characteristics of pharmacists · demographic and employment characteristics of licensed...

Characteristicsof PharmacistsUnited States

Demographic and employment characteristics of licensed

pharmacists in 1978-79 are described. Information is

presented on their geographic distribution and supply, their

practice settings, the number of hours and weeks worked,

and the attraction of women and minorities into theprofession. Information is also presented on those licensed

pharmacists who are inactive in their profession.

Data From the National Health SurveySeries 14, No. 28

DHHS Publication No. (PHS) 84-1823

U.S. Department of Health and Human

Services

Public Health Service

National Center for Health StatisticsHyattsville, Md.

January 1984

Copysfght Information

All material appearing in this report is in the public domain and may bereproduced or copied without permission; citation as to source, however, isappreciated.

suggestedatatbn

National Center for Health Statistics, P. H. Davis and G. G. Kapantais:Characteristics of pharmacists, United States. vital and Hea/thStatistbs. Series 14,No. 28. DHHS Pub. No. (PHS) 64-1823. Public HealthService. Washington. U.S. Government Printing Office, Jan. 1984.

Library of Congress CaWoging in Pubkation Data

Davis, P. Hannah.Characteristics of pharmacists, United States.

(Vii and health statistics. Series 14, Data from the national health survey;no. 28) (DHHS publication; no. (PHS) 84-t 823)

Supt. of Dots. no.: HE 20.6209: 14/281. Pharmacists-Employ merit-United States. 2. Pharmacists—Supply and

demand-United Stales. 3. Pharmacieta-United State-Statistics. 4. UnitedStates-Statistics, Medical. L Kapantais, Gloria. Il. Title. Ill. Series. IV. Series:DHHS publketion; no. (PHS) 84-1823.RS67.U6D38 1983 331,7’616151 ‘0973 83-600193ISBN 0-8406-0279-0

For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Go~ernment Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402

National Center for Health Statistics

Manning Feinleib, M. D., Dr. P. H., Director

Robert A. Israel, Deputy Director

Jacob J. Feldman, Ph. D., Associate Director for Analysis

and Epidemiology

Garrie J. Losee, Associate Director for Data Processing andServices

Alvan O. Zarate, Ph. D., Assistant Director for International

Statistics

E. Earl Bryant, Associate Director for Interview andExamination Statistics

Robert L. Quave, Acting Associate Director for Management

Gail F. Fisher, Ph. D., Acting Associate Director forProgram Planning, Evaluation, and Coordination

Monroe G. Sirken, Ph. D., Associate Director for Research

and Methodology

Peter L. Hurley, Associate Director for Vital and Health

Care Statistics

Alice Haywood, Information OfEcer

Vital and Health Care Statistics Program

Peter L. Hurley, Associate Director

G. Gloria Kapantais, Assistant to the Director for Data Policy,

Planning, and Analysis

The 1978-79 Survey of Licensed Pharmacists was financedin part by the Bureau of Health Professions, HealthResources Administration.

. . . ..Introaucuon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Supply of pharmacists . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Attraction of women and minorities into the profession . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Employment setting. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Hours and weeks worked and services rendered as a partial measure of productivity . . . . . . . . . . . . .The inactive pharmacist . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

References , . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

List of detailed tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Appendixes

I. Technical notes on methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .H. Survey questionnaire . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .111.Definitions of certain terms used in this report . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Textfigure

Percent distribution of active pharmacists by age: United States, 1978-79 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

List of text tables

A,

B.

c.

D,

E.

F.

G.

H.

J.

K.

L.

M.

Percents of active pharmacists under 30 years of age and 60 years of age and over and replacement ratios, bygeographic regions: United States, 1978-79 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Number and percent distribution of active pharmacists by principal forms of employment, according to sex:United States, 1978-79 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Mean hours worked per week by active pharmacists and standard deviations, by sex and age: UnitedStates, 1978-79 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Number and percent distribution of active pharmacists by primary employment settings, according to sex: United

States, 1978-79 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Number and percent distribution of active pharmacists by total hours worked per week, according to age: UnitedStates, 1978-79 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Percent distribution of active pharmacists by total hours worked per week, according to sex and age: UnitedStates, 1978-79 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Number and percent distribution of active pharmacists by total hours worked per week, according to principalforms ofemploymenc United States, 1978-79 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Mean hours worked per week by active pharmacists, standard deviations, and percent distribution by employmentsettings, according to whether primary or secondagv United States, 1978-79 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Mean hours worked per week by active pharmacists, and standard deviations, by race and primary activitiesperformed, and number by race: United States, 1978-79 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Number of active pharmacists by race, and percent distribution by primary activity, according to race:United States, 1978-79, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Number of active pharmacists by sex, and percent distribution by primary activity, according to sex:United States, 1978-79 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Number of active pharmacists by primary activity and percent distribution by age, according to primary activity:United States, 1978-79 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1

