chapter12.formal & informal organization
TRANSCRIPT
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Is the social process in which peopleinteract face-to-face in small groupsword dynamics comesfrom the Greek
word meaning force; hence groups
dynamics refers to the study of forces
operating within a group
De
fine:GROUPD
YAMICS
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Two or more individuals interacting and
interdependent, who have cometogether to achieve particular objectives
De
fine:GROUP
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TYPES OF GROUP
FORMAL INFORMAL
Public identity
Goal to Achieve
CommonInterest
Proximity
Classifica
tionof
GROUPS
FRIENDSHIP
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It is a group that is established by theorganization and have a public identity
and goal to achieve
Formal Group
De
fine:FO
RMAL
GROUP
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FORMAL
Commandor TaskForce
Team
Classifica
tionof
FORMA
L
GR
OUP
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Command or Task Force
- Relatively temporary life
- Created to accomplish a short-termtask and then be disbanded
- Meeting
FORMAL
GROUP
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GROUP
Team
- People who regularly perform tasks
together, as a part of their jobassignments
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GROUP
Committees
Is a specific type of group meeting in
which members in their group role havedelegated the authority to handle the
problem at hand.
The worker may even have greater influence on thecommittee's outcome as a result of differences in
expertise, interest, or experience
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GROUP
Systems view of Effective Committees
InputsSize
composition
Agenda
ProcessesLeadership Roles
Group Structures
OutcomesLeadership Roles
Group Structures
Feedback
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GROUP
Leadership Task Role
- A type of a leadership role in groups
- Its responsibility to help the groupaccomplish its objectives and stay ontarget
Leadership Social Role
- Another type of a leadership role ingroups- Its responsibility to restore and maintaingroup relationships
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GROUP
Leadership Task Roles
Define aproblem or goalRequest facts,ideas, oropinions
Provides facts,ideas, oropinions
Clarify confusedsituation; giveexamples;providesstructures
Summarizediscussion
Determinewhether theagreement hasbeen reachedCheck forconsensusTest forethicality
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GROUP
Leadership Social Roles
Support contributions of others; encourage byrecognitionSense the mood and help members become awareof it
Reduce the tension; admit an errorFacilitate participation
Evaluate group's effectivenessDeal with team stress
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FORMA
LGRO
UP
Informal Group
A groups which emerges on the basis of
common interests, proximity andfriendships.
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FORMA
LGRO
UP
Informal Group
Powerful influence on productivity
and job satisfaction
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FORMA
LGRO
UP
Network of Personal and SocialRelations- Not established or required by the
formal organization- Arising spontaneously as peopleassociated with one another
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FORMA
LGRO
UP Emphasis:
People and their relationships
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FORMA
LGRO
UP
Informal Leader (s)
This person emerges from within thegroup, often acquiring considerable
informal power
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FORMA
LGRO
UP
The Informal Leader
Help socialize new members into the organization
Called upon by the group to perform the morecomplex tasks
to model and explain the key norms
- Play a dominant role in applying various forms and degrees ofpunishment to the individual to induce the desired behavior
Help build and sustain the group's cohesiveness
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FORMA
LGRO
UP
The Informal Leader
Enjoy certain
informal rewardsand privileges
Permitted by co-workers to choose avacation time, first
Spared from amessy clean-up
chore
High esteem
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FORMA
LGRO
UP
Informal Leadership
Form of Job Enrichment
- Variety in their workday- Feeling of greater significance
Increasing Personal Contacts
Source of Recognition
- Being acknowledge for their skills and experiences- Avoiding the responsibilities of formal supervision
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Agendas
SurfaceAgendas
Hidden
Agendas
A level of a meeting in whichofficial task of the group
The other level of a meeting inwhich involves members, private
emotions and motives.
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ORMIN
G
Brainstorming
Is a popular method for encouragingcreative thinking in groups of about eight
people.
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RAINST
ORMIN
G
BrainstormingGenerate
as manyideas aspossible
Becreative,
freewilling
and
imaginative
Withholdcriticismof others'
ideas
Buildupon,
extend,
or,combine
earlierideas
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RAINST
ORMIN
G
Underlying Principles of Brainstorming
Electronic Brainstorming
Is in which the group members that sit at their personal computer terminals-sometimes in scattered locations- and receive a question, an issue, or a
request of establishing priorities.
Members sit atpersonal computer
terminals andreceive a question,
an issue, or arequest forestablishing
priorities
Type their own ideas
Ideas appear ontheir screens,available for
response, editing,and input of
judgment and votes
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RAINST
ORMIN
G
Underlying Principles of Brainstorming
Quantity Breed Quality
More ideas, eventually higher- quality ideas will be developed
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RAINST
ORMIN
G
Underlying Principles of Brainstorming
Deferred Judgment
Is which all ideas, even unusual and impractical ones, are
encouraged without criticism or evaluation.
All ideas, evenunusual and
impractical ones,are encouragedwithout criticism
Ideas are recorded;evaluated for usefulness
Propose bold,unique ideas without
worrying, aboutwhat others think of
them
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OMINALGROU
P
Nominal Group
Members have minimal interaction priorto producing a decision
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OMINALGROU
P
Nominal Group Technique
Individuals are broughttogether and presented
with a problem
Develop solutionsindependently
Ideas are shared withothers in a structured
format
Brief time is allotted forquestions (clarifications
purposes)
Members designatedtheir preferences for thebest alternative (secret
ballot)
Group decision isannounced
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ECISIO
NGROUPS
Delphi Decision Groups
A panel of relevant people is chosen toaddress an issue
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Delphi Decision Groups
DELPHID
ECISIO
NGROUPS
Series of questionnaires are distributed (no need to meet face-to-face)
Responses are typically in writing
Asked to identify future problems, project market trends, or predict afuture state of affairs
Replies are gathered, summarized, and fed back for review
Asked to make another decision on the basis of new information
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ELPHID
ECISIO
NGROUPS
Success of the Delphi Decision Process
- Adequate time
- Participant expertise
- Communication Skills
- Motivation of members
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Major Merits of the Delphi Decision
Process
DELPHID
ECISIO
NGROUPS
- Elimination ofinterpersonal problems
- Efficient use of expert's
time
- Adequate time forreflection and analysis
- Diversity and quantity ofideas
- Accuracy of predictionsand forecast
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ELPHID
ECISIO
NGROUPS
Problem
Delphi Decision methods
Proposal A Proposal B
Assumptions Underlying A Assumptions Underlying B
A Pros and Cons B Pros and Cons
Choice
New AlternativeCompromise A & BA B
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ROUPD
ECISIO
NS
Group Decision System
Uses computers, decision models, andtechnological advances to removecommunication barriers, structure the
decision process and generally direct the
groups discussion
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ROUPD
ECISIO
NS
Potential Outcomes of Formal Group ProcessesSupport for Decisions
People who participate indecision making feel more
strongly motivated to accept it
and carry it out
Meetings, one of the bestmeans available of committingpeople to carry out a course of
actions
Group Decisions- Carry more weight with those who are notgroup members
Associates,subordinates,and superiors
Free fromindividualprejudice
Combination ofviewpoints
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ROUPD
ECISIO
NS
Potential Outcomes of Formal Group ProcessesQuality of Decisions
Effective Problem- Solving Tools
Havegreater
informationavailable
Variety ofexperience
Capacity toexamine
suggestion
s and rejectthe
incorrectones
Producemore and
betterquality ofsolutions
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CIALF
ACILITATION
Social facilitation
Group members often try harder tocontribute on a task just because other
people are around.
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SO
CIALF
ACILITATION
Potential Outcomes of Formal Group ProcessesIndividual Development
Benefit must throughwidespread and fairly
even participation
Some are more passive than others and may withhold their ideas
Participationincreases, developingnew interactive skills
Social Facilitation- thepresences of others
which stimulatesthem to performbetter
Having other people around,increases general level of arousal
and awareness
Makes some peopleapprehensive about the
likelihood of being appraised
Presences of others' raisesawareness of discrepancy
between the actual and ideal self,stimulate to close the gap
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CONSENSUS
Consensus
Is a necessary prerequisite for effectivegroup decisions.
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CONSENSUS
Specific Ideas to Reach Consensus
Straw poll to
identify
where people
stand
Suggest a
supermajority
vote
Withdraw
controversial
proposals
Create a
subgroup
Pinpoint
patterns of
problems
Go around or
fishbowl
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FA
CILITATION
Facilitation
Is the process of helping a group attainresounding success, maximize its
efficient use of time, and feel satisfiedwith its efforts
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FA
CILITATION
FACILITATION
SKILLS
Resounding Success
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FA
CILITATION
Effective Facilitators
Separate ideagetting to idea
evaluations
Generatemultiple
solutions to
evaluate
Avoid personalattacks
Attain balancedcontributionsPiggyback onothers' ideas
Identify criteria
for judgingpotentialsolutions
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FA
CILITATION
Effective Facilitators
Ask penetrating questionsFocus the groups efforts
Monitor the use of time
Record key conclusions
Listen with their eyes and ears
Close the session in a positivenote
S
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W
EAKNE
SSOFCOMMIT
TEES
Slowness andexpensiveness
Committees keep minutes andwaste hours
Meeting of all types are sometimesa slow and costly way to get things
done
Groupthink
The tendency of a tightly knitgroup to bring individual thinking in
line with the groups thinking
Polarization
An alternative behavior thatsometimes appears
Escalating Commitment
The tendency to invest additionalresource in an apparently losingproposition, influence by effort,
money and time already invested.
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DEVILSA
DVOCATE
Devils advocate
The person expected to question theideas of others, probe of supporting
facts, and challenge their logic.
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Summary
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Group dynamics is the process by which people interactface-to-face in small groups. Such groups may be informal
or formal, and formal groups may be temporary orpermanent.
The complex system of social relationships in an
organization consists of many small, informal groups.These groups, which arise naturally from the interaction ofpeople, are referred to collectively as the informalorganization. Informal organizations have major benefits,but they also lead to problems that management cannoteasily ignore. Informal organizations are characterized by astatus system that produces informal leaders. Informalgroup norms are powerful influences on member behavior.
Formal groups, which are established by the organization,include committees, task forces, and other decision-making
groups. Formal groups meetings are a widely used form ofgroup activity; they can create quality decisions that aresupported by the participants.Four structured approaches commonly used in group
problem solving are brainstorming, nominal groups, theDelphi technique, and dialectic inquiry. Promisingdevelopments are occurring in the areas of group decisionsupport systems. Weakness of groups fall into fivecategories: slowness and expensiveness, groupthink,polarization, escalating commitment, and dividedresponsibility.
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