chapter01 1
DESCRIPTION
The systems development environment in system analysis and design BY WAQASTRANSCRIPT
McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2006 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Chapter 1
The Systems Development Environment
The Systems Development Environment
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Learning ObjectivesLearning ObjectivesLearning ObjectivesLearning Objectives
• Understand the concept of systems analysis and design as a disciplined approach to development
• Become familiar with the evolution of systems analysis and design
• Understand the concepts of data-centricity and process-centricity
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Learning ObjectivesLearning ObjectivesLearning ObjectivesLearning Objectives
• Describe the various roles and responsibilities in systems development
• Explain the types of skills necessary to be a successful systems analyst
• Review the different classes of information systems
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Learning ObjectivesLearning ObjectivesLearning ObjectivesLearning Objectives
• Develop an initial understanding of the phased life-cycle approach to systems development
• Identify two alternative approaches to systems development beyond the life-cycle approach
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Systems Analysis and DesignSystems Analysis and DesignSystems Analysis and DesignSystems Analysis and Design
• Definition– A structured process that is employed in
the development of information system
– Systems analysis activities– Systems design activities
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Systems Analysis and DesignSystems Analysis and DesignSystems Analysis and DesignSystems Analysis and Design
• Systems analysis activities– Focused on determining the nature and
domain of the business problem– Concerned with issues such as problem
identification, solution alternatives, solution requirements, organizational goals, etc.
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Systems Analysis and DesignSystems Analysis and DesignSystems Analysis and DesignSystems Analysis and Design
• Systems design activities– Focused on the final design specification
and the construction, development, and implementation of the solution proposed during analysis and deemed best among any alternatives available
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A Disciplined ApproachA Disciplined ApproachA Disciplined ApproachA Disciplined Approach
• Methodologies– A multi-step approach to the analysis,
design, and delivery of an IS
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A Disciplines ApproachA Disciplines ApproachA Disciplines ApproachA Disciplines Approach
• Tools– Computer programs that are designed to
facilitate the wide variety of techniques and activities to be conducted during a complete analysis and design scenario
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A Disciplines ApproachA Disciplines ApproachA Disciplines ApproachA Disciplines Approach
• Techniques– Processes that are followed to ensure that
the analysis being performed is accurate, comprehensive, and comprehensible to others
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Modern SAD Modern SAD Modern SAD Modern SAD
• The evolution of software development and application design began with a focus on the process, evolved to a focus on the data, and has now come to an understanding of the need to consider both elements in the design of a modern IS
• Data-Centric and Process-Centric development approaches
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Table 1-1. Comparison of the Data-Centric and Process-Centric Development Approaches
Data-Centric Approach Process-Centric Approach What data does the system need?
What is the system supposed to do?
Tends to have an enduring design stability due to low volatility in organizational data needs.
Design stability is necessarily limited due to constant changes in business processes.
The file structure is enterprise dependent.
The file structure is application dependent.
Data redundancy is generally limited and controlled.
Data redundancy is generally massive and uncontrolled.
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Systems Analysis as a ProfessionSystems Analysis as a ProfessionSystems Analysis as a ProfessionSystems Analysis as a Profession
• Career and Job Opportunities
• Typical career paths for Systems Analyst
• Professional Societies and Standards of Practice (ACM)
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Analyst Role Relationship to Organization
Programmer/Analyst Employee of the organization
Systems Analyst Employee of the organization
Independent Analyst Contractor to the organization
Outsource Provider Employee of outsourcing contractor
Systems Consultant Contractor to the organization
Software developer Manufacturer or supplier of software
Table 1-2. Typical Analyst-Organization Relationships
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Typical Systems Analyst Duties Typical Systems Analyst Duties and Responsibilitiesand ResponsibilitiesTypical Systems Analyst Duties Typical Systems Analyst Duties and Responsibilitiesand Responsibilities
• Entry-Level Systems Analyst– Working under the supervision of a more
senior staff member, junior systems analysts may be responsible for any of the following:
• investigate requirements, information flow, processes, etc.,
• produce documentation specifying logical information flows and processes,
• perform technical calculations for input to project budgets and monitor budget,
• convert limited parts of a logical specification into a physical design, and/or
• construct, interpret and execute test plans of a limited scope.
