the village industries programme. In general State Khadi and

Village Industries Board are implementing about 80% KVI programme in

terms of production.

Taking into consideration village industries can be defined as- The

industry which is located in the home of artisan or in the village, which is

operated by hand, by the family members which requires low capital

143

investment, which involve simple technique and processes local raw

material for markets.

In Indian economy khadi and village industries assume special

significance to high employment potential. These industries today employ

over 45 million people either on full time or part time. These industries

provide one third of our total export earnings show how important they

are to the Indian economy constrained by shortage of foreign exchange.

These industries can develop in almost all areas including backward,

tribal, hilly and inaccessible areas. They are thus, helpful in achieving

wider spatial dispersal of industrial activities and thereby reducing the

regional economic imbalances. The amount of capital investment

required per unit of employment and the capital investment required per

unit of output are comparatively very low. They provide vast scope for

employment of special categories of people like women, children, old

aged, physically handicapped etc. It also helps to the weaker sections of

the society. (Ojha)

Ratnagiri had never held an important place as a manufacturing

district in the past. Even at the close of the last century artisans engaged

in different industries like handloom weaving, metal works, pottery, horn

works, cane works, etc. produced articles of course variety as required by

local populace only. As a rule old and crude implements were used in

producing different articles though here and there improved tools were

substituted for old ones. The district remained industrially backward

because of its peculiar geographical position.

7.3 Village and Cottage Industries in Ratnagiri District

Village and Cottage units are spread in all tahsils of the

Ratnagiri district. Secondary data of these units are collected from the

office of the village and cottage industries. Only few units like food

144

processing, oil ghanies, pottery, leather, fruit processing, cane and

bamboos, carpentry and blacksmith, and other units are considered for the

study. Number of units, investment and labour these indicators are used

for the study.

Table 7.1 reveals that village and cottage industrial units in

Ratnagiri district during 1991-92 and 2005-06. In the Ratnagiri district,

Village and Cottage units increased by 1.02 times during the period of

investigation. Out of the total units the share of cane and bamboo units

was 27.24% in 1991-92.(fig 8.1) The share of other units, carpentry and

blacksmiths, leather, pottery, food processing, oil ghanis and fruit

processing were 19.86%, 19.55%, 11.39%, 10.86%, 8.47%, 1.48% and

1.15% respectively in 1991-92 in Ratnagiri district. Number of industries

was increased from 14562 to 14806 during the period of investigation.

Food processing (0.16%), Pottery (0.05%) Carpentry and Blacksmith

(0.03%) and other units (0.35%) were recorded positive change in

number of units from 1991-92 to 2005-06.

In 1991-92 about Rs. 2511 lakh amount was invested in Khadi and

village units. Investment amount was increased from Rs. 2511 lakh to Rs.

2596 lakh between 1991-92 and 2005-06. During study period investment

amount was not much increased in respect of every unit. Investment

amount varies from unit to unit. Out of the total investment amount

nearly 24.68% amount was invested in other units whereas 1.71%

investment amount was found in oil ghanis in 1991-92.

Fruit processing (0.97%) and other units (0.23%) were recorded

positive change in investment during the period of investigation. About

0.01 to 0.42% negative change in investment amount was recorded in oil

ghanis, food processing, pottery, leather, carpentry and blacksmith, cane

and bamboo units from 1991-92 to 2005-

145

Table 7.1

Village and Cottage Industries in Ratnagiri District

Units Investment Labour Force Name

Year and

Volume of

Change in

% In

Number In

% In Rs.

Lakhs In

% In

Number

In

%

1991-92 215 1.48 43 1.71 430 1.61

2005-06 216 1.46 43.2 1.67 430 1.29 Oil Ghanis

Vol. of Change

in % -0.02 -0.04 -0.32

1991-92 1234 8.47 304.36 12.12 3085 11.55

2005-06 1278 8.63 314.53 12.11 3834 11.54 Food

Processing Vol. of Change

in % 0.16 -0.01 -0.01

1991-92 1581 10.86 229.25 9.13 3162 11.84

2005-06 1615 10.91 234.15 9.02 4038 12.15 Pottery

Vol. of Change

in % 0.05 -0.11 0.31

1991-92 1658 11.39 442.46 17.62 3316 12.42

2005-06 1673 11.30 446.48 17.20 3848 11.58 Leather

Vol. of Change

in % -0.09 -0.42 -0.84

1991-92 2847 19.55 534.42 21.28 5694 21.32

2005-06 2899 19.58 544.59 20.97 6668 20.07

Carpentry

and

Blacksmith Vol. of Change

in % 0.03 -0.31 -1.25

1991-92 3967 27.24 257.85 10.27 6347 23.77

2005-06 3976 26.85 258.43 9.95 7952 23.93 Cane and

Bamboos Vol. of Change

in % -0.39 -0.32 0.16

1991-92 168 1.15 80.49 3.20 336 1.26

2005-06 157 1.06 108.33 4.17 471 1.42 Fruit

Processing Vol. of Change

in % -0.09 0.97 0.16

1991-92 2892 19.86 619.87 24.68 4338 16.24

2005-06 2992 20.21 646.78 24.91 5984 18.01 Other

Vol. of Change

in % 0.35 0.23 1.77

1991-92 14562 100 2511.69 100 26708 100 Total

2005-06 14806 100 2596.51 100 33225 100 Source : i) District Office of Village and Cottage Industries, Ratnagiri.

ii) Computed by Author.

146

Labour force is increased by 1.24 times during the investigation

period. As far as labour force is concerned nearly two labours are

engaged in every unit. Out of the total labour about 23.77% labour was

engaged in cane and bamboo units while only 1.26% labour was engaged

in fruit processing units in 1991-92.

About 0.16% to 1.77% positive change in labour force was

recorded in fruit processing, cane and bamboo, pottery and other units.

