chapters 10 and 11: cell growth and division mitosis/meiosis/cancer
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Chapters 10 and 11: Cell Growth and Division Mitosis/Meiosis/Cancer](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022020219/56649f295503460f94c42252/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Chapters 10 and 11:Cell Growth and Division
Mitosis/Meiosis/Cancer
![Page 2: Chapters 10 and 11: Cell Growth and Division Mitosis/Meiosis/Cancer](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022020219/56649f295503460f94c42252/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Why is it necessary for cells to divide? DNA Overload-not enough information for
the cell as it grows larger in size To improve material exchange Volume of cell increases faster than surface
area
![Page 3: Chapters 10 and 11: Cell Growth and Division Mitosis/Meiosis/Cancer](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022020219/56649f295503460f94c42252/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
What is Cell Division ?
process where a cell divides into two new daughter cells Before cell division takes place, the cell must
copy or replicate its DNA. Each daughter cells gets a complete copy of the
original DNA Cell division has 2 parts
Mitosis: division of nucleus and DNA Cytokinesis: division of cytoplasm and organelles
![Page 4: Chapters 10 and 11: Cell Growth and Division Mitosis/Meiosis/Cancer](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022020219/56649f295503460f94c42252/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Chromosomes- condensed form of DNA
Sister chromatids- 1 chromosome and a copy of it “tied” together before the cell divides
Centromere- the chemical “knot” holding sister chromatids together
LABEL THE DIAGRAM IN YOUR NOTES.
![Page 5: Chapters 10 and 11: Cell Growth and Division Mitosis/Meiosis/Cancer](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022020219/56649f295503460f94c42252/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Figure 10–4 The Cell Cycle
![Page 6: Chapters 10 and 11: Cell Growth and Division Mitosis/Meiosis/Cancer](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022020219/56649f295503460f94c42252/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
M phase
G2 phase
S phase
G1 phase
Figure 10–4 The Cell Cycle
![Page 7: Chapters 10 and 11: Cell Growth and Division Mitosis/Meiosis/Cancer](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022020219/56649f295503460f94c42252/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Centrioles
Chromatin
Interphase
Nuclear envelope
Cytokinesis
Nuclear envelope reforming
Telophase
Anaphase
Individual chromosomes
Metaphase
Centriole
Spindle
CentrioleChromosomes
(paired chromatids)
Prophase
Centromere
Spindle forming
Figure 10–5 Mitosis and Cytokinesis
![Page 8: Chapters 10 and 11: Cell Growth and Division Mitosis/Meiosis/Cancer](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022020219/56649f295503460f94c42252/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Prophase-Phase #1 of Mitosis
Longest Phase-50% to 60% of total time to complete mitosis
Chromatin condenses into Chromosomes Centromeres connect sister chromatids Centrioles separate to opposite poles Spindle is organized Nucleolus disappears and nuclear envelope
breaks down.
![Page 9: Chapters 10 and 11: Cell Growth and Division Mitosis/Meiosis/Cancer](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022020219/56649f295503460f94c42252/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Centrioles
Chromatin
Interphase
Nuclear envelope
Cytokinesis
Nuclear envelope reforming
Telophase
Anaphase
Individual chromosomes
Metaphase
Centriole
Spindle
CentrioleChromosomes
(paired chromatids)
Prophase
Centromere
Spindle forming
Figure 10–5 Mitosis and Cytokinesis
![Page 10: Chapters 10 and 11: Cell Growth and Division Mitosis/Meiosis/Cancer](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022020219/56649f295503460f94c42252/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Metaphase-Phase #2 of Mitosis
Centromeres attach to spindle fibers Chromosomes line up across the equator of
the cell-metaphase plate
![Page 11: Chapters 10 and 11: Cell Growth and Division Mitosis/Meiosis/Cancer](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022020219/56649f295503460f94c42252/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Centrioles
Chromatin
Interphase
Nuclear envelope
Cytokinesis
Nuclear envelope reforming
Telophase
Anaphase
Individual chromosomes
Metaphase
Centriole
Spindle
CentrioleChromosomes
(paired chromatids)
Prophase
Centromere
Spindle forming
Figure 10–5 Mitosis and Cytokinesis
![Page 12: Chapters 10 and 11: Cell Growth and Division Mitosis/Meiosis/Cancer](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022020219/56649f295503460f94c42252/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Anaphase-Phase #3 of Mitosis
Sister chromatids separate becoming individual chromosomes and moving to opposite poles of cell
![Page 13: Chapters 10 and 11: Cell Growth and Division Mitosis/Meiosis/Cancer](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022020219/56649f295503460f94c42252/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Centrioles
Chromatin
Interphase
Nuclear envelope
Cytokinesis
Nuclear envelope reforming
Telophase
Anaphase
Individual chromosomes
Metaphase
Centriole
Spindle
CentrioleChromosomes
(paired chromatids)
Prophase
Centromere
Spindle forming
Figure 10–5 Mitosis and Cytokinesis
![Page 14: Chapters 10 and 11: Cell Growth and Division Mitosis/Meiosis/Cancer](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022020219/56649f295503460f94c42252/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Telophase-Phase #4 of Mitosis
Chromosomes disperse into chromatin Nuclear envelope re-forms around each
cluster of chromatin Spindle breaks apart Nucleolus visible in each new daughter
cell
![Page 15: Chapters 10 and 11: Cell Growth and Division Mitosis/Meiosis/Cancer](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022020219/56649f295503460f94c42252/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Centrioles
Chromatin
Interphase
Nuclear envelope
Cytokinesis
Nuclear envelope reforming
Telophase
Anaphase
Individual chromosomes
Metaphase
Centriole
Spindle
CentrioleChromosomes
(paired chromatids)
Prophase
Centromere
Spindle forming
Figure 10–5 Mitosis and Cytokinesis