234510

13

14

333842

2

2

3

3

4

6

6

7

7

8

8

9

9

Ill

N. Number and percent distribution of active pharmacists by selected weeks worked in year prior to interview,according to principal forms of employment: United States, 1978-79 . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . 10

0. Number and percent distribution of inactive pharmacists by age, according to sex: United States,1978-79 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...11

P. Active pharmacists, U.S. resident population, and active pharmacists per 100,000 people, by geographic regionanddivision: United States, 1978-79 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...11

Q. Number and percent distribution of active pharmacists by age, according to geographic region: United States,1978-79 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...12

Symbols

--- Data not available

. . . Category not applicable

Quantity zero

0.0 Quantity more than zero but less than0.05

z Quantity more than zero but less than500 where numbers are rounded tothousands

* Figure does not meet standards ofreliability or precision (more than 30-percent relative standard error)

# Figure suppressed to comply withconfidentiality requirements

Characteristics ofPharmacistsBy P. Hannah Davis, formerly with the Division of Health CareStatistics, and G, Gloria Kapantais, Office of Vital and HealthCare Statistics

Introduction

Between May 1977 and June 1979, the National Centerfor Health Statistics conducted an inventory of all licensedpharmacists in the United States. The data were collectedthrough two separate but parallel mechanisms.

The first was the Cooperative Health Statistics System. 1Those States with a Cooperative Health Statistics Systemmanpower component contract collected data on pharmacistsand submitted to the National Center for Health Statisticsa specified set of data elements, using standardized processingspecifications. (For information on the Cooperative HealthStatistics System and the data set, see appendix I.) TheNational Center for Health Statistics had an individual contractwith each State in the Cooperative Health Statistics System,usually with the State health department. All contractorswithin the System developed their own questionnaires fordistribution in their States. The questionnaires were requiredto include all of the items specified by the Center and usuallyhad the wording and format suggested by the Center.

The second mechanism through which the data werecollected used a single contractor, the American Associationof Colleges of Pharmacy, to collect the same items in thoseStates not collecting data through the Cooperative HealthStatistics System. Identical questionnaires provided by theCenter were mailed out in all of these States. A copy ofthis questionnaire appears in appendix II, with further defini-tion of terms provided in appendix III. The questionnaire,a prototype of the individual questionnaires developed inthe 23 Cooperative Health Statistics System States, was usedto collect data in 27 States and the District of Columbiaby the American Association of Colleges of Pharmacy. Similardata collection methodologies were used by both the Coopera-tive Health Statistics System State contractors and the Ameri-can Association of Colleges of Pharmacy to ensure uniformityof data and to permit the statistics from both mechanismsto be merged into a single national data file.

To ensure accurate data a number of procedures for

editing and processing the data were performed. In addition,duplicate records of pharmacists holding licenses in morethan one State were removed. This was necessary becausepharmacists were surveyed and counted in each State inwhich they were licensed. The procedures for processingand editing the data and for removing duplicate records arediscussed in appendix I.

States have license renewal dates at varying times ofthe year. In addition, some States have biennial license renewalcycles. These caused up to a 2-year delay in beginningthe questionnaire mailout in some States. The questionnairemailout spanned 2 years in order to coordinate each State’smailout with its license renewal period because it was thoughtthat pharmacists would be more likely to complete and returnquestionnaires enclosed in the same envelope with licenserenewal forms.

Because of contractual obligations with the Center, someCooperative Health Statistics System States submitted pharma-cist data tapes for 2 consecutive years, each tape representingan annual data collection in their States. In these cases thelater data tape was chosen for inclusion in the 1978-79 Surveyof Licensed Pharmacists. The data collection period rep-resented by this later tape was a date prior to June 1979,except for Oregon. Later tapes were selected not only becausethey provided more recent, up-to-date information, but alsobecause they were usually of a higher quality because ofthe experience gained by the State contractor in data collectionand in assembling at least one earlier tape for the Center.

It should be noted that although this report and theSurvey of Licensed Pharmacists are labeled 1978-79, notall States collected data for the national file during these2 years. The large majority (80 percent of the States) collectedthe data in 1978-79, while remaining data were collectedduring 1977 or 1980. The appendix table shows the particularyear of each State’s survey data.