Labour force of some units increased but their percentage share in the

district total reduced to some extent, hence, these units showed negative

change. About 0.01% to 1.25% negative change in labour force was

showed in oil ghanis, food processing, leather and carpentry and

blacksmith units during 1991-92 to 2005-06.

7.4 Tahsilwise Distribution of Village and Cottage Industries

Table 7.2 shows that tahsilwise distribution of village and cottage

industries in Ratnagiri district. 15.45% village and cottage units were

concentrated in Khed tahsil in 2005-06. The share of village and cottage

industries in Ratnagiri, Lanja, Guhagar, Mandangad, Rajapur,

Sangameshwar, Chiplun and Dapoli tahsils was 13.50%, 14.35%,

12.71%, 12.25%, 11.99%, 8.25%, 7.56% and 4.05% respectively during

2005-06.

There is variation in the distribution of every industry in the

Ratnagiri district. All industries are increased in every tahsil between

1991-92 and 2005-06. It means that some tahsils are having more scope

for oil ghanis, fruit and food processing industries etc.

147

Table 7.2

Village and Cottage Industrial Units in Ratnagiri District

Tah

sil

Yea

r

Oil

Gan

is

Fo

od

pro

cess

ing

Po

tter

y

Lea

ther

Car

pen

try

&

Bla

cksm

ith

Can

e &

Bam

bo

os

Fru

it

Pro

cess

ing

Oth

er

To

tal

1991-92 16 59 137 99 443 803 78 301 1936 Ratnagiri

2005-06 16 72 137 99 458 809 85 323 1999

1991-92 14 74 127 154 629 448 3 413 1862 Guhagar

2005-06 14 80 129 157 630 448 0 424 1882

1991-92 10 83 5 15 26 55 3 387 584 Dapoli

2005-06 10 88 8 15 30 55 0 393 599

1991-92 55 522 220 102 124 364 20 385 1792 Mandan-

gad 2005-06 55 523 226 103 128 364 20 394 1813

1991-92 7 219 522 414 604 35 52 389 2242 Khed

2005-06 7 221 535 415 613 36 52 394 2273

1991-92 0 72 265 472 20 158 1 94 1082 Chiplun

2005-06 0 75 272 476 26 158 0 113 1120

1991-92 28 48 87 66 203 350 4 420 1206 Sangam-

eshwar 2005-06 28 52 88 72 210 350 0 421 1221

1991-92 41 59 125 193 300 1079 1 304 2102 Lanja

2005-06 42 62 125 193 301 1081 0 320 2124

1991-92 44 98 93 143 498 675 6 199 1756 Rajapur

2005-06 44 105 95 143 503 675 0 210 1775

1991-92 215 1234 1581 1658 2847 3967 168 2892 14526 District

2005-06 216 1278 1615 1673 2899 3976 157 2992 14806 Source : i) District Office of Village and Cottage Industries, Ratnagiri.

ii) Figure indicates No. of units.

7.4.1 Distribution of Oil Ghanis

Table 7.3 shows that distribution of oil ghanis in Ratnagiri district.

In 1991-92, there were 215 oil ghanis in Ratnagiri district. There was

only one unit increased in Lanja tahsil during the study period. Out of the

total units nearly 25% units recorded in Mandangad tahsil whereas 3%

units are noticed in Khed tahsil (Fig. 7.2).

148

Table 7.3

Tahsilwise Distribution of Oil Ghanis in Ratnagiri District

Units Investment Labour Force

Tahsils

Year and

Volume of

Change in % In

Number

In

%

In Rs.

Lakhs

In

%

In

Number

In

%

1991-92 16 7.44 3.2 7.44 32 7.44

2005-06 16 7.41 3.2 7.41 32 7.44 Ratnagiri

Vol. of Change in % -0.03 -0.03 0.00

1991-92 14 6.51 2.8 6.51 28 6.51

2005-06 14 6.48 2.8 6.48 28 6.51 Guhagar

Vol. of Change in % -0.03 -0.03 0.00

1991-92 10 4.65 2 4.65 20 4.65

2005-06 10 4.63 2 4.63 20 4.65 Dapoli

Vol. of Change in % -0.02 -0.02 0.00

1991-92 55 25.58 11 25.58 110 25.58

2005-06 55 25.46 11 25.46 110 25.58 Mandangad

Vol. of Change in % -0.12 -0.12 0.00

1991-92 7 3.26 1.4 3.26 14 3.26

2005-06 7 3.24 1.4 3.24 14 3.26 Khed

Vol. of Change in % -0.02 -0.02 0.00

1991-92 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00

2005-06 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 Chiplun

Vol. of Change in % 0.00 0.00 0.00

1991-92 28 13.02 5.6 13.02 56 13.02

2005-06 28 12.96 5.6 12.96 56 13.02 Sangam

-eshwar

Vol. of Change in % -0.06 -0.06 0.00

1991-92 41 19.07 8.2 19.07 82 19.07

2005-06 42 19.44 8.4 19.44 82 19.07 Lanja

Vol. of Change in % 0.37 0.37 0.00

1991-92 44 20.47 8.8 20.47 88 20.47

2005-06 44 20.37 8.8 20.37 88 20.47 Rajapur

Vol. of Change in % -0.09 -0.09 0.00

1991-92 215 100 43 100 430 100

District 2005-06 216 100 43.2 100 430 100 Source : District Office of Village and Cottage Industries, Ratnagiri.

149

Not a single unit was observed in Chiplun tahsil. In Lanja tahsil

only one oil ghani was increased during the period of investigation.

Hence percentage share in the district total decreased in all tahsils except

Lanja tahsil. Therefore these tahsils showed negative change from 1991-

92 to 2005-06. About 0.37% positive change in number of units was

noticed in Lanja tahsil whereas 0.02% to 0.12% negative change in

number of units was took place in remaining tahsils.

