1

“We are not amused!”

• Victoria embodied the values of duty, thrift, honesty, hard work, and respectability. She embraced a strict code of morals and manners.

• Under Victoria, the British middle class — and growing numbers of the working class — felt great confidence in the future. That confidence grew as Britain expanded its already huge empire.

From 1837 to 1901, the greatest symbol in British life was Queen Victoria. Although she exercised little real political power, she set the tone for what is now called the Victorian age.

The Victorian Age

Queen Victoria• Came to the throne in 1837 at the

age of 18• Reigned for 64 years, the longest

monarchy in British history• First Empress of India at the

British Raj, or period of British colonial rule in India

• Granddaughter of George III of the Hanoverian Dynasty

• Preceded by William IV, and succeeded by Edward VII

For the next seventeen years Albert was formally titled "HRH Prince Albert" until, on 25 June 1857, Victoria formally granted him the title Prince Consort.

Hemophilia—the blood clotting disease—can be traced to Victoria’s line. It is a recessive gene that especially affects the male line. Since Vicky is related to almost all of the crowned heads of Europe…Just ask Rasputin in Russia.

Queen Victoria and Prince Albert - photograph taken in 1854.

Marriage of Victoria and Albert

By 1836, the idea of marriage between Albert and his cousin, Victoria, had arisen in the mind of their ambitious uncle, Leopold, who had been King of the Belgians since 1831.

Albert and Victoria felt mutual affection and the Queen proposed to him on 15 October 1839. For the next seventeen years Albert was formally titled "HRH Prince Albert" until, on 25 June 1857, Victoria formally granted him the title Prince Consort.

• Queen Victoria's nearly 64-year reign (1837-1901) was the longest in British history. She presided over a period of British industrial progress, artistic successes and political empire-building which became known as the Victorian Era. Victoria was only 18 when she became queen upon the death of her uncle, King William IV. In 1840 she married her first cousin Albert, the German son of the Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha. Victoria was shattered by his untimely death at age 42, and she went into a prolonged period of mourning. (She never stopped mourning entirely, wearing black the rest of her life.) Late in the 1860s she re-emerged into public life, and as years passed she became increasingly venerated among her subjects. Victoria celebrated her diamond jubilee -- 60 years on the throne -- in 1897. After her death in 1901 she was succeeded by her son Prince Albert, who became King Edward VII.

A Royal Love

The first of the royal couple's nine children, named Victoria, was born on 21 November 1840. Prince Albert, Queen Victoria and their nine children. Left to right : Alice, Arthur, The Prince Consort, The Prince of Wales, Leopold ( in front of him), Louise, Queen Victoria with Beatrice, Alfred, Victoria and Helena

• The Prince Consort died of typhoid fever on 14 December, 1861, due to the primitive sanitary conditions at Windsor Castle.

• His death devastated Victoria, who was still affected by the death of her mother in March of that year. She entered a state of mourning and wore black for the remainder of her life. She avoided public appearances, and rarely set foot in London in the following years.

• Her seclusion earned her the name "Widow of Windsor."Dash was Victoria’s pet a tricolor

Cavalier King Charles Spaniel. She was the most painted dog of the era. Remy is mine.

A New Era in British PoliticsIn the 1860s, the old political parties regrouped under new leadership: • The Tories became the Conservative party,

led by Benjamin Disraeli.

• The Whigs evolved into the Liberal party, led by William Gladstone.

In the late 1800s, these two parties pushed little by little for suffrage to be extended. By century’s end, almost-universal male suffrage had been achieved.

In 1911, a Liberal government passed measures to limit the power of the House of Lords. In time, the House of Lords would become a largely ceremonial body, while the elected House of Commons would reign supreme.

1

Disraeli cultivated a public image of himself as an Imperialist with grand gestures such as conferring on Queen Victoria the title ‘Empress of India’. “India was: “The Jewel in the Crown”

Prime Ministers William Gladstone and Benjamin Disraeli served under Queen Victoria.

IntroductionThe British government moved toward greater democracy through evolution rather than revolution.

•In the 1800s, Britain had a limited constitutional monarchy•The Cabinet led by the Prime Minister held most of the executive power•Parliament held legislative power•The House of Commons represented the people, but middle and working class citizens had no voting rights until the 1800s

House of Commons

Reform Movements

• Industrial and farm workers remained disenfranchised (deprived of the right to vote)

• the Chartists (reform group of the working class) wrote A People’s Charter, which demanded voting rights for all adult men, a secret ballot, salaries for members of Parliament, and equal electoral districts

• Aristocracy supported the Conservative party

• Industrial and commercial classes supported the Liberal party

Women Demand Greater Rights

• 1850s- women’s rights activists fought to win property rights for married women, which led to the passage of the Married Women’s Property Acts of 1870 and 1882

• 1903- Emmeline Pankhurst founded the Women’s Social and Political Union (WSPU), which led suffragists in voting rights campaigns and succeed in winning voting rights for women over 21

Emmeline Pankhurst being arrested,

again!

John Bull is the English

equivalent of our Uncle Sam. He is a national

personification of Great Britain in general and England in particular, especially in political cartoons and similar

graphic works.

Votes for Women

• Suffragists led by Emmeline Pankhurst used aggressive tactics and sometimes resorted to violent protest. But passive resistance and hunger strikes were more effective.

• Many middle-class women disapproved of such radical actions. Yet they, too, spoke up in increasing numbers.

• Some women, including Queen Victoria, opposed suffrage altogether.

• Despite these protests, Parliament refused to grant women’s suffrage. Not until 1918 did Parliament finally grant suffrage to women over age 30. Younger women did not win the right to vote for another decade.

In Britain, as elsewhere, women struggled for the right to vote against strong opposition.

2

Democratic Reforms in Britain 1800s–Early 1900s

Social and Economic Reforms in Britain 1800s–Early 1900s

Canada, Australia, & New Zealand

The Dominions

• In 1867 the British Parliament passed the British North American Act and established Canada as a dominion. The voters elected their first parliament and prime minister, John A. Macdonald.

• At first the Dominion of Canada consisted of four provinces in the southeast, extending from the Great Lakes to the Atlantic Ocean. Then, in 1869 the dominion acquired the Northwest Territory.

• Most of the Northwest Territory was populated by Native Americans and European and American fur traders.

• Mid 1800’s Canada was one part French, another immigrant British and a third part descendants of the Loyalists.

Canada

Constitutional Act of 1791• Divided Quebec into two colonies: Lower Canada

and Upper Canada.• Lower Canada-- French speaking•• Upper Canada--English speaking

• Each colony had an assembly whose laws were subject to veto by the British government.

• By the late 1830’s, the French began to feel threatened by the English-speaking people.

The First Prime Minister and second longest serving of Canada.

John was born in Glasgow, Scotland and his family emigrated to Canada in 1820. He became a lawyer in Kingston, Ontario in 1836.

John A. Macdonald

Lord Durham was sent to Canada in 1838 to investigate the uprisings between upper and lower Canada. He wrote the “Report on Affairs of British North America” in 1839 in which he recommended a self-government and legislative union in Canada.

Canada, 1867–19143

How Did Canada Achieve Self-Rule?

1. Canada’s first European rulers were French.

2. When France lost Canada to Britain in 1763, thousands of French-speaking settlers remained.

3. In 1791 Britain passed the Canada Act, which created two provinces: English-speaking Upper Canada and French-speaking Lower Canada.

4. During the 1800s, unrest grew in both colonies.5. In 1839, the Durham Report called for the two Canadas to be reunited

and given control over their own affairs.

6. In 1840, Parliament passed the Act of Union, a major step toward self-government.

7. As Canada expanded westward, John Macdonald and George Étienne Cartier urged confederation, or unification, of all Canada’s provinces.

8. Britain passed the British North America Act of 1867, creating the Dominion of Canada. It united four provinces into a dominion, or self-governing nation. Six additional provinces later joined the union.

3

Industrialization and Nationalism, 1800–1870

• The Industrial Revolution and a wave of liberal nationalist revolutions transformed Europe during the nineteenth century. A weakened old order gave way, and a number of unified European states emerged.

• Canada gained its independence, and the northern and southern United States reunited after a bloody civil war.

Geography of Australia and New Zealand3

Australia • Australia was initially established as

a penal colony (Botany Bay), but after a gold rush increased the population, transporting prisoners there was stopped.

• Many Europeans treated the Aborigines badly and killed many of them.

• By the late 1800’s Australia was made up of six British colonies.» New South Wales» Victoria» Queensland» Tasmania» Western Australia» South Australia

• By 1901, Parliament made Australia a dominion that included the colonies and a region known as the Northern Territory.

#1 Prime Minister Edmund Barton 1 January 1901

Europeans in Australia• In 1770, Captain James Cook claimed Australia for Britain. • At that time, it was too distant to attract European settlers.

• Australia had long been inhabited by indigenous people, later called Aborigines.

• When white settlers arrived, the Aborigines suffered disastrously.

• In 1788, Britain made Australia into a penal colony. The overflow of Britain’s full prisons were transported to Australia—Botany Bay Penal Colony.

• In the early 1800s, Britain encouraged free citizens to emigrate to Australia. As the newcomers took over more and more land, they thrust aside or killed the Aborigines.

• In 1851, a gold rush in eastern Australia brought a population boom.

• By the late 1800s, Australia had won a place in a growing world economy. Sheep and cattle, mainly.

Odd side effect—rabbits!!!

3

New Zealand The first Europeans to settle in the New Zealand were from Captain James Cook’s expedition in 1770.

Firearms brought to New Zealand by foreigners brought many problems to the Maori.

Kiwi

New Zealand

In 1769, Captain Cook claimed New Zealand for Britain.

Missionaries arrived to convert the local

people, the Maoris, to Christianity.

In 1840, Britain annexed New Zealand.

Colonists took over Maori land and engaged in fierce wars with the Maoris.