1

Supply of pharmacists

In 1978-79 there were 160,664 licensed pharmacists inthe United States. The activity status of 27,417 of themwas unknown; for those of known status 112,335 or 84percent were known to be active, and 20,912 or 16 percentwere known to be inactive (table 1).

As seen in table 2, the percent of active pharmacistsout of the total number of licensed pharmacists drops asage increases. Ninety-five percent of pharmacists under 30years of age were active: whereas only 79 percent of pharma-cists 60-64 years of age were active. The largest declineoccurred among female pharmacists, although at every agea smaller percent of licensed female pharmacists than ofmale pharmacists were active. Reasons for inactivity for bothsexes are discussed later in this report.

Pharmacists between 30 and 59 years of age are oftenin their prime years of professional practice. Within theseages, 9 out of 10 licensed male pharmacists were activein the profession, compared with 8 out of 10 female pharmac-ists. Their activity rate was about 11 percent lower thanthat of males. A 1973-74 study of pharmacists showed thatat that time approximately the same proportion of male phar-macists were active in their profession as in 1978-79, butonly 6 out of 10 female pharmacists were active in 1973-74.2

The 1978-79 data show that 21 percent of active pharmac-ists were under 30 years of age, while 12 percent were60 years and over (text figure). There seem to have beenenough young pharmacists going into the profession to replacethe older pharmacists who would be most likely to leave.In 1978-79, the largest group of pharmacists were 30-39years of age (29 percent). Fifty percent of the active pharma-cists responding in the survey were under 40 years of age.

Table A shows replacement ratios—the percent of phar-macists under 30 years of age divided by the percent 60years of age and over. This ratio indicates whether thereis a sufficient supply of pharmacists entering the profession(as measured by those under 30 years of age) to replacethose most likely to be leaving (as measured by those 60years and over). A value of 1.0 indicates that there areequal proportions of pharmacists under 30 years of age and60 years and over. A value of less than 1.0 means thatthere is only that proportion of young pharmacists for everypharmacist 60 years of age and over. Conversely, a valuegreater than 1.0 indicates that there are proportionately moreyoung pharmacists to replace those most likely to be leaving.A ratio greater than 1.0 indicates growth in the profession.In 1978-79, the Northeast had 1.12 pharmacists under 30years of age for every pharmacist 60 years of age and over.

40

g 30 [ 28.9

21.2 20.7

171

1

5.1

7.0

1

Under 30 30-39 40-49 “ 50-59 60-64 65 and over

Age in years

Text figure. Percent distribution of active phsnnscists by age UnitedStates, 1978-79

Thus, for every 8 pharmacists who were most likely toleave the profession within 5 years, 9 new pharmacists hadrecently entered the profession. The South had the largestratio of young to old pharmacists-2.56 pharmacists under30 years of age for every pharmacist 60 years and over.For each of the four regions, there was more than one pharmti-cist under 30 years of age for every pharmacist 60 yewsof age and over.

The age composition of active pharmacists in each Stateis presented in table 3.

TableA. Percents of active pharmacists under 30 years of age and 60years of age and over and replacement ratios, by geographic regions:United States, 1978-79

Active pharmacists

Under 30 years 60 years of age ReplacementGeographic region of age and over ratio’

Percent

Northeast . . . . 18.3 16.3 1.12North Central . . 23.6 12.8 1.84South . . . . . . 23.0 9.0 2.56West . . . . . . 17.3 11.5 1.50

lThe percent of pharmacists under 30 years of age dwided by the percant 60 years of ageand over.

2

Attraction of women and minoritiesinto the profession

In recent years, the Federal government has been inter-ested in tissimilating women and minorities into various healthprotkssions, including pharmacy. The Comprehensive HealthMmpmver Training Act of 1971 (PL 92-157) is one vehicle

the government has used to encourage the entry of womentind minorities into the health field. Section 799A of theAct prohibited health profession schools, including schools

of phtirmacy, from discriminating against applicants for admis-sion on the basis of sex. Section 772 of the Act authorizesspeciul project grants to schools of pharmacy that increaseadmissions and enrollment of qualified minority or low incomestudents, The impact of the Act is primarily seen in the

197t3-79 statistics, having affected students in fiscal years1972-74. Although the legislation is only one of many factorscontributing to the entry of women and minorities into thephtirmticy profession, it nevertheless played a role in theirincreased representation.

