Carbohydrates

• Commonly known as sugars & starches

• Function: Provides energy to the cell, some structural purposes

• Monomers: Monosaccharides or simple sugars

• Dimers: Disaccharides

• Polymers: Polysaccharides

• Examples: Glucose, Lactose, Starch

• Starch: Formed by plants

• Glycogen: Formed by animal tissues

Lipids

• Triglycerides (fats)– Function: Energy source/ storage, insulation

• Phospholipids (main component of cell membranes)– Function: Structural integrity

• Steroids (cholesterol, hormones, bile salts)– Function: Chemical messaging

• Composition: glycerol + 3 fatty acid chains

• Saturated Fats (“Bad” Fat)

• Unsaturated Fats (“Good” Fat)

• Composition: Phosphorus-containing group + glycerol backbone + 2 fatty acid chains

Phospholipids

• Structure: Water soluble “head” and water insoluble “tail”

• Function: Major component of cell membranes

• Structure: 4 interconnected carbon rings• Function: Chemical messaging/ Hormones• Examples: cholesterol, estrogen, testosterone,

bile salts, vitamin D

Proteins

• Functions: Structure, Transport, Movement, Defense, Catalysts

• Monomers: amino acids (w/ different R groups)• Polymers: peptides, polypeptides• Examples: Hair, Hemoglobin, Actin & Myosin,

Antibodies, Enzymes

Cysteine Phenylalanine

Amino Acids

Peptides & Proteins

• Dipeptide, Tripeptide: 2-3 amino acids• Polypeptide: 10 or more amino acids• Protein: 50 or more amino acids

Protein Structure

Primary structure: “chained” polypeptides

Secondary structure: β-pleated sheet or α-helix coil

Protein Structure

Tertiary structure: “3D”, unique folding pattern

Quaternary structure: 2 or more “3D” structures combined

Protein Denaturation

Loss of 3D conformation = Loss of function

Some causes:• Extreme pH• Extreme temperatures• Radiation• Harsh chemicals

Example: Frying an egg, High fevers

Enzymes

• Enzymes are globular, protein catalysts that increase the rate of a chemical (metabolic) reaction without being consumed by the reaction

• Enzymes regulate and coordinate metabolic reactions within the cell.

• Basic reactions: building and breaking down carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids.

• Typically end in –ase (hydrolase, oxydase, peptidase)

Enzymes

• Some enzymes are holoenzymes (composed of two parts), an apoenzyme (protein itself) + a cofactor

• Some enzymes remain inactive until activated by a cofactor or a coenzyme

• Cofactors: Metal ions (iron, zinc)• Coenzymes: Vitamins

Enzyme Activity

Enzyme Action

E+S E-S P+ E

Denatured Enzymes

All enzymes are proteins.

Not all proteins are enzymes.

Nucleic Acids

• Commonly known as DNA and RNA• Monomers: Nucleotides (sugar + base + phosphate)• Bases: Adenine, Thymine, Guanine, Cytosine,

Uracil

Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA)

• Sugar: Deoxyribose• Bases: A-T, G-C• Structure: Double

stranded helix• Function: Information

storage, directs protein synthesis…DNA contains all necessary information needed to sustain and reproduce life!

Ribonucleic Acid (RNA)

Sugar: Ribose

Bases: A-U, G-C

Structure: Single stranded

Function: Carries out code for the synthesis of proteins

A

G

U

C

U

A

Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)

• Function: Immediate energy source that drives cellular work

• Structure: Adenine, Ribose sugar, 3 phosphate groups

Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)

ATP ADP + P

H2O

H2O

Organic Compounds: Review

Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic Acids

Common Name

Sugars & Starches

Fats Protein DNA & RNA

Main Function

Energy source Energy storage

Structural materials

Genetic material

Building Blocks

Monosaccharides Depends Amino acids Nucleotides

Example Lactose, Starch Fats Phospholipids Steroids

Hair Hemoglobin

Antibodies

DNA & RNA