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Typical Systems Analyst Duties Typical Systems Analyst Duties and Responsibilitiesand ResponsibilitiesTypical Systems Analyst Duties Typical Systems Analyst Duties and Responsibilitiesand Responsibilities
• Full Working Systems Analyst – At this level, you will be performing the systems
analyst job without supervision. – You may be responsible for the supervision of
other staff on a project. In addition you may be responsible for small projects or portions of larger projects, and you may have to:
• specify logical information flow, processes, data objects and dialogues,
• produce technical and descriptive documentation, • devise, construct and interpret test plans and ensure
proper execution, and/or• prepare estimates, monitor budgets and report
constraints.
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Typical Systems Analyst Duties Typical Systems Analyst Duties and Responsibilitiesand ResponsibilitiesTypical Systems Analyst Duties Typical Systems Analyst Duties and Responsibilitiesand Responsibilities
• Intermediate System Analyst – As the intermediate systems analyst, you
will be expected to supervise staff. You may also be required to:
• supervise performance of team players in reaching objectives,
• plan and schedule small work teams, prepare projects less than 3 person-months in size,
• develop service level agreements and business plans with clients, and/or
• devise outlines or models of systems solutions.
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Typical Systems Analyst Duties Typical Systems Analyst Duties and Responsibilitiesand ResponsibilitiesTypical Systems Analyst Duties Typical Systems Analyst Duties and Responsibilitiesand Responsibilities
• Senior Systems Analyst – As the senior systems analyst you will most likely
be involved in planning, conducting and supervising complex informatics assignments. You will also be involved in designing and applying new methods and procedures and supervising staff. Your job could also require you to:
• plan and manage multiple projects, • lead systems implementation throughout systems life
cycle, and/or• manage and maintain operations of mission-critical
systems.
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The Roles and Responsibility in The Roles and Responsibility in Systems DevelopmentSystems DevelopmentThe Roles and Responsibility in The Roles and Responsibility in Systems DevelopmentSystems Development
• Client and System Users– ultimately benefit from the development
effort– directly involved in either the use of system
itself or the information and reports generated by it
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The Roles and Responsibility in The Roles and Responsibility in Systems DevelopmentSystems DevelopmentThe Roles and Responsibility in The Roles and Responsibility in Systems DevelopmentSystems Development
• IS management– directly involved in the daily activities of the
IS project– responsible for the allocation of resources
to the project– responsible for the establishment of criteria
necessary to determine the success of the development effort
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The Roles and Responsibility in The Roles and Responsibility in Systems DevelopmentSystems DevelopmentThe Roles and Responsibility in The Roles and Responsibility in Systems DevelopmentSystems Development
• Systems Analysts– key individuals in the system development
process– can act as consultant, a staff expert, a
project manager, or even a change agent
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The Roles and Responsibility in The Roles and Responsibility in Systems DevelopmentSystems DevelopmentThe Roles and Responsibility in The Roles and Responsibility in Systems DevelopmentSystems Development
• Application programmers– the labor-intensive nature of manual
programming became untenable and often cost-ineffective
– with CASE tools, the modern programmers can spend more time on finalization, optimization, and integration of the code into the IS under development
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The Roles and Responsibility in The Roles and Responsibility in Systems DevelopmentSystems DevelopmentThe Roles and Responsibility in The Roles and Responsibility in Systems DevelopmentSystems Development
• IS Support Personnel– Vendors and Technologists– Database Administrators– Network Administrators– Audit and Security– IT Steering Committee
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Skill Set for Systems AnalysisSkill Set for Systems AnalysisSkill Set for Systems AnalysisSkill Set for Systems Analysis
• Technical Skills– A working knowledge of the technology in
the areas of database management, data networks, telecommunications, operating systems, distributed architectures, object technology, languages and protocols, etc.
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Skill Set for Systems AnalysisSkill Set for Systems AnalysisSkill Set for Systems AnalysisSkill Set for Systems Analysis
• Analytical Skills– A systems analyst is a problem solver.– The ability to examine a complex set of
components without losing sight of the bigger picture is essential to an analyst’s success.
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Skill Set for Systems AnalysisSkill Set for Systems AnalysisSkill Set for Systems AnalysisSkill Set for Systems Analysis
• Managerial skills– A successful analyst is a team player.– Includes business domain knowledge,
resource and project management, assessment and management of risk, and management of change.
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Skill Set for Systems AnalysisSkill Set for Systems AnalysisSkill Set for Systems AnalysisSkill Set for Systems Analysis
• Interpersonal Skills– A successful analyst is a good
communicator.– Includes the ability to question, listen, and
observe.– Effectively conduct oral and written
presentations; facilitate groups; and be a team player.