In 1976 two other Acts were passed related to increasing

female imd minority participation in health professions, includ-ing phitrmticy. They are the Health Professions AssistanceAct (PL 94-484) and the Indian Health Care ImprovementAct (PL 94-437). The impact of these Acts is not discussedhere because the Iegisltition occurred too recently to affect

the dutu collected in 1978-79.

Women have made moderate headway in moving into

the phtirmticy profession in the last 5 years. In 1978-79there were 18,115 female pharmacists who were known tobe tictive, accounting for 16 percent of the supply of activephurmitcists of known sex (table 4).

In 1979 tidult women (21 years of age and over) accountedfor 53 percent of the U.S. adult resident population, andthe ptirticipation rate for women 16 years of age and over

in the civilitin labor force was 52 percent. 3 When the propor-ticm of women pharmacists are compared with their propor-timml representation in these areas of society, they continueto remtiin underrepresented in the profession despite large

gains in recent years. Nevertheless, female representationis higher in pharmacy than in many other health professions.For exumple, in medicine women are 11 percent of thencm-Federd physicians .4 Only 4 percent of the active podia-

trists tind 3 percent of the active optometrists are female.6Thus, tilthough the proportion of women pharmacists is belowthe number of females in the general population and laborforce, the profession has a higher female representation thanmtiny other health fields.

There is a large difference by sex in the principal form

of employment of pharmacists (table B). The percent of

fcmtile stuff pharmacists is twice as large as the percentof mules (69 versus 34 percent, respectively). Nearly 95percent of women pharmacists are salaried (either as managers,wsisttint rnwmgers, or staff pharmacists); only two-thirds of

the men we. (“Other” is excluded from the calculation sinceit is not known whether these pharmacists are salaried orself-employed, )

Table B. Number and percent distrib~”on of active pharmacists byprincipal forms of employment according to sex United States,1978-79

Male Female

Principal form of Percent Percent

employment Number distribution’ Number distribution’

All principalformsof employment . . 94,158 100.0 18,115 100.0

Sole owner . . . . . . . . . . 16,069 18.4 421 2.5

Partner . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,984 10.3 474 2.8

Manage~ . . . . . . . . . . . 27,277 31.3 3,531 21.2

Staff pharmacist . . . 29,711 34.1 11,440 66.6

Othefl . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,191 6.0 771 4.6Unknown . . . . . . . . . . . 6,926 . . 1,478 . . .

‘Percents may not add to 100.0 because of rounding.

‘Excludes 62 pharmacists of unknown sex.31ncludes assistant managers41ncludes volunteers,

There is also a difference by sex in the average numberof hours worked by pharmacists. The average number ofhours worked per week by female pharmacists is lower thanthat of males at every age (table C). The trend for malesis one of slightly increasing hours per week from 44 to48 hours until 50 years of age, after which the numberof hours declines slightly and then rapidly descends at 65

years of age to 29 hours. For females, the lowest averagenumber of hours worked (except for the 65 years and overage group) occurs between 30 and 49 years of age, whichare the years in which mean hours worked increase for men.It is interesting to note that the standard deviations of meanhours increase consistently by age for males, indicating morevariability in the hours worked as the age of the respondentsincrease. Thus, for the male pharmacists 65 years of age

and over the relatively large standard deviation indicatesthat many may work a considerable number of hours morethan or less than the average of 29 hours per week. For

the younger pharmacists under 30 years of age the low standarddeviation indicates much less variability and suggests thatmany are working close to the average of 44 hours perweek. The coefficients of variation (the standard deviation

divided by the mean) are higher for women than for menat every age (except 65 and over). This indicates greaterproportional variability in their work schedules than in men’s.

Table C. Mean hours worked per week by active pharmacists andstandard deviationa, by sex and age United States, 1978-79

Male Female

Mean Standard Mean Standard

Aae hours deviation hours deviation

Alleges . . . . . . . . . . . . 44.9 12.2 35.8 12.6

Under 30 years . . . . . . . . 44.3 8.4 39.3 9.5

30-39 years . . . . . . . . . . 46.4 10.1 32.6 13.7

40-49 years . . . . . . . . . . 47.9 10.8 33.6 14.1

50-59 years . . . . . . . . . . 46.6 11.3 34.9 13.4

60-64 years . . . . . . . . . . 42.9 13.2 35.7 13.9

65 years and over . 28.9 17.7 27.8 16.6

3

Summarizing, it appears that women pharmacists partici-pate in the work force differently than men do. They aremore likely than men to be salaried, and to work fewerhours per week. From 50 to 65 years of age their averagehours increase slightly. They also have (proportional to themean) more variability than men have in their hours worked,indicating a more diverse pattern of labor force participation.“The inactive pharmacist” section discusses one of theforemost reasons that women pharmacists sometimes do notparticipate in the labor force at all—homemaker responsibili-ties. These responsibilities may also account for the irregularparticipation in the work force of women pharmacists.