![Page 16: Chapters 10 and 11: Cell Growth and Division Mitosis/Meiosis/Cancer](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022020219/56649f295503460f94c42252/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Cytokinesis
Division of cytoplasm and organelles Animal Cells: Cleavage Furrow-cell
membrane pinches inward Plant Cells: Cell Plate-develops into
separating membrane (cell wall appears shortly after)
![Page 17: Chapters 10 and 11: Cell Growth and Division Mitosis/Meiosis/Cancer](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022020219/56649f295503460f94c42252/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Centrioles
Chromatin
Interphase
Nuclear envelope
Cytokinesis
Nuclear envelope reforming
Telophase
Anaphase
Individual chromosomes
Metaphase
Centriole
Spindle
CentrioleChromosomes
(paired chromatids)
Prophase
Centromere
Spindle forming
Figure 10–5 Mitosis and Cytokinesis
![Page 18: Chapters 10 and 11: Cell Growth and Division Mitosis/Meiosis/Cancer](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022020219/56649f295503460f94c42252/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Cytokinesis
![Page 19: Chapters 10 and 11: Cell Growth and Division Mitosis/Meiosis/Cancer](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022020219/56649f295503460f94c42252/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Prophase
Interphase
![Page 20: Chapters 10 and 11: Cell Growth and Division Mitosis/Meiosis/Cancer](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022020219/56649f295503460f94c42252/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Metaphase
Prophase
![Page 21: Chapters 10 and 11: Cell Growth and Division Mitosis/Meiosis/Cancer](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022020219/56649f295503460f94c42252/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Anaphase
![Page 22: Chapters 10 and 11: Cell Growth and Division Mitosis/Meiosis/Cancer](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022020219/56649f295503460f94c42252/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Telophase
![Page 23: Chapters 10 and 11: Cell Growth and Division Mitosis/Meiosis/Cancer](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022020219/56649f295503460f94c42252/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Cancer
Disorder in which some cells lose ability to control growth
Form tumors Carcinogen- cancer causing agent (ex.
Cigarettes, UV radiation from sun)
![Page 24: Chapters 10 and 11: Cell Growth and Division Mitosis/Meiosis/Cancer](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022020219/56649f295503460f94c42252/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Regulating the Cell Cycle
![Page 25: Chapters 10 and 11: Cell Growth and Division Mitosis/Meiosis/Cancer](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022020219/56649f295503460f94c42252/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Skin Cancer : Melanoma
Asymmetrical, Borders, Color, Diameter, Elevation
![Page 26: Chapters 10 and 11: Cell Growth and Division Mitosis/Meiosis/Cancer](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022020219/56649f295503460f94c42252/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
![Page 27: Chapters 10 and 11: Cell Growth and Division Mitosis/Meiosis/Cancer](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022020219/56649f295503460f94c42252/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Meiosis
Cell Division to produce gametes-sex cells (sperm and egg)
Number of chromosomes per cell is cut in half through separation of homologous chromosomes in diploid cell
![Page 28: Chapters 10 and 11: Cell Growth and Division Mitosis/Meiosis/Cancer](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022020219/56649f295503460f94c42252/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Homologous Chromosomes
Chromosomes containing same genes 1 chromosome from mom and 1 chromosome
from dad Diploid=2N-cell that has both copies meaning 2
complete sets of genes/chromosomes (all regular cells-somatic cells) In humans 2n=46
Haploid=N-cell that has one set/copy (gametes/sex cells) In humans n=23
![Page 29: Chapters 10 and 11: Cell Growth and Division Mitosis/Meiosis/Cancer](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022020219/56649f295503460f94c42252/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Crossing over occurs during Prophase I, and homologous chromosomes exchange portions of their chromatids (DNA)
![Page 30: Chapters 10 and 11: Cell Growth and Division Mitosis/Meiosis/Cancer](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022020219/56649f295503460f94c42252/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
![Page 31: Chapters 10 and 11: Cell Growth and Division Mitosis/Meiosis/Cancer](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022020219/56649f295503460f94c42252/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
![Page 32: Chapters 10 and 11: Cell Growth and Division Mitosis/Meiosis/Cancer](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022020219/56649f295503460f94c42252/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Meiosis I
Section 11-4
Figure 11-15 Meiosis
![Page 33: Chapters 10 and 11: Cell Growth and Division Mitosis/Meiosis/Cancer](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022020219/56649f295503460f94c42252/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Meiosis I
Section 11-4
Figure 11-15 Meiosis
Meiosis I
![Page 34: Chapters 10 and 11: Cell Growth and Division Mitosis/Meiosis/Cancer](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022020219/56649f295503460f94c42252/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Meiosis I
Section 11-4
Figure 11-15 Meiosis
Meiosis I
![Page 35: Chapters 10 and 11: Cell Growth and Division Mitosis/Meiosis/Cancer](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022020219/56649f295503460f94c42252/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Section 11-4
Figure 11-15 Meiosis
Meiosis I
![Page 36: Chapters 10 and 11: Cell Growth and Division Mitosis/Meiosis/Cancer](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022020219/56649f295503460f94c42252/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Section 11-4
Figure 11-15 Meiosis
Meiosis I
![Page 37: Chapters 10 and 11: Cell Growth and Division Mitosis/Meiosis/Cancer](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022020219/56649f295503460f94c42252/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Meiosis II
Meiosis I results in two haploid (N) daughter cells, each with half the number of chromosomes as the original.