The highest investment in oil ghanis was observed in Mandangad

tahsil (25.50%). On the other hand the lowest investment was took place

in Khed tahsil (3.25%) in 1991-92 and 2005-06. Investment amount of oil

ghanis was decreased by 0.02% to 0.12% during the period of

investigation. Labour force of oil ghanis was recorded same from 1991-

92 and 2005-06. So zero percent change was showed in all tahsils of

Ratnagiri district because of less production of oilseeds no scope for oil

ghani units. So there was never increased number of units in Ratnagiri

district.

7.4.2 Distribution of Food Processing Units

Today food-processing industry is very important. It provides more

employment. Table 7.4 and map 7.5 gives clear cut idea about the

distribution of food processing units. In Food Processing units involve

rice mill, attachakki, mithai, shevaya etc. There were 1234 food

processing units in Ratnagiri district in 1991-92. These units increased up

to 1278 in 2005-06.There are variation from tahsils to tahsils in food

processing units. Out of the total units highest 42.32% units were

concentrated in Mandangad tahsil whereas only 3.89% units were

observed in Sangameshwar tahsil in 1991-92(graph 7.3). In 2005-06 the

highest units (40.92%) were recorded in Mandangad tahsils and followed

by Khed tahsils (17.29%). The share of Rajapur, Dapoli, Guhagar,

150

Chiplun, Ratnagiri and Lanja tahsils was 8.22%, 6.89%, 6.26%, 5.87%,

5.63% and 4.85% respectively in 2005-06. The negative change in

percentage was showed in Mandangad and Khed tahsils from 1991-92 to

2005-06.

Table 7.4 revealed that Mandangad tahsils was ranking first in

investment while Khed was ranking second and Guhagar was ranking

third in investment in 2005-06. Average investment was about Rs. 25

thousand in Ratnagiri district. Some units were high investment in food

processing units during the study period. Other units were less invested in

food processing units in Ratnagiri district.

As far as labour force is concerned it was increased by 1.24 times

from 1992-93 to 2005-06. Nearly 40.93% labour force of food processing

units was engaged in Mandangad tahsils in 2005-06. Only 5.92% labour

force was recorded in Sagameshwar tahsil in 2005-06. Except

Mandangad, Khed tahsils remaining tahsils showed positive change in

their percentage share of the district total during the period of under

study.

151

Table 7.4

Tahsilwise Distribution of Food Processing in Ratnagiri District

Units Investment Labour Force

Tahsils Year and

Volume of

Change in % In

Number

In

%

In Rs.

Lakhs

In

%

In

Number

In

%

1991-92 59 4.78 7.13 2.34 148 4.78

2005-06 72 5.63 8.70 2.76 218 5.68 Ratnagiri

Vol. of Change

in % 0.85 0.42 0.90

1991-92 74 6.00 39.34 12.93 185 6.00

2005-06 80 6.26 42.53 13.52 240 6.26 Guhagar

Vol. of Change

in % 0.26 0.60 0.26

1991-92 83 6.73 8.80 2.89 208 6.73

2005-06 88 6.89 9.33 2.97 264 6.89 Dapoli

Vol. of Change

in % 0.16 0.08 0.16

1991-92 522 42.30 104.40 34.30 1305 42.30

2005-06 523 40.92 104.60 33.26 1569 40.93 Mandangad

Vol. of Change in % -1.38 -1.05 -1.37

1991-92 219 17.75 82.13 26.98 548 17.75

2005-06 221 17.29 82.88 26.35 660 17.21 Khed

Vol. of Change

in % -0.45 -0.63 -0.54

1991-92 72 5.83 17.52 5.76 180 5.83

2005-06 75 5.87 18.25 5.80 227 5.92 Chiplun

Vol. of Change

in % 0.03 0.05 0.09

1991-92 48 3.89 13.80 4.53 120 3.89

2005-06 52 4.07 14.95 4.75 156 4.07 Sangameshwar

Vol. of Change

in % 0.18 0.22 0.18

1991-92 59 4.78 8.85 2.91 148 4.78

2005-06 62 4.85 9.30 2.96 185 4.83 Lanja

Vol. of Change

in % 0.07 0.05 0.05

1991-92 98 7.94 22.40 7.36 245 7.94

2005-06 105 8.22 24.00 7.63 315 8.22 Rajapur

Vol. of Change

in % 0.27 0.27 0.28

1991-92 1234 100 304.36 100 3085 100

District 2005-06 1278 100 314.53 100 3834 100

Source : District Office of Village and Cottage Industries, Ratnagiri.

152

7.4.3 Distribution of Pottery units

There are many Kumbhars in the district. They are still engaged in

their traditional occupation of pottery. They make many items likes math,

roof tiles in huts, panatya for Diwali festival, Ganesh Images etc. All

these items are sold in the village itself generally to the households,

which are fixed since generations.

Table 7.5 shows that pottery units increased from 1581 units in

1991-92 to 1615 units in 2005-06. These units are mainly concentrated in

Khed tahsil (map7.6). In Khed tahsil highest (535) units was recorded and

only 8 units was observed in Dapoli tahsil in 2005-06. (Fig. 7.4) The

highest pottery units were observed in Khed (33%) whereas the lowest

units were found in Dapoli tahsil (0.50%) during the period of

investigation. About 0.05% to 0.18% negative change in percentage was

experienced in Guhagar, Sangameshwar, Lanja and Ratnagiri tahsils on

the other hand positive change in percentage was recorded in Chiplun,

Mandangad, Khed and Dapoli tahsils. No change is obtained in Rajapur

tahsil during period of investigation.

Ratnagiri district invested low amount in Pottery units. Investment

amount of pottery units was little increased between 1991-92 and 2005-

06. Out of the total investment in the above units nearly 35% investments

was recorded in Khed tahsil where as only 0.51% amount was found in

Dapoli tahsils during the period of study. Labour force increased from

3162 in 1991-92 to 4038 in 2005-06. Maximum labour increase was

observed in Chiplun and Khed tahsils.

153

Table 7.5

Tahsilwise Distribution of Pottery in Ratnagiri District

Units Investment Labour Force Tahsils

Year and

Volume of

Change in % In

Number In

% In Rs.

Lakhs In

% In

Number In

%

1991-92 137 8.67 20.55 8.96 274 8.67

2005-06 137 8.48 20.55 8.78 347 8.59 Ratnagiri

Vol. of Change in % -0.18 -0.19 -0.08

1991-92 127 8.03 19.05 8.31 254 8.03

2005-06 129 7.99 19.35 8.26 325 8.06 Guhagar

Vol. of Change in % -0.05 -0.05 -0.05

1991-92 5 0.32 0.75 0.33 10 0.32

2005-06 8 0.50 1.20 0.51 22 0.55 Dapoli

Vol. of Change in % 0.18 0.19 0.23

1991-92 220 13.92 31.17 13.60 440 13.92

2005-06 226 13.99 32.02 13.67 566 14.0 Mandangad

Vol. of Change in % 0.08 0.08 0.09

1991-92 522 33.02 81.91 35.73 1044 33.02

2005-06 535 33.13 83.95 35.85 1336 33.08 Khed

Vol. of Change in % 0.11 0.12 0.06

1991-92 265 16.76 34.09 14.87 530 16.76

2005-06 272 16.84 34.99 14.94 682 16.88 Chiplun

Vol. of Change in % 0.08 0.07 0.12

1991-92 87 5.50 13.05 5.69 174 5.50

2005-06 88 5.45 13.20 5.64 205 5.07 Sangam-

eshwar Vol. of Change in % -0.05 -0.06 -0.43

1991-92 125 7.91 18.75 8.18 250 7.91

2005-06 125 7.74 18.75 8.01 315 7.81 Lanja

Vol. of Change in % -0.17 -0.17 -0.10

1991-92 93 5.88 9.93 4.33 186 5.88

2005-06 95 5.88 10.14 4.33 240 5.95 Rajapur

Vol. of Change in % 0.00 0.00 0.07

1991-92 1581 100 229.25 100 3162 100


154

7.4.4 Distribution of Leather units

Footwear and other leather goods, which were considered as luxury

in the past, but, now become a necessity. Leather industries include units

dealing in processing of hides and skins of animals utilization of their by

products, manufacturing of leather footwear and other leather goods, such

as a travel requisites, sport goods, novelties, industrial leather and other.

Its chief feature is its location in the native places of the persons and

outside geographical location, which is rural in nature. Such an industry

is carried on wholly with the help of member of the family. Leather

industry is hereditary in character followed by persons belonging to

certain castes alone (Lahane).

Table 7.6 revealed that there were 1658 leather units in Ratnagiri

district in 1991-92 and it increased only by 15 units in 2005-06.(Fig. 7.5)

Leather units were concentrated in Chiplun and Khed tahsils. In 1991-92

out of the total units nearly 28.47% units were found in Chiplun tahsil

and 24.97% units in Khed tahsil. Only 0.90% units were observed in

Dapoli tahsils in Ratnagiri district. No change was observed in

Mandangad tahsil. The negative change was recorded in Ratnagiri,

Dapoli, Khed, Chiplun, Lanja and Rajapur. The positive change of units

was observed in Guhagar and Sangameshwar tahsils during the period of

investigation.

Investment amount was not increased during the study period. The

highest investment leather units were observed in Chiplun tahsil while the

lowest investment in leather units was found in Dapoli tashil. The

positive change of investment was found in Guhagar and Sangameshwar

tahsils. In the district 0.01% to 0.15% negative change was observed in

remaining tahsils.

155

Table 7.6

Tahsilwise Distribution of Leather Units in Ratnagiri District


Year and

Volume of

Change in % In

Number In

% In Rs.

Lakhs In

% In

Number In

%

1991-92 99 5.97 19.80 4.47 198 5.97

2005-06 99 5.92 19.80 4.43 226 5.87 Ratnagiri

Vol. of Change in % -0.05 -0.04 -0.10

1991-92 154 9.29 52.21 11.80 308 9.29

2005-06 157 9.38 53.22 11.92 362 9.40 Guhagar

Vol. of Change in % 0.10 0.12 0.11

1991-92 15 0.90 3.00 0.68 30 0.90

2005-06 15 0.90 3.00 0.67 34 0.88 Dapoli

Vol. of Change in % -0.01 -0.01 -0.02

1991-92 102 6.15 10.20 2.31 204 6.15

2005-06 103 6.16 10.30 2.31 238 6.18 Mandangad

Vol. of Change in % 0.00 0.00 0.03

1991-92 414 24.97 103.50 23.39 828 24.97

2005-06 415 24.81 103.75 23.24 955 24.81 Khed

Vol. of Change in % -0.16 -0.15 -0.16

1991-92 472 28.47 173.46 39.20 944 28.47

2005-06 476 28.45 174.93 39.18 1096 28.48 Chiplun

Vol. of Change in % -0.02 -0.02 0.01

1991-92 66 3.98 13.09 2.96 132 3.98

2005-06 72 4.30 14.28 3.20 170 4.42 Sangam

-eshwar Vol. of Change in % 0.32 0.24 0.44

1991-92 193 11.64 38.60 8.72 386 11.64

2005-06 193 11.54 38.60 8.65 440 11.43 Lanja

Vol. of Change in % -0.10 -0.08 -0.21

1991-92 143 8.62 28.60 6.46 286 8.62

2005-06 143 8.55 28.60 6.41 328 8.52 Rajapur

Vol. of Change in % -0.08 -0.06 -0.10

1991-92 1658 100 442.46 100.00 3316 100

District 2005-06 1673 100 446.48 100.00 3848 100 Source : District Office of Village and Cottage Industries, Ratnagiri.

156

Labour force of leather units increased from 3316 to 3848 during

the study period. Nearly 28% labour force was engaged in Chiplun tahsil

in 1991-92 and 2005-06.

7.4.5 Distribution of Carpentry and Blacksmith units

Carpentry and Blacksmith are traditional occupation. These units

are essential to provide agricultural implements to the farmers during the

period of Kharif and Rabi season. The household members make

traditional agricultural implements like plough, Jodi, handles, sickle,

spade etc. and other items like door, window etc. Some people are getting

annual fund from the farmer. But there are some carpenters and

blacksmith persons they are regularly doing their business. Their earnings

are very less as compared to other businessmen.

Blacksmith is hereditary occupation of “Lohars”. Carpentry is a

hereditary occupation of “Sutars” but it is not restricted to any particular

community and any persons having recourses can start carpentry.

There were 2847 carpentry and blacksmith units in the study region

in 1991-92. These units increased to 2899 units in 2005-06. (Fig. 7.6)The

highest units were recorded in Guhagar tahsil (630 units) and lowest (26)

units were observed in Chiplun tahsil. About 0.07% to 0.36% negative

change was obtained in Khed, Rajapur, Lanja and Guhagar tahsils. On the

other hand positive change was observed in remaining tahsils.

Investment amount of Carpentry and Blacksmith unit was lightly

increased during the period of investigation. In 1991-92 out of the total

investment in the above units nearly 28.07% investment was recorded in

Rajapur tashil where as only 0.43% amount was observed in Chiplun

tahsil. During 2005-06 about same position was shown in Ratnagiri. It

means that there is tahsilwise variation in the investment amount.

157

Table 7.7

Tahsilwise Distribution of Carpentry and Blacksmith in

Ratnagiri District


Year and

Volume of

Change in % In

Number

In

%

In Rs.

Lakhs

In

%

In

Number

In

%

1991-92 443 15.56 105.46 19.73 886 15.56

2005-06 458 15.80 109.03 20.02 1055 15.82 Ratnagiri

Vol. of Change in % 0.24 0.29 0.26

1991-92 629 22.09 42.77 8.00 1258 22.09

2005-06 630 21.73 42.84 7.87 1447 21.70 Guhagar

Vol. of Change in % -0.36 -0.14 -0.39

1991-92 26 0.91 4.24 0.79 52 0.91

2005-06 30 1.03 4.90 0.90 69 1.03 Dapoli

Vol. of Change in % 0.12 0.11 0.12

1991-92 124 4.36 15.41 2.88 248 4.36

2005-06 128 4.42 15.90 2.92 295 4.44 Mandangad

Vol. of Change in % 0.06 0.04 0.08

1991-92 604 21.22 83.08 15.55 1208 21.22

2005-06 613 21.15 84.32 15.48 1410 21.14 Khed

Vol. of Change in % -0.07 -0.06 -0.07

1991-92 20 0.70 2.29 0.43 40 0.70

2005-06 26 0.90 2.98 0.55 60 0.90 Chiplun

Vol. of Change in % 0.19 0.12 0.20

1991-92 203 7.13 48.66 9.11 406 7.13

2005-06 210 7.24 50.34 9.24 484 7.25 Sangam

-eshwar Vol. of Change in % 0.11 0.14 0.12

1991-92 300 10.54 82.50 15.44 600 10.54

2005-06 301 10.38 82.78 15.20 693 10.39 Lanja

Vol. of Change in % -0.15 -0.24 -0.15

1991-92 498 17.49 150.00 28.07 996 17.49

2005-06 503 17.35 151.50 27.82 1155 17.32 Rajapur

Vol. of Change in % -0.14 -0.25 -0.17

1991-92 2847 100 534.42 100 5694 100


158

About 0.04% to 0.24% positive change was noticed in Mandangad,

Dapoli, Chiplun, Sangameshwar and Ratnagiri tahsils. On the other hand

remaining tahsils showed negative change in percentage from 1991-92 to

2005-06.

Labour force of carpentry and blacksmith increased by 1.2 times

during the study period. The highest employment was noticed in Guhagar

While the lowest employment was observed in Chiplun in 1991-92 and

2005-06. In 2005-06 nearly 1447 worker was engaged in Guhagar tahsils.

On the other hand only 60 workers were found in Chiplun tahsil.

7.4.6 Distribution of Cane and Bamboo units

Cane and bamboo is the traditional occupation. Table 7.8 and map

7.9 reveals that there is heavy concentration in Lanja and Ratnagiri tahsils

due to supply of raw material and population pressure in city area. Very

low units were found in Khed during 1991-92 to 2005-06. Fig. 7.7 shows

number of cane and bamboo units in Ratnagiri district in 2005-06.

Investment amount of cane and bamboo units was slightly increased. Out

of total investment nearly 27.20% investment was found in Lanja tahsil

whereas 0.91% investment was noticed in Khed tahsil in 2005-06.

Khed and Ratnagiri tahsils observed positive change of investment

and remaining tahsils found negative change in investment during the

period of investigation. The highest labour force was engaged in cane and

bamboo units in Lanja and lowest labour force was observed in Khed

tahsil in 2005-06.

159

Table 7.8

Tahsilwise Distribution of Cane and Bamboos in Ratnagiri District


Year and Volume

of Change in % In

Number

In

%

In Rs.

Lakhs

In

%

In

Number

In

%

1991-92 803 20.24 52.20 20.24 1285 20.24

2005-06 809 20.35 52.59 20.35 1620 20.37 Ratnagiri

Vol. of Change in % 0.11 0.11 0.13

1991-92 448 11.29 29.12 11.29 717 11.29

2005-06 448 11.27 29.12 11.27 898 11.29 Guhagar

Vol. of Change in % -0.03 -0.03 0.00

1991-92 55 1.39 3.57 1.38 88 1.39

2005-06 55 1.38 3.57 1.38 110 1.38 Dapoli

Vol. of Change in % 0.00 0.00 0.00

1991-92 364 9.18 23.66 9.18 582 9.18

2005-06 364 9.15 23.66 9.16 728 9.15 Mandangad

Vol. of Change in % -0.02 -0.02 -0.02

1991-92 35 0.88 2.28 0.88 56 0.88

2005-06 36 0.91 2.34 0.91 72 0.91 Khed

Vol. of Change in % 0.02 0.02 0.02

1991-92 158 3.98 10.27 3.98 253 3.98

2005-06 158 3.97 10.27 3.97 316 3.97 Chiplun

Vol. of Change in % -0.01 -0.01 -0.01

1991-92 350 8.82 22.75 8.82 560 8.82

2005-06 350 8.80 22.75 8.80 700 8.80 Sangam

-eshwar Vol. of Change in % -0.02 -0.02 -0.02

1991-92 1079 27.20 70.14 27.20 1726 27.20

2005-06 1081 27.19 70.27 27.19 2162 27.19 Lanja

Vol. of Change in % -0.01 -0.01 -0.01

1991-92 675 17.02 43.87 17.01 1080 17.02

2005-06 675 16.98 43.87 16.98 1346 16.93 Rajapur

Vol. of Change in % -0.04 -0.04 -0.09

1991-92 3967 100 257.85 100 6347 100


160

7.4.7 Distribution of Fruit processing units

In Ratnagiri district many fruits are available Viz. King of fruit

Mango, Cashewnut, coconut, Kokam etc. From these fruits are made

many items like for mango made Canning of slices in syrups, pulp, poli,

syrups, slice, pickles, for cashewnut made cashew, cashewwadi, roasted

cashew, for Kokam made kokam syrups, kokum pulp etc. These items

made in small scale industries and also in household industries. In

Ratnagiri district some units were concentrated in near urban areas.

In 1991-92 there were 168 fruit processing units in the study

region. Out of the total units nearly 46.43% units were recorded in

Ratnagiri tahsil and 30.95% units were found in Khed tahsil. Only one

unit each was observed in Chiplun and Lanja tahsils in 1991-92. During

the period of investigation fruit processing units were concentrated in

Ratnagiri, Khed and Mandangad tahsils and share of these tahsils was

54.14%, 33.12% and 12.74% respectively in 2005-06.(Fig. 7.8) Therefore

other tahsils showed negative change from 1991-92 to 2005-06.

In 1991-92 the highest investment in fruit processing units was

concentrated in Ratnagiri tahsil (62.02%). On the other hand the lowest

investment was found in 0.10% in Lanja. Investment amount of fruit

processing units were increased by 1.35% during the period of fifteen

years. Negative change was obtained in all tahsils of Ratnagiri district

between 1991-92 and 2005-06.

Labour force was increased by 1.40 times during 1991-92 to 2005-

06. Nearly 55.20% labour force of fruit processing units was engaged in

the Ratnagiri tahsil in 2005-06. Only 33.12% in Khed and 11.68% in

Mandangad tashil was observed labour force engaged in fruit processing

units. Remaining tahsils were not a single labour engaged in these units

and they showed negative change.

161

Table 7.9

Tahsilwise Distribution of Fruit Processing in Ratnagiri District


Year and

Volume of

Change in % In

Number

In

%

in Rs.

Lakhs

In

%

In

Number

In

%

1991-92 78 46.43 49.92 62.02 156 46.43

2005-06 85 54.14 54.40 50.22 260 55.20 Ratnagiri

Vol. of Change in % 7.71 -11.80 8.77

1991-92 3 1.79 5.75 7.14 4 1.19

2005-06 0 0.00 0 0 0 0.00 Guhagar

Vol. of Change in % -1.79 -7.14 -1.19

1991-92 3 1.79 0.35 0.43 5 1.49

2005-06 0 0.00 0.00 0.0 0 0.00 Dapoli

Vol. of Change in % -1.79 -0.43 -1.49

1991-92 20 11.90 2.00 2.48 45 13.39

2005-06 20 12.74 2.00 1.85 55 11.68 Mandangad

Vol. of Change in % 0.84 -0.64 -1.71

1991-92 52 30.95 5.20 6.46 101 30.06

2005-06 52 33.12 5.20 4.80 156 33.12 Khed

Vol. of Change in % 2.17 -1.66 3.06

1991-92 1 0.60 5.50 6.83 4 1.19

2005-06 0 0.00 0 0 0 0.00 Chiplun

Vol. of Change in % -0.60 -6.83 -1.19

1991-92 4 2.38 4.92 6.11 7 2.08

2005-06 0 0.00 0 0 0 0.00 Sangam

-eshwar Vol. of Change in % -2.38 -6.11 -2.08

1991-92 1 0.60 0.10 0.12 3 0.89

2005-06 0 0.00 0 0 0 0.00 Lanja

Vol. of Change in % -0.60 -0.12 -0.89

1991-92 6 3.57 6.75 8.39 11 3.28

2005-06 0 0.00 0 0 0 0.00 Rajapur

Vol. of Change in % -3.57 -8.39 -3.28

1991-92 168 100 80.49 100 336 100


162

7.4.8 Distribution of Other Village and Cottage industrial units

Other Village and Cottage industrial units include painting,

bakery, hair cutting, tailoring, shops, plumbing, paper making, electric

instruments, laundry, agarbatti and khadu making etc.

There are 2892 other village and Cottage industrial units in

Ratnagiri district and these units increased up to 2992 units in 2005-06.

Out of the total units nearly 14.42% units were recorded in

Sangameshwar tahsil and only 3.25% units were found in Chiplun tahsil

in 1991-92. The highest (14.17%) units were located in Chiplun tahsil

and lowest units were observed in Chiplun tahsil in 2005-06. Tahsils like

Chiplun and Rajapur were having below 10% units each in 2005-06. On

the other hand remaining tahsils were having above 10% units in 2005-

06. It means that other units were unevenly distributed in Ratnagiri

district in 1991-92 and 2005-06(map 7.11).

Table 7.10 revealed that maximum investment was recorded in

Rajapur tahsil and the only Rs. 197.41 Lakh amount was invested. Out of

the total investment in other village and cottage industries nearly 30.52%

and 24.61% investments was found in Rajapur and Sangameshwar tahsils

in 2005-06. Ratnagiri, Dapoli, Mandangad, Khed, Chiplun and Lanja

tahsils were having below 10% investment each in 2005-06.

As far as labour force is concerned there is slight variation in all

tahsils. Nearly 14.45% labour force was engaged in Guhagar and only

3.83% labour force engaged in Chiplun tahsils in 2005-06. The positive

change in labour force was observed in Ratnagiri, Chiplun, Lanja and

Rajapur tahsils and remaining tahsils were recorded negative change in

other village and cottage industries.

163

Table 7.10

Tahsilwise Distribution of Other Units in Ratnagiri District


Year and

Volume of

Change in % In

Number

In

%

in Rs.

Lakhs

In

%

In

Number

In

%

1991-92 301 10.41 40.47 6.53 452 10.41

2005-06 323 10.80 43.43 6.71 651 10.88 Ratnagiri

Vol. of Change in % 0.39 0.19 0.47

1991-92 413 14.28 89.19 14.39 620 14.28

2005-06 424 14.17 91.56 14.16 847 14.15 Guhagar

Vol. of Change in % -0.11 -0.23 -0.13

1991-92 387 13.38 40.05 6.46 581 13.38

2005-06 393 13.14 40.68 6.29 785 13.12 Dapoli

Vol. of Change in % -0.25 -0.17 -0.26

1991-92 385 13.31 53.52 8.63 578 13.31

2005-06 394 13.17 54.77 8.47 786 13.14 Mandangad

Vol. of Change in % -0.14 -0.17 -0.17

1991-92 389 13.45 38.32 6.18 584 13.45

2005-06 394 13.17 38.81 6.00 791 13.22 Khed

Vol. of Change in % -0.28 -0.18 -0.23

1991-92 94 3.25 15.53 2.50 141 3.25

2005-06 113 3.78 18.67 2.89 229 3.83 Chiplun

Vol. of Change in % 0.53 0.38 0.58

1991-92 420 14.52 155.48 25.08 630 14.52

2005-06 421 14.07 159.18 24.61 840 14.04 Sangameshwar

Vol. of Change in % -0.45 -0.47 -0.48

1991-92 304 10.51 0.25 0.04 455 10.51

2005-06 320 10.70 2.28 0.35 638 10.66 Lanja

Vol. of Change in % 0.18 0.31 0.15

1991-92 199 6.88 187.07 30.18 297 6.88

2005-06 210 7.02 197.41 30.52 417 6.97 Rajapur

Vol. of Change in % 0.14 0.34 0.09

1991-92 2892 100 619.87 100 4338 100


164

7.5 Industrial Development in Ratnagiri District

Industrial development is much more comprehensive concept than

generally understood. The general development of an economy may be

assessed in several ways. To investigate the regional disparities in the

levels of Industrial development the ratio of selected indicators have been

calculated.

In order to develop a composite index which reflects the composite

effects of the fifteen indicators enumerated and following methodology

has been used.

CDi = Pi / PI x 100

CDi = Co-efficient of development for variable ‘i’

Pi = Percentage of variable ‘i’ in the unit.

PI = Mean percentage of variable ‘i’ in the study region.

The index values are computed for each of the fifteen parameters

selected for analysis. The composite index of development is obtained by

the following equation.

C.I.D. = CDi1 + CDi2 + CDi3 + CDi4 + n/N

C.I.D. = Composite index of development

CDi1 = Co-efficient of development for the index ‘i’ in the

enumerated unit

N = Number of variables.

While studying the levels of development, various indicators of

development are taken into consideration. In order to find out the levels

of industrial development, the index values are calculated by using the

indicators such as Net Sown Area, Livestock, Large Scale Units,

Investment of Large Scale Units, Production Capacity of Large Scale

Industries, Employment of Large Scale Industries, Per 1000 Population of

SSI Units, SSI Units, KVI Units, Industrial Electricity, Total Road

Length, Educational Facilities, Banking Facilities, Investment of KVI,

Labour Force of KVI.

165

Table 7.11

Index Number of Selected fifteen Indicators of Industrial

Development in Ratnagiri District

Tahsils Net Sown

Area Livestock

Large

Scale

Units

Investment

of Large

Scale Units

Production

Capacity of

Large Scale

Industries

Employment

of Large

Scale

Industries

Per 1000

Population

of SSI

Units

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Ratnagiri 97.11 133.97 46.75 28.92 45.87 151.80 229.30

Guhagar 68.87 67.30 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 42.78

Dapoli 97.60 94.43 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 59.89

Mandangad 68.16 40.86 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 42.78

Khed 78.28 110.85 306.49 369.72 207.12 217.45 208.77

Chiplun 162.30 133.18 41.56 0.95 146.72 28.24 135.18

Sangame-

shwar 125.84 118.90 5.19 0.42 0.28 2.52 77.00

Lanja 93.99 80.35 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 47.91

Rajapur 107.94 120.25 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 56.47

Industrial

Electricity

Total

Road

Length

Educational

facilities

IIT/ITI etc.

Banking

Facilities

Units of

Khadi&

Village

Industries

Investment

of Khadi&

Village

Industries

Labour

Force of

Khadi&

Village

Industries

Composite

Index

9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16

461.92 127.12 175.07 286.70 121.52 110.03 119.44 271.78

4.22 70.51 58.36 53.34 114.41 99.34 112.34 79.80

13.71 108.21 0.00 93.34 36.41 22.83 35.33 68.11

2.53 45.75 0.00 33.34 110.22 89.75 117.76 62.77

286.27 99.79 58.36 100.01 138.18 142.14 146.12 294.62

108.73 111.99 175.07 140.01 68.09 91.81 70.70 176.12

8.79 131.51 58.36 73.34 74.23 98.95 70.73 102.25

8.78 78.20 58.36 53.34 129.12 81.33 122.31 86.46

5.15 127.00 116.71 66.67 107.91 163.91 105.35 113.78 Source : Computed by Researcher (2011).