By the 1870s, Maori resistance crumbled. Many Maoris died in the struggle.

White New Zealanders won independence.

New Zealand pioneered in several areas of democratic reform.In 1893, it became the first nation to give suffrage to women. Later, it was in the forefront of other social reforms.

3

Treaty of Waitangi in 1840• Concluded by

the British Naval officers and Maori Chiefs, the treaty

• protected the Maori rights, including property rights and gave the British sovereignty over New Zealand.

Loyalists

•Americans loyal to Great Britain during the American Revolution who fled to Canada

Dominion

•Self-governing territory owing allegiance to the British king or queen

John A.

Macdonald

•First Canadian prime minister

•A Scottish-born lawyer

Aborigines

•The original people of Australia

Maori

•The original inhabitants of New Zealand

Lord Durham

•Ordered by British Parliament to investigate Canada after the uprisings

They call their ranches stations for some odd reason

This photograph was taken in Adelaide, Australia on 11/27/1961.It's common to see wild rabbits in the Outback gathering around a waterhole!

Jackrabbits had no

naturals predators

in Australia, which led to a

population explosion.

IrelandEnglish & Scottish Protestants settled in Ireland and rented the land at high prices to poor Irish Catholic peasants, who could not purchase land1801- Act of Union joined Ireland and Great Britain; Irish could be represented in government, but Catholics could not vote until 1829

Catholics in Ireland sought greater participation in

British government, and to ultimately govern

themselves.

The Irish Question

The Irish never accepted English rule:• They resented English settlers, especially

absentee landlords.• Many Irish peasants lived in poverty while

paying high rents to landlords living in England.• The Irish, most of whom were Catholic, were

forced to pay tithes to the Church of England. Irish nationalists campaigned for freedom and justice. In 1845, a disease destroyed the potato crop, causing a terrible famine called the “Great Hunger.” At least one million Irish died while the British continued to ship healthy crops outside Ireland. The Great Hunger left a legacy of Irish bitterness that still exists today.

The Irish struggled for years to achieve home rule, or local self-government. However, Parliament did not pass a Home Rule Bill until 1914. It then delayed putting the new law into effect until after World War I.

2

Potato Famine in Ireland• 1840s- “Great Hunger” potato

famine struck Ireland, but Britain sent inadequate aid to the Irish, and many emigrated to the US, Canada, and Australia

• Charles Stewart Parnell (Irish-born to a Protestant family) led nationalists in hope of home rule (self-government)

• Gladstone tried to pass legislation for Irish home rule, but it split the Liberal party and was defeated

• 1914- Parliament passed home rule bill, but it never went into effect

Irish citizens on their way to the United States.

New Science

Charles Darwin

• While traveling, Charles Darwin became curious about the great variety of plants and animals and wondered why some had become extinct

• Charles Darwin wrote the book On the Origins of Species and stated that most animal groups are constantly struggling for survival. These animals that survive are better adapted for their habitat

• In his controversial book, The Descent of Man, Darwin traced human evolution from animal species

• Darwin’s books angered religious leaders because they contradicted the creation story and other Biblical accounts

The publication in 1859 of Charles Darwin’s masterpiece The Origin of Species changed forever the way we think about life on Earth, but also the human condition. One hundred and fifty years later—and 200 years after his birth—Darwin's big idea has never been more relevant or more challenging.

The Rough Guide to Evolution provides a readable introduction to evolution and its influence on almost all aspects of human thought.

Development of Genetics

• Gregor Mendel wondered how plants and animals pass characteristics between generations.

• In the 1860s, he experimented with pea plants and concluded that characteristics are passed from one generation to another by tiny particles (genes)

• his work became the basis of genetics, the study of heredity

Clara Barton is the US equivalent.

Medical Advances – Fighting Diseases

• Smallpox was one of the most dreaded diseases at the time

• In 1796 Edward Jenner noticed that workers who had caught cowpox (a mild disease) never caught smallpox

• Once proven right, he began injecting people with cowpox so they would contract smallpox; this was the first vaccination.

Louis Pasteur

• 50 years later, Louis Pasteur learned why this vaccination worked

• In the 1850s he discovered bacteria and proved that they cause infectious diseases

• He also concluded that they don’t appear spontaneously but reproduce like any living being and could therefore be killed, preventing many diseases

Marie and Pierre Curie• These beginning steps led

scientists to frame modern physics

• In 1898 Marie Sklodowska Curie and Pierre Curie discovered the highly radioactive element radium

• They also proved that this new element emits energy.

Social Sciences

• Meanwhile other scientists used the scientific method to study human behavior

• Sociology – study of human behavior in groups

• Psychology – study of human behavior in individuals

Ivan Pavlov and

Sigmund Freud• Ivan Pavlov experimented with animals to see what effects

outside stimuli had on their behavior• His finding suggested that human actions were unconscious

reactions and could be changed by training• Sigmund Freud’s theories (that an unconscious part of the

mind governs human behavior) led to psychoanalysis, a method of treatment to discover people’s motives