chapters 30-31: the great depression, world war ii, and decolonization ap world history mr. bartula
TRANSCRIPT
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Chapters 30-31: The Great Depression, World War II, and Decolonization
AP World HistoryMr. Bartula
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The 1920s: Temporary Prosperity
Optimism and prosperity in the 1920s led many to hope that large scale conflict could be avoided.
This hope ended abruptly in October, 1929, with the onset of the Great Depression.
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The Great Depression’s Causes
After effects of World War I Overproduction Tariffs and other trade barriers Stock market crash Bank failures in the US and other
countries
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The Great Depression (1929-1941)
The Great Depression (1929-1941)
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The New York Stock Exchange in October, 1929
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Bank Failures
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The Dust Bowl
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Responses to the Great Depression
The enormous economic decline led many western governments to take greater control over their nation’s economies.
Many saw the Depression as evidence that democratic governments and capitalism were incapable of solving problems or meeting the needs of modern society.
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US reaction to the Depression Under President Franklin D.
Roosevelt the US enacted a reform program known as the New Deal.
The New Deal expanded government powers and regulated the US economy more closely than ever before.
Programs such as Social Security were designed to help Americans through the worst effects of the Great Depression and, it was hoped, prevent another.
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Western European Reactions
Social Democratic governments were elected in Scandinavia. They were socialist but democratic.
In England, the Labour Party took power
France’s government was led by the Popular Front, a mixture of socialist and moderate parties.
These governments attempted to help end the Depression by taking more power over their economies
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The Soviet Union Because its economy was
independent and did not depend on external trade, the Soviet Union had few economic troubles during the 1930s.
Joseph Stalin boasted that this demonstrated the superiority of socialism over capitalism, and some Westerners agreed.
Stalin’s Five Year Plans and focus on heavy industry and militarization made the Soviet Union a powerful force.
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Japan Japan had fought on
the Allied side during World War I, but was disappointed with its treatment by the other powers afterwards.
By the 1930s, military leaders or warlords had taken power.
Japan began to construct the Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere, promising “Asia for the Asiatics.”
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Germany After World War I
Germany’s economy was devastated, its territory shrunken, and its military force depleted.
Many Germans felt their country had been badly treated by the Treaty of Versailles, and were eager for revenge.
The Great Depression made Germany’s situation worse, and many Germans looked to new leadership.
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The German MarkThe German Mark
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The German MarkThe German Mark
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The “Stabbed-in-the-Back” Theory
The “Stabbed-in-the-Back” Theory
Disgruntled German WWI veteransDisgruntled German WWI veterans
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Adolf Hitler Born 1889, Austria Obsessed with German
racial superiority Anti-Semitic World War I veteran, took
leadership of the National Socialist German Workers’ Party (Nazi) in early 1920s
Attempted to seize power in 1923, but was imprisoned.
Wrote Mein Kampf Appointed Chancellor after
Nazis won the German elections in January, 1933.
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The Third Reich
By 1934 Hitler had taken total power and become Der Fuhrer, or “The Leader” of Germany
He began to remilitarize Germany in defiance of the Versailles Treaty.
Anti-Semitic Decrees first separated the Jews from the Germans, then began to limit their rights, eventually leading to the Holocaust.
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Nazi Propaganda
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Anti-Semitism
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The Road to World War II Many point to the Japanese invasion of
Manchuria in Northern China in 1931 as the true beginning of World War II.
During the 1930s, Mussolini’s Italy invaded and conquered Ethiopia, Japan continued to invade and conquer China, and Germany made aggressive moves towards war
The Spanish Civil War of 1936-1938 was another omen of greater conflicts to come.
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“Guernica” by Pablo Picasso
“Guernica” by Pablo Picasso
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Germany Invades the Rhineland
March 7, 1936
Germany Invades the Rhineland
March 7, 1936
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The Austrian Anschluss, 1938The Austrian Anschluss, 1938
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The Japanese Invasionof China, 1937
The Japanese Invasionof China, 1937
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The “Problem” of theSudetenland
The “Problem” of theSudetenland
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Appeasement: The Munich Agreement, 1938
Appeasement: The Munich Agreement, 1938
Now we have “peace in our time!” Herr Hitler is a man we can do
business with.
Now we have “peace in our time!” Herr Hitler is a man we can do
business with.
