Characteristics of Ideology

1.interpretations of history2.beliefs about human

nature3.beliefs about society4.visions for the future

Enlightenment Governments(P.106)These new democracies embraced ideas of philosophers such asJohn Locke, who suggested that people should enjoy the rights to life,liberty, and property. Some essential rights and freedoms on which thesenew governments were founded include the following:• to be allowed to participate in government• to be free from excessive government intrusion into one’s life• to be assured that no one (especially the king and the nobility) is abovethe law (that is, the rule of law)• to be protected and permitted to exercise individual rights• to be free to make decisions on one’s own behalf 

MarxismBelieved that through revolution we move closer to a society thathe called communism. According to Marx, communism is a classless societyin which all people share in the production of goods and no government isneeded.According to Marx, a socialist society formed by the workers shouldinvolve such things as the following:• the shift from private property to public property• the creation of new factories controlled and owned by the government• government control of all banking through a national bank• government control of the means of transportation andcommunication• free education for all children in public schools

Nazis(p.178)Hitler created his own form of fascism, Nazism. His ideological approach tofascism included the belief that there was one superior race, the Aryans. Toensure the support of the German people, Hitler used such techniques asthe following:• propaganda• youth movements• the elimination of his opposition• the use of terror and force (the SA [Sturmabteilung] storm troopersand later the SS [Schutzstaffel])• scapegoats (for example, the Jewish population, communists, theWeimar government)  

 Values of liberalism:p.245

1. individual rights and freedoms

2. self-interest3. the rule of law4. economic freedom5. private property