Minorities

In 1979 there were 5,016 active minority pharmacists,who constituted 5 percent of the practicing profession (table5). Nearly two-thirds of the minority pharmacists were Asian,and approximately one-third were black. Asians were rep-resented in the profession by approximately twice the percentof their representation in the U.S. resident population.7

The number of pharmacists who indicated they wereof Hispanic origin is shown by State in table 6. In 1978-79nearly 2 percent of practicing pharmacists were of Hispanicdescent. These pharmacists have an age distribution similarto that of pharmacists who were not Hispanic (table 7).However, pharmacists of Hispanic origin had a larger femalerepresentation than non-Hispanic pharmacists. Twenty-sevenpercent of the Hispanic pharmacists were women comparedwith 16percent of the non-Hispanic pharmacists (table 8).

While approximately half the U.S. black population islocated in the South,7 two-thirds of the active black pharma-cists received their pharmaceutical education there (table 9).Since only 31 percent of all active pharmacists graduatedfrom pharmacy schools located in the South, black pharmacistshad more than double the average proportion graduating fromsouthern schools of pharmacy. American Indians also hada disproportionate percent of active pharmacists with southernalma maters42 percent. They were also above averagein the percent graduating from schools of pharmacy locatedin the West—29 percent compared with an average of 13percent for all pharmacists. However, these percents coincidewith the geographic distribution of American Indians, approxi-mately half of whom are located in the West and one-quarterin the South.8

Asians had the highest proportional representation ofgraduates from western schools of pharmacy, 53 percentcompared with the 13-percent average for all pharmacists.This is not unexpected since approximately 60 percent ofthe U.S. Asian population is located there.9 Asians werealso well above the average in foreign graduates, with 15percent educated abroad, compared with only 1 percent forall pharmacists.

Pharmacists of Hispanic origin had their greatest represen-tation in southern schools of pharmacy, from which 46 percentreceived their first pharmacy degrees. Their lowest representa-tion in the United States, 7 percent, was from schools inthe North Central. Approximately one-third of the Hispanicpopulation is located in the South and 7 percent in theNorth Central.7

Ten percent of the Hispanic pharmacists received theirbasic professional education outside the United States, com-pared with 1 percent of all pharmacists. Although there wasa high concentration of foreign trained graduates among His-panic as well as among Asian pharmacists, altogether therewere only 953 active pharmacists who stated in the 1978-79survey that they were trained outside the continental UnitedStates. This low number alleviates concern about the effectof foreign training on pharmacists practicing in the UnitedStates and about the relevance of the curriculum in othercountries to health problems here.

Employment setting

In 1978-79, 38,417, or 39 percent of the pharmacistsknown to be active practiced in independent community phar-macies as their prima~ settings (table 10). The independentcommunity pharmacy was the most popular work setting.The chain pharmacy, which 28,413 or 29 percent of thepharmacists cited as their primary practice setting, was thesecond most popular setting. Third was hospitals, with 25,119or 26 percent of the pharmacists. These three employmentsettings accounted for 94 percent of all active pharmacists.

Sex

There were differences in the employment settings ofthe pharmacists by sex. In 1978-79, 42 out of every 100male pharmacists practiced in independent community phar-macies, compared with 26 per 100 female pharmacists (table

Table D. Number and percent distribution of active pharmacists by primary employment settings, according to aex United States, 197&79

Male Female

Primary employment Both Percent Percentsetting sexes Number distribution’ Number distribution’

Allsettingsz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112,335 94,158 100.0 18,115 100.0

Independent community pharmacy . . . . . . . . 38,405 34,258 41.5 4,149 28.4Chain pharmacy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28,423 24,355 29.5 4,088 25.8Clinic or medical building pharmacy . . . . . . . 3,968 3,090 3.7 878 5.6Nursing home . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,551 1,061 1.3 490 3.1Hospital . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19,602 14,107 17.1 5,495 34.9Pharmaceutical manufacturer . . . . . . . . . . 2,476 2,332 2.8 144 0.9College of pharmacy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,288 1,099 1.3 189 1.2Other . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,553 2,219 2.7 334 2.1Unknown . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14,007 11,639 . . . 2,368 . . .