British Prime Minister Neville British Prime Minister Neville ChamberlainChamberlain
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Rome-Berlin Axis, 1939Rome-Berlin Axis, 1939
The “Pact of Steel”
The “Pact of Steel”
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The Nazi-SovietNon-Aggression Pact, 1939
The Nazi-SovietNon-Aggression Pact, 1939
Foreign Ministers Foreign Ministers von Ribbentrop & von Ribbentrop &
MolotovMolotov
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Poland Attacked: Sept. 1, 1939
Poland Attacked: Sept. 1, 1939
Blitzkrieg [“Lightning War”]
Blitzkrieg [“Lightning War”]
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The “Phony War” Ends:
Spring, 1940
The “Phony War” Ends:
Spring, 1940
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Rome-Berlin-Tokyo Axis:The Tripartite PactSeptember, 1940
Rome-Berlin-Tokyo Axis:The Tripartite PactSeptember, 1940
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Lend-LeaseLend-Lease
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Battle of Britain:The “Blitz”
Battle of Britain:The “Blitz”
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British Prime Minister Winston Churchill
British Prime Minister Winston Churchill
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Operation Barbarossa:Hitler’s Biggest MistakeOperation Barbarossa:
Hitler’s Biggest Mistake
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Pearl HarborPearl Harbor
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Pearl Harbor - Dec. 7, 1941Pearl Harbor - Dec. 7, 1941
A date which will live in infamy!
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Pacific Theater of Operations
Pacific Theater of Operations
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Allied Counter-Offensive:“Island-Hopping”
Allied Counter-Offensive:“Island-Hopping”
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“Island-Hopping”: US Troops on Kwajalien
Island
“Island-Hopping”: US Troops on Kwajalien
Island
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Battle of Midway Island:June 4-6, 1942
Battle of Midway Island:June 4-6, 1942
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Axis Powers in 1942Axis Powers in 1942
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Battle of Stalingrad:Winter of 1942-1943
Battle of Stalingrad:Winter of 1942-1943
German Army Russian Army1,011,500 men 1,000,500 men
10,290 artillery guns
13,541 artillery guns
675 tanks 894 tanks
1,216 planes 1,115 planes
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The Italian Campaign [“Operation Torch”] :
Europe’s “Soft Underbelly”
The Italian Campaign [“Operation Torch”] :
Europe’s “Soft Underbelly” Allies plan Allies plan
assault on assault on weakest Axis weakest Axis area - North area - North Africa - Nov. Africa - Nov. 1942-May 1942-May 19431943
George S. George S. PattonPatton leads leads American American troopstroops
Germans Germans trapped in trapped in Tunisia - Tunisia - surrender surrender over 275,000 over 275,000 troops.troops.
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D-Day (June 6, 1944)D-Day (June 6, 1944)
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Normandy Landing
(June 6, 1944)
Normandy Landing
(June 6, 1944)
Higgins Landing Higgins Landing CraftsCrafts
German German PrisonersPrisoners
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TThe Liberation of Paris:August 25, 1944TThe Liberation of Paris:August 25, 1944
De Gaulle in De Gaulle in Triumph!Triumph!
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The Battle of the Bulge:Hitler’s Last Offensive
The Battle of the Bulge:Hitler’s Last Offensive
Dec. 16, 1944Dec. 16, 1944toto
Jan. 28, 1945Jan. 28, 1945
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US & Russian Soldiers Meet at the Elbe River:
April 25, 1945
US & Russian Soldiers Meet at the Elbe River:
April 25, 1945
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Horrors of the Holocaust Exposed
Horrors of the Holocaust Exposed
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CrematoriCrematoria at a at
MajdanekMajdanek
Entrance Entrance to to
AuschwitzAuschwitz
Horrors of the Holocaust Exposed
Horrors of the Holocaust Exposed
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Horrors of the Holocaust Exposed
Horrors of the Holocaust Exposed
Slave Labor at BuchenwaldSlave Labor at Buchenwald
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Horrors of the Holocaust Exposed
Horrors of the Holocaust Exposed
Mass Graves at Bergen-BelsenMass Graves at Bergen-Belsen
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Hitler Commits Suicide April 30, 1945
Hitler Commits Suicide April 30, 1945
The FThe Füührer’s hrer’s BunkerBunker
Cyanide & PistolsCyanide & Pistols
Mr. & Mrs. HitlerMr. & Mrs. Hitler
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V-E Day (May 8, 1945)V-E Day (May 8, 1945)
General Keitel General Keitel
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Japanese Kamikaze Planes:
The Scourge of the South Pacific
Japanese Kamikaze Planes:
The Scourge of the South Pacific
Kamikaze Kamikaze PilotsPilots
Suicide Suicide BombersBombers
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US Marines on Mt. Suribachi,
Iwo Jima [Feb. 19, 1945]
US Marines on Mt. Suribachi,
Iwo Jima [Feb. 19, 1945]
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The Manhattan Project:Los Alamos,
NM
The Manhattan Project:Los Alamos,
NM
Dr. Robert Dr. Robert OppenheimerOppenheimer
I am become death,
the shatterer of worlds!
I am become death,
the shatterer of worlds!
Major GeneralMajor GeneralLesley R. Lesley R. GrovesGroves
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Hiroshima – August 6, 1945
Hiroshima – August 6, 1945
© 70,000 killed 70,000 killed immediately.immediately.
© 48,000 buildings. 48,000 buildings.
destroyed.destroyed.© 100,000s died of 100,000s died of
radiation radiation poisoning & poisoning & cancer later.cancer later.
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Nagasaki – August 9, 1945
Nagasaki – August 9, 1945
© 40,000 killed 40,000 killed immediately.immediately.
© 60,000 injured.60,000 injured.© 100,000s died of100,000s died of
radiation radiation poisoningpoisoning& cancer later.& cancer later.
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Japanese A-Bomb Survivors
Japanese A-Bomb Survivors
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End of the War (September 2, 1945)
End of the War (September 2, 1945)
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V-J Day in Times Square, NYC
V-J Day in Times Square, NYC
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The Bi-Polarization of Europe: The Beginning of
the Cold War
The Bi-Polarization of Europe: The Beginning of
the Cold War
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The Division of Germany:1945 - 1990
The Division of Germany:1945 - 1990
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The Creation of the U. N.
The Creation of the U. N.
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The Emergence of Third World Nationalist
Movements
The Emergence of Third World Nationalist
Movements
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The De-Colonization of European Empires
The De-Colonization of European Empires
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India Gains Independence Between World Wars I and II, agitation
for Indian independence increased. Mohandas K. Gandhi continued to
advocate satyagraha nonviolent noncooperation or passive resistance
During World War II the Indian National Congress led the “Quit India” movement
The Muslim League advocated cooperation with the British war effort.
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Jawaharlal Nehru: leader of Congress
1889 - 19641889 - 1964
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Mohammed Ali Jinnah: leader of the Muslim League
1876 - 19481876 - 1948
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Gandhi spinning cloth
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Gandhi and His Granddaughters, 1947
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Pre-Partition
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Last Viceroy of India
Lord and Lady MountbattenLord and Lady MountbattenLord and Lady MountbattenLord and Lady Mountbatten
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Partition!
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Border problemsBorder problemsBorder problemsBorder problems
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Kashmir CrisisKashmir CrisisKashmir CrisisKashmir Crisis
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Jawarharlal NehruJawarharlal Nehru Ally of Gandhi. 1st Prime Minister
of India, 1947-1964.
Advocated Industrialization.
Promoted “Green Revolution”.
Mixed Economy. Nonaligned
Movement.
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Nehru’s daughter. Prime Minister of
India, 1966-1984. Continues
Nehru’s policies. Faced corruption
charges & internal rebellion.
Assassinated in 1984.
Indira Indira GandhiGandhiIndira Indira GandhiGandhi
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Indira Gandhi with sons Sanjay and Rajiv
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Indira’s son. Prime Minister of
India, 1984-1989. Some reform of
economy and government.
Also faced rebellion.
Assassinated in 1991 while campaigning.
Rajiv Rajiv GandhiGandhiRajiv Rajiv
GandhiGandhi
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Sonia, Rahul, and Priyanka Gandhi: The next generations
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Led briefly by Muhammad Ali Jinnah.
Prime Minister Ayub Khan.
Dangerous combination Was not prepared
to rule in 1948. Strong Islamic
fundamentalism. Impoverished.
Pakistan divides in 1972 W. Pakistan = Pakistan E. Pakistan = Bangladesh
PakistaPakistann
PakistaPakistann
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First Woman Prime Minister, 1988 Ousted in 1990,
1993 on corruption charges.
Assassinated Dec.27, 2007
Nawaz Sharif Ousted three
times. Struggle between
modernizers and fundamentalists.
Benazir BhuttoBenazir BhuttoBenazir BhuttoBenazir Bhutto
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Coup d’etatCoup d’etat.. Secular government against Secular government against Islamic Islamic fundamentalists. fundamentalists. U.S. ally in the “War on U.S. ally in the “War on Terror.”Terror.”
Gen. Pervez Gen. Pervez MusharaffMusharaff
Gen. Pervez Gen. Pervez MusharaffMusharaff
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India-Pakistan Border India-Pakistan Border DisputesDisputes
India-Pakistan Border India-Pakistan Border DisputesDisputes
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1971 India-Pakistan 1971 India-Pakistan WarWar
1971 India-Pakistan 1971 India-Pakistan WarWar
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2002 Military Statistics2002 Military Statistics2002 Military Statistics2002 Military Statistics
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2002 Nuclear 2002 Nuclear StatisticsStatistics
2002 Nuclear 2002 Nuclear StatisticsStatistics
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Partners in the “War on Terror?”Partners in the “War on Terror?”
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What title would you What title would you give this political give this political
cartoon?cartoon?
What title would you What title would you give this political give this political
cartoon?cartoon?
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Decolonization in Africa and Asia After World War II nationalist
demands for independence increased in the colonies
Western nations were no longer strong enough to maintain control of their empires
Some European countries managed to end their empires peacefully. The Dutch pulled out of Indonesia in 1948. The British turned their Empire into the British Commonwealth of Nations
France struggled to maintain its empire and fought a series of conflicts in Algeria and Indochina before finally pulling out.
By the mid-1960s most of Africa was independent. The last European nation to give up its colonies was Portugal in 1980.
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The Four “Worlds” First World: industrialized liberal
democracies with market economies Second World: dictatorships with Marxist
command economies Third World: non-aligned nations (post-
Cold War: developing nations) Fourth World: non-self-supporting
nations dependent on the First and Second Worlds
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Non-Settler vs Settler Colonies: Patterns of Decolonization
Colonies which had few European settlers were allowed to gain independence quickly
Kwame Nkrumah practiced passive resistance and economic boycotts in Ghana.
By 1960 the British had pulled out and granted independence.
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Non-Settler vs Settler Colonies: Patterns of Decolonization Kenya was a colony with a
substantial population of British citizens. During the 1950s and early 1960s, Jomo Kenyatta led a guerrilla war style conflict against the British. The British called this the Mau Mau Rebelliion, the Kenyans refer to it as their war for independence.
In 1965 Britain pulled out of Kenya. Kenyatta became President, and Kenya has had fairly good racial relations since
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White Resistance to African Independence. Rhodesia, ruled by a white
minority, seceded from the Commonwealth in 1965 rather than accept majority rule.
In 1980, it returned to the Commonwealth, accepted majority rule, and became Zimbabwe.
Until the late 1990s, it also had good race relations
President Robert Mugabe has encouraged confiscation of white owned land and businesses and terrorism against white residents.
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White Resistance to African Independence. South Africa’s apartheid
regime remained in power until the early 1990s.
Brutal laws mandated racial segregation and other restrictions.
In 1994, Nelson Mandela, an anti-apartheid leader, was elected the first majority-rule President of South Africa.
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Problems of the new African nations Lack of an infrastructure and middle class Little or no industry and technology Artificial borders dating from the colonial
period, with no recognition of historic and cultural differences
Democratic governments were often overthrown and replaced with military dictatorships.
Neocolonialism meant continued economic dependence on the West
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Nigeria: Colonial borders creating conflict Oil rich nation with large
population Former British colonial
borders include many different hostile ethnic and tribal groups.
Religious differences: Muslim north, Christian south.
Worst conflict: Late 1960s, the Ibo tribe attempted to form separate nation of Biafra. This led to a two year long civil war.
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The Middle East after World War II
Most Arab nations became independent during or shortly after World War II
In 1948, the nation of Israel was established, supported by the United Nations, the United States, and the Soviet Union.
War broke out as Israel’s Arab neighbors attempted to destroy the new country. Israel defeated the Arabs and expanded its territory.
Palestinian refugees became an immediate and lasting problem
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Palestine
Population in 1946
Palestine
Population in 1946
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U. N. Partition Plan of 1947
U. N. Partition Plan of 1947
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Israel Becomes a Nation:
May 14, 1948
Israel Becomes a Nation:
May 14, 1948
David Ben-Gurion,
1st Prime Minister
David Ben-Gurion,
1st Prime Minister
Chaim Weizmann,
1st President
Chaim Weizmann,
1st President
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War Begins!: May 15, 1948
War Begins!: May 15, 1948
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Arab Refugees, 1948Arab Refugees, 1948
The Palestinian Diaspora begins!The Palestinian Diaspora begins!
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Armistice Sig n e d, 1949
Armistice Sig n e d, 1949
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Israeli-Arab Conflicts Since 1948
1956 Suez Crisis 1967 Six Day War 1973 Yom Kippur War 1987-Present: Palestinian Intifada Camp David Accord 1979 Oslo Agreement 1994