• Characteristics of Living Things• • • • Need food/require energy• Made of cells• Respond to their environment• Adapt to their environment

• Cells and Heredity– Cell Theory

• All living things are made of cells.• The cell is the basic unit of structure and function• All cells come from preexisting cells

Cellular Classification

• Unicellular Organisms• __________ celled• Bacteria, archaea,

some protists (euglena, paramecium, amoeba)

• Multicellular Organisms• ____________________• Plants, animals, fungi,

some protists

Prokaryote

Cells

Eukaryote

Plant Animal Protists Bacteria ArchaeaFungi

Nucleus present

Membrane bound organelles

Linear DNA

Single or multi-celled

NO Nucleus

NO Membrane bound organelles

Circular DNA

Single celled

Classify as single or multi-celled, prokaryotic or eukaryotic, & kingdomHuman

Cat

Bacteria

Oak Tree

Gold Fish

Euglena

Mushroom

Fly

Snake

Paramecium

Daffodil

Cyanobacteria

Virus

Kelp

Homeostasis

Maintaining a ______________________ environment inside of an organism

Examples:

Cellular Transport

• Into the cell • Out of the cell

Methods of Transport

• Active Transport– Requires _________________ – uses transport protein

• Passive transport– Does ______ require energy– Moves from ________ to _____ concentration– Wants to reach equilibrium

Passive Transport• Diffusion= movement of ______________

• Osmosis– Movement of ______ from area of low solute

concentration to high solute concentration (from hypotonic to hypertonic)

• Hypotonic = lower solute concentration• Hypertonic = higher solute concentration

• Facilitated Diffusion

Osmosis• Movement of ______________• Water makes up about 70% of the cell and is

required for transport of food, nutrients, and waste throughout the body.

• Water moves from a _________________solution to a ______________ solution.

• Hypotonic Solution: Lower solute concentration• Hypertonic Solution: Greater solute

concentration• Isotonic Solution: equal solute concentration

• Animal Cells need to be surrounded by an ___________ solution– Animal cells in a

hypotonic solution gain water and will swell and burst

– Animal cells in a hypertonic solution lose water and will shrivel

• Plant Cells need to be surrounded by a ___________solution.– Plant cells in an isotonic

solution become flaccid

– Plant cells in a hypertonic solution lose water undergo plasmolysis

Endocytosis• ___________________• A cell takes in

macromolecules or other substances when regions of the plasma membrane surround the substance, pinch off, and form a vesicle within the cell.

Exocytosis• A cell secretes

macromolecules –waste, hormones, neurotransmitters, etc.

Practice:1. An animal cell is placed in a hypertonic solution; what

will happen to the cell?

2. A plant cell contains a solute concentration of 0.5M; in what direction will water move if the cell is placed in a 0.2M solution?

3. What term best describes the process by which a drop of food coloring over time spreads out uniformly through a beaker of water?

4. In the diagram to the right, what will be the direction of net water movement across the semi-permeable membrane?

7.5M NaCl

5.7M NaCl

Cell Division

Mitosis• _______________________

• ____________ cells

• Daughter cells:– _____________________________– _____________________________– _____________________________

– ____________________________• Chromatin coiled to form discrete chromosomes• Nucleoli disappear• Form mitotic spindle, lengthen microtubules• Nuclear membrane breaks down• Microtubules attach to chromosomes at

kinetochore

___________________– Chromosomes lined up at middle of cell

___________________– Microtubules shorten– Chromatids _____________ pulled toward opposite sides of the cell

___________________– Daughter nuclei form at either side– Chromatin becomes less tightly coiled– Cytokinesis (division of cytoplasm) occurs during telophase.

Meiosis

• ______________ reproduction• Form ______________________• Daughter cells

– __________produced (two nuclear divisions)

– ________________ (cuts the number of chromosomes in half)

– Different from parent and unique from each other

Mitosis Meiosis

2 identical daughter cells

4 identical daughter cells

Chromosomes number halved

Chromosomes number maintained

2 rounds of division

One round of division

Sexual reproduction

Asexual reproduction

Genetic variation more likely

Daughter cells identical to parent

Daughter cells not identical to parent

Duplication of chromosomes occurs

Growth & maintenance

Produces gametes

• New Handout

Energy Transformation

• Law of Conservation of Matter: During an ordinary chemical change, there is no detectable change in the _________ of matter

• Law of Conservation of Energy: energy cannot be _________ or _________, but can change in form

• Macromolecules: composed of __________ and are the building blocks of all living things.

amount

created destroyed

carbon

Organic Macromolecules

energy energy genetic

Disaccharide polypeptidesupport

Rice, bread, potatoes

Meat, cheese, beans

Butter, oil

DNA/RNA

Meat, fruit, vegetables

Flow of Energy Through an Ecosystem• Autotrophs or Producers

– Obtain energy from the _________ and nutrients from the _____

– _______ make their own food through the process of ____________

• Heterotrophs or Consumers– Obtains energy through _____________

• Herbivore: eats only______________• Carnivore: eats only ______________• Omnivore: eats _________________

– Primary consumer:_________________________– Secondary consumer:________________________

sunsoil

plantsphotosynthesis

eatingplantsanimals

bothEats producers

Eats primary consumer

• Decomposer– ______________ dead & decaying matter to

____________ nutrients back to the _______– _________________ & ______________– Why are decomposers necessary in an

ecosystem?_______________________________________________________________

breakdowninorganic soilbacteria fungi

Return nutrients back to soil for producers to use and start cycle over

Ecology• Matter and energy change forms by means of food

chains and food webs (a series of interconnected food chains).– Producers come first in a food chain. Producers are also

called __autotrophs___ and include plants and other organisms that make their own food (usually through a process known as __photosynthesis_______________).

– Consumers (or _heterotrophs__) are shown in the order in which they consume their food or prey. Consumers can obtain their food through __predation___ or __scavenging___.

– Decomposers are organisms that break down dead organisms and allow nutrients to be recycled. They come last in a food chain.

– Example of a food chain:

• Food chain– _____________ pathway of energy transport

through an ecosystem– _____________ come first– ________________ come last– Arrows ____________________

linear

producersdecomposers

Show flow of energy(not who eats who!)

Food Webs• A _____________ of food chains

• ____________ are at the beginning

• ____________ are at the end

• Arrows ___________________

producers

decomposersShow flow of energy(not who eats who!)

Network/web

Ecology

Ecology is the study of the interaction among organisms and between organisms and their environment.

• Levels of ecological organization:– The environment is made up of living components (_biotic_

factors) and nonliving components (__abiotic__ factors)– Organisms that live closely with other organisms are in a

symbiotic relationship. • Mutualism a. one organism benefits while the

other is harmed• Commensalism b. both organisms benefit• Parasitism c. one organism benefits while the

other is neither helped nor harmed 

Living Together• Mutualism

– Both benefit– Ants & aphids

• Commensalism– One benefits other is neither harmed nor

helped– Birds & bison

• Parasitism– One benefits other is harmed– Fungus on trees

Ecosystem• All living and nonliving things in a given areaCommunity

– All living organisms that inhabit a given area.– A group of populations

Population• A group of individuals belonging to the same species

that live together in the same areaCompetition• Two or more organisms require the same resource that

is in limited supply.• Food, shelter, light, water, mates• The strongest organism will win the competition and will

be more likely to live and pass its genes on to the next generation (natural selection).

Habitat• Place or environment in which populations liveNiche• Role of a species in an ecosystem• Relationships, activities, resources usedSuccession• The series of predictable changes that occurs in a

community over time• Primary succession occurs on a surface where no soil

exists. Example: bare rock, areas covered by volcanic ash

• Secondary succession occurs in an area where a disturbances changes an existing community without destroying the soil. Example: plowed land, area burned by wildfire

Biomes

Cycles of MatterCarbon Cycle• Carbon is the key

ingredient in all living organisms

• Processes involved: biological (example: photosynthesis), geochemical (example: release of CO2 by volcanoes), human activity (example: burning of fossil fuels)

Nitrogen Cycle• All organisms require nitrogen to build

proteins• Forms of nitrogen: N2 in atmosphere;

NH3, NO3-, NO2- in wastes; nitrate from fertilizers

• Some bacteria convert N2 into NH3 during nitrogen fixation.

• Some bacteria convert nitrates into N2 during denitrification.

• Water Cycle

• All organisms require water to survive.

• Processes: evaporation, transpiration, condensation, precipitation, seepage, runoff

Genetics• Dominant Allele = fully expressed• Recessive Allele = only shows if dominant allele is

absent• Homozygous = having 2 same allele• Heterozygous = having two different alleles• Phenotype = physical and physiological traits; what is

expressed; what you see• Y = yellow; y = green

Genotype Description Phenotype

YY

Yy

yy

• A chicken and a rooster mate. The chicken has white feathers and the rooster has brown feathers. Brown is dominant, and white is recessive. Assuming the rooster is heterozygous, predict the frequency of each genotype and phenotype in their offspring.