Prophase II Metaphase II Anaphase II Telophase IIThe chromosomes line up in a similar way to the metaphase stage of mitosis.
The sister chromatids separate and move toward opposite ends of the cell.
Meiosis II results in four haploid (N) daughter cells.
Section 11-4
Figure 11-17 Meiosis II
![Page 38: Chapters 10 and 11: Cell Growth and Division Mitosis/Meiosis/Cancer](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022020219/56649f295503460f94c42252/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Meiosis II
Meiosis I results in two haploid (N) daughter cells, each with half the number of chromosomes as the original.
Prophase II Metaphase II Anaphase II Telophase IIThe chromosomes line up in a similar way to the metaphase stage of mitosis.
The sister chromatids separate and move toward opposite ends of the cell.
Meiosis II results in four haploid (N) daughter cells.
Section 11-4
Figure 11-17 Meiosis II
![Page 39: Chapters 10 and 11: Cell Growth and Division Mitosis/Meiosis/Cancer](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022020219/56649f295503460f94c42252/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Meiosis II
Meiosis I results in two haploid (N) daughter cells, each with half the number of chromosomes as the original.
Prophase II Metaphase II Anaphase II Telophase IIThe chromosomes line up in a similar way to the metaphase stage of mitosis.
The sister chromatids separate and move toward opposite ends of the cell.
Meiosis II results in four haploid (N) daughter cells.
Section 11-4
Figure 11-17 Meiosis II
![Page 40: Chapters 10 and 11: Cell Growth and Division Mitosis/Meiosis/Cancer](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022020219/56649f295503460f94c42252/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
Meiosis II
Meiosis I results in two haploid (N) daughter cells, each with half the number of chromosomes as the original.
Prophase II Metaphase II Anaphase II Telophase IIThe chromosomes line up in a similar way to the metaphase stage of mitosis.
The sister chromatids separate and move toward opposite ends of the cell.
Meiosis II results in four haploid (N) daughter cells.
Section 11-4
Figure 11-17 Meiosis II
![Page 41: Chapters 10 and 11: Cell Growth and Division Mitosis/Meiosis/Cancer](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022020219/56649f295503460f94c42252/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
Meiosis II
Meiosis I results in two haploid (N) daughter cells, each with half the number of chromosomes as the original.
Prophase II Metaphase II Anaphase II Telophase IIThe chromosomes line up in a similar way to the metaphase stage of mitosis.
The sister chromatids separate and move toward opposite ends of the cell.
Meiosis II results in four haploid (N) daughter cells.
Section 11-4
Figure 11-17 Meiosis II
![Page 42: Chapters 10 and 11: Cell Growth and Division Mitosis/Meiosis/Cancer](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022020219/56649f295503460f94c42252/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
Gamete Formation
In males4 sperm cells are produced In females1 egg cell is produced
Other 3 cells=polar bodies-not involved in reproduction and eventually degenerate b/c do not receive enough cytoplasm containing nutrients
![Page 43: Chapters 10 and 11: Cell Growth and Division Mitosis/Meiosis/Cancer](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022020219/56649f295503460f94c42252/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
![Page 44: Chapters 10 and 11: Cell Growth and Division Mitosis/Meiosis/Cancer](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022020219/56649f295503460f94c42252/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
Mitosis Meiosis
Results in production of 2 genetically identical diploid cells
Creates all cells in the body EXCEPT gametes
PMAT
Results in production of 4 genetically different haploid cells
Creates gametes Reason why everyone is
slightly different EXCEPT for identical twins/triplets
PMAT x2 Tetrads form and crossing
over happens