~Pereentsmay notaddto 100,0 because of rounding.2Excludes 62 pharmacists of unknown sex.

4

D). Female pharmacists were proportionally twice as prevalentin hospitals as males, 35 percent compared with only 17percent. This is partially related to the fact that female pharma-cists we generally younger than male pharmacists (85 percentof the women were under 50 years of age, compared with68 percent of the men) and more younger pharmacists workin hospitals than do older pharmacists. Likewise, older phar-mticists constituted larger proportions of those practicing inindependent community pharmacies. The settings with regardto the age of the pharmacist are discussed in the next section.Women were also represented in greater proportions thanmen were in clinics or medical building pharmacies, and

in nursing homes

Age

The percent of pharmacists practicing in independent

community pharmacies increased directly with age, beginning

with 24 percent of the active pharmacists under 30 yearsof agc and going up to 67 percent of those in the category65 years of age and over (table 11). The opposite trend

can be seen by age in chain pharmacies. There was a constantdecrease in the proportion of pharmacists working in chainphitrmacies as the age categories increased. For the “under

30” age group, 37 percent cited the chain pharmacy, while

tit the level of 65 years of age and over, only 15 percentdid so. Hospitals were the second most popular setting forphtirmticists under 30 years of age. Thirty percent practicedin one. This contrasts to the 14 percent of pharmacists 40-64yews of age who were employed in hospitals. Only 8 percentof the pharmacists who were 65 years of age and over

worked in hospitals.It is important to examine, for each practice setting,

the percent of pharmacists who were in the age group 60years and over, because they were the ones who withintht next 5 years would be most likely to leave the profession.

Ovmdl, they made up 12 percent of the active pharmacists.They constituted 17 percent of the pharmacists working inindependent community pharmacies. With the expansion ofchuin phw-mucies at the expense of the independent community

phurmticies and the eventual possible retirement of 1 in every6 independent community pharmacists, it appears that indepen-dent community pharmacies may eventually close or be takenover by chtiin pharmacies. 2 If, on the other hand, a demand

still exists for pharmacists in the independent communitypharmticies, the free market mechanism should work in attract-ing young pharmacists to them.

Two other settings had at least 11 percent of the pharma-

cists in the potential retirement age group. They were nursing

homes with 12 percent 60 years of age and over and clinics

or medical building pharmacies, with 11 percent. However,

for these two settings, there is a movement among youngphmmacists into these practices. More than 50 percent ofthe pharmacists in both these settings were under 40 yearsof tigc. The percents drop considerably from 40 years of

tige to 59. As the proportion of the U.S. population whowe of nursing home age continues to rise, the openingsfor ncw phtirmacy graduates in nursing homes and in hospitalsshould continue to grow.

Race

The independent community pharmacy was the primarysetting for two-fifths of white pharmacists (table 12). Asianshad the smallest relative proportion in this setting, 16 percent.

However, they formed the largest proportion of any racein hospitals, with 42 percent. This is not surprising sincewomen and younger pharmacists tend to practice in hospitals,and Asians have more female pharmacists and pharmacistsunder 30 years of age than any other race has.

Black Americans and American Indians had similar distri-butions by employment setting. Approximately one-fourthpracticed in independent community pharmacies, 28 percent

in chain pharmacies, and approximately 30 percent in hospitalsand nursing homes.

There was no significant difference in the percent ofpharmacists in independent community pharmacies by His-

panic descent (table 12). A slightly above average percent

of pharmacists of Hispanic origin did indicate that they prac-ticed in chain pharmacies.

Principal form of employment

Table 13 indicates the principal forms of employmentof active pharmacists by the States where they worked. In

1978-79, 64 percent of the workforce of pharmacists was

composed of “employees.” These were assistant managers,staff managers, and staff pharmacists. The approximately5 percent of pharmacists who designated “other” (includingvolunteers) is not included in the percent for self-employedor salaried, since it is not known in which group they fit.

Hours and weeks worked andservices rendered as apartial measure of productivity

This section discusses hours worked per week, activities

performed, and weeks worked during the 12-month periodprior to interview. To make a complete and meaningful analy-sis of productivity, it would be necessary to include thetopics of absenteeism, movement in and out of the laborforce, number of patients or patrons served, and qualityof care andlor services. Since data on these topics werenot available from the 1978-79 survey, they are omittedfrom this report. Without a full discussion of all these factors,

totally reliable conclusions regarding productivity by selecteddