chapter viii - ideas, ideals of revolution
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Chapter VIII
Ideas, Ideals of Revolution
Questions to be Answered!
How should we understand the term revolution?
What is Rizal’s stand on revolution?
ETYMOLOGY
The term revolution comes from the Latin word revolutio which means “a turnaround”.
EVOLUTION OF THE CONCEPT
Revolution ALWAYS describes change but
NOT ALL change can be described as revolution.
CHARACTERISTICS
There is great speed of change and/orThere is great extent of change
ORThere is a great number of people affected and/orThere is great degree to which people and their lives are affected by change
Classical scholar Alexis de Tocqueville differentiated between
1) Political revolutions;2) Sudden and violent revolutions that seek not only to establish a new political system but to transform an entire society; and3) Slow but sweeping transformations of the entire society that take several generations to bring about (ex. religion).
Charles Tilly, a modern scholar of revolutions, coined the term
“great revolution" (revolutions that transform
economic and social structures as well as political institutions).
ARTISTS (sculptors, painters, orators, architects, writers, and historians) are breeders of revolutionary ideas, and they express
their message through their works.
In the Philippine setting…Luna and Felix Hidalgo put across their message through paintings.DR. JOSE RIZAL is the soul of the Katipunan because of his two novels, essays, poems and speeches such as Noli Me Tangere, El Filibusterismo, Annotation to Antonio Morga’s Sucesos de las Islas Filipinas, Filipinas dentro de Cien Anos (The Philippines A Hundred Years from Now .He is the inspiration of Andres Bonifacio.
DIFFERENCE TO OTHER SIMILAR TERMS
Insurrection - the act or an instance of open revolt against civil authority
or a constituted government. Revolt - a single uprising or act of
protest or rejection especially against state authority.
Rebellion - organized massive attempt to overthrow a government or
other authority by the use of violence, but there is no change in ideology.
Peter Calvert in A Study of Revolution, Oxford University Press, 1970, starts with a definition of POLITICAL REVOLUTION as ‘a complete overthrow of the established government of a country or state by those who were previously subject to it; a forcible substitution of a new ruler or form of government’.
Aristotle described two types of political revolution: Complete change from
one constitution to another
Modification of an existing constitution
CONCLUSIONS
A society which urbanised and industrialised quickly, such as
Stalin's Russia during collectivisation, is justly
described as having undergone a SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC
REVOLUTION.
French Revolution of 1789, Russian Revolution of 1917, or Islamic Revolution of Iran were all considered
as GREAT REVOLUTIONS.
People Power I during Marcos’ Regime and II
during Erap’s administration can be
identified as POLITICAL REVOLUTION.
The bloody movement and uprising initiated by the Katipunan lead by Andres Bonifacio was
merely a REBELLION.
How about the waving of Philippine Flag in Cavite during
the Declaration of Independence?
It was definitely NOT an evidence of the
occurrence of a GREAT REVOLUTION.
It was a proof for a POLITICAL REVOLUTION as per defined by
Aristotle, nevertheless falls contradictory according to the definition of Peter Calvert since
it was not FORCIBLE
It was a merely a transition of or a SOCIAL
CHANGE and not ECONIMIC
RIZAL’S STAND ON REVOLUTION
They lacked funds, men and ammunitions.
Membership was strong among the poor and the uneducated.
There was insufficient backing from the rich families.
They lacked military strategies. Here was a need to organize
cohesive and disciplined troops.
END