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Types of Information SystemsTypes of Information SystemsTypes of Information SystemsTypes of Information Systems
• Transaction Processing Systems (TPS)– automate the capture and recording of
information about business activities (transaction)
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Figure 1-3. Transaction Processing Systems Can Support a Management Information Systems
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Types of Information SystemsTypes of Information SystemsTypes of Information SystemsTypes of Information Systems
• Management Information Systems (MIS)– Accepts input from a TPS and transforms it
into meaningful format.– Is considered an important management
resource, and the opportunities for analysis and design in this area are endless.
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Types of Information SystemsTypes of Information SystemsTypes of Information SystemsTypes of Information Systems
• Decision Support Systems– Provides support to the decision process.– Is a powerful tools and is rapidly becoming
an integral component within the realm of organizational information systems.
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Types of Information SystemsTypes of Information SystemsTypes of Information SystemsTypes of Information Systems
• Expert Systems– Imitates reasoning processes based on the
concept of information fit used by human experts in solving specific knowledge domain problems
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Types of Information SystemsTypes of Information SystemsTypes of Information SystemsTypes of Information Systems
• Executive Information Systems– Facilitates and supports the information
and decision-making needs of senior executives by providing easy access to internal and external information.
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Types of Information SystemsTypes of Information SystemsTypes of Information SystemsTypes of Information Systems
• Office Automation and Workgroup Management Systems– Facilitates the analysis and dissemination
of information throughout the organization.
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Types of Information SystemsTypes of Information SystemsTypes of Information SystemsTypes of Information Systems
• Web-based Systems– Supports business-to-business and
business-to-consumer electronic commerce, data management, customer relations, supply chain management, and enterprise resource management.
– Systems analysts will be increasingly expected to provide Web-based solutions to the business problems of tomorrow.
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Figure 1-4. Relationships between various System Types and Organizational Level
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SDLCSDLCSDLCSDLC
• Composed of a common set of phases and activities serve to structure and guide the development process
• Also called Waterfall Model
• Figure 1-5
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Figure 1-5. The Systems Development Life Cycle
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Overview of Phases and ActivitiesOverview of Phases and ActivitiesOverview of Phases and ActivitiesOverview of Phases and Activities
• Preliminary investigation phase– Identification and selection of a
development project– Initiation of a preliminary investigation to
determine project feasibility– Formation of a project team– Development of the project plan
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Overview of Phases and ActivitiesOverview of Phases and ActivitiesOverview of Phases and ActivitiesOverview of Phases and Activities
• Analysis Phase– Study of the organization’s processes,
procedures, and systems
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Overview of Phases and ActivitiesOverview of Phases and ActivitiesOverview of Phases and ActivitiesOverview of Phases and Activities
• Logical Design Phase– Revise and refine the logical model– Implementation independent
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Overview of Phases and ActivitiesOverview of Phases and ActivitiesOverview of Phases and ActivitiesOverview of Phases and Activities
• Physical Design Phase– Convert logical model into physical
specification
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Overview of Phases and ActivitiesOverview of Phases and ActivitiesOverview of Phases and ActivitiesOverview of Phases and Activities
• Implementation Phase– Installation of the physical model– End user training
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Overview of Phases and ActivitiesOverview of Phases and ActivitiesOverview of Phases and ActivitiesOverview of Phases and Activities
• Maintenance Phase– Detailed modifications to the new system
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Drawbacks to the SDLCDrawbacks to the SDLCDrawbacks to the SDLCDrawbacks to the SDLC
• Sequential process
• Time consuming
• Maintenance cost
• Figure 1-6
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Figure 1-6. Relative Cost of Fixing an Error in a Development Project
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Alternative Development ApproachesAlternative Development ApproachesAlternative Development ApproachesAlternative Development Approaches
• Object-oriented Analysis and Design (OOAD)– Combination of process- and data-oriented
approaches– Object– Reusability
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Alternative Development ApproachesAlternative Development ApproachesAlternative Development ApproachesAlternative Development Approaches
• Rapid Application development (RAD)– Rely on the use of CASE tools and
prototyping approach
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Chapter SummaryChapter SummaryChapter SummaryChapter Summary
• Systems analyst represents an expert blend of technical, analytical, managerial, and interpersonal skills
• Modern information systems development involves several structured approaches
McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2006 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Chapter 1
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