The composite index of Industrial development based on the fifteen

factors has been constructed to give on over all indications of

comparative levels of industrial development varies from tahsil to tahsil

of Ratnagiri district. Fifteen constituents are given equal weightage. Map

7.12 indicates that the composite index numbers obtained from the above

166

method are expressed for each tahsil. Despite the spatial variations within

the limits of each tahsil the study proposes to present aggregate picture of

each tahsil as an areal unit. The composite index values of the tahsil are

classed and arranged in descending order to delineate the zones indicating

the levels of industrial development viz. High, Moderate and Low level

of development (table 7.11).

(A) Region of High level Development (Above 125%)

High level of industrial development is recorded in Khed, Ratnagiri

and Chiplun tahsils (table 7.11).This tahsils has the index value above

125%. It has developed due to proximity to Mumbai district,

Industrialization, Availability of adequate educational, banking,

transportation and communication facilities are concentrated in these

areas.

About 76.62%, 11.69% and 10.39% large scale units are found in

Khed, Ratnagiri and Chiplun tahsils respectively. The percentage share of

investment, production capacity and employment of large scale industries

is also high in respect of other tahsils. The percentage share of number of

small scale industries is found in Ratnagiri (34.49%), Khed (20.22%) and

Chiplun (18.95%) tahsils in the study region. The consumption of

industrial electricity is recorded 51.32%, 31.81%, and 12.08% in

Ratnagiri, Khed and Chiplun tahsils respectively. It is promoted to

increase the production of industries in the study region. The highest

percentage share of khadi and village industrial investment is noticed in

Khed (15.51%) tahsil whereas 12.22% and 10.02% was observed in

Ratnagiri and Chiplun tahsils respectively. Khed, Ratnagiri and Chiplun

tahsils have shown the percentage share of road length is observed

11.09%, 14.22% and 12.44% respectively.

Aforementioned fifteen parameters are complementary for rapid

167

industrial development. Therefore, Khed, Ratnagiri and Chiplun tahsils

compared to other tahsils in the district indicate high level of industrial

development.

B) Region of Moderate level of Development (75%to125%)

The moderate level of Industrial development was observed in

Rajapur, Sangameshwar, Lanja and Guhagar tahsils (table 7.11). Net

sown area is observed 11.99%, 13.98%, 10.44% and 7.65% in Rajapur,

Sangameshwar, Lanja and Guhagar tahsils respectively. The small scale

units are noticed below 10% in these tahsils. In this region, there is only

one large scale industry in the Sangameshwar tahsil. Total numbers of

livestock were observed 13.36%, 13.21%, 8.93% and 7.48% in 2005-06;

it has contributed in the level of industrial development in this region.

The consumption of industrial electricity is noticed below 1% in Rajapur,

Sangameshwar, Lanja and Guhagar tahsils. In general this region has

poor educational facilities, banking facilities and low industrial

investment as compared to the region of high level of development.

C) Region of Low level Development (Below75%)

Low level of Industrial development spread over two tahsils viz.

Dapoli and Mandangad (map 7.12). These tahsils belong to the northern

part of the study region. This region comprises covering about

10.84%and 7.57% net sown area in the Dapoli and Mandangad tahsils

respectively. There are only 5.69%small scale industrial units in Dapoli

tahsil and 1.53% in Mandangad tahsil in 2005-06. Only 1.52%

consumption of industrial electricity is observed in Dapoli tahsil and

0.28% in Mandangad tahsil in the study region. Village and cottage

industries are 4.05% observed in Dapoli tahsil whereas12.25% in

Mandangad tahsil. The investment in industries, labour force and

livestock is also low compared to the above regions of the study region.

168

This category is entirely rural in nature. These tahsils have inadequate

facilities for education, banking, electricity and low level of industrial

development.

7.6 Summary

In the Ratnagiri district village and cottage industries are entirely

based on the local raw materials and they chiefly cater to the requirement

of the total population. As these industries are less capital intensive and

more employment oriented, these cottage and village industries become

boon for the rural economy of the Ratnagiri district. Investment amount

varies from tahsils to tahsils. Investment amount was very less in all

tahsils due to poor economic condition of the entrepreneurs.

High level of industrial development is recorded in Khed, Ratnagiri

and Chiplun tahsils and the moderate level of Industrial development was

observed in Rajapur, Sangameshwar, Lanja and Guhagar tahsils whereas

low level of Industrial development spread over two tahsils viz. Dapoli,

Mandangad.

The entire belt has been characterized by adverse conditions such

as low net sown area, less educational facilities, less banking facilities,

less investment in industries, low transportation facilities, less use of

electricity, low labour force. These conditions are responsible for low

level of industrial development. Tahsils like Dapoli and Mandangad area

of the entire study region, therefore, may be regarded as under developed

region which needs suitable measures to promote industrial development.

169

References

1) Dutt R. and Sundaram K.P.M. (2009) ‘Indian Economy’, S. Chand

and Co., New Delhi, p.635.

2) Government of Maharashtra, (2001) Ratnagiri District Gazetteer

3) Lahane (2003) ‘Industrial Development of Aurangabad District’ p.

282

4) Mishra G. P.& Bajpai B. K. (1985), ‘Village Industries and

Agriculture in Changing Ararian Situation’ Ashish Publishing

house, New Delhi, p 50

5) Ojha N. N. (2009) ‘Indian Economy’ Reference Manual,

Choronicle books, p. 234, 228, 222.

6) Patil A. D., (2012), Regional Pattern of Growth and Structure of

Population in Maharashtra (1961-2001), Unpublished Ph.D. thesis,

Shivaji University, Kolhapur.

7) Prasad k. (1963) ‘Technological Choice under Development

Planning’, Popular Prakashan, Bombay, p.1.

8) Rao R. V. (1979) ‘Small Industries and the Developing Economy

in India’, Concept Publishing House, New Delhi, p18.

chapter vii village and cottage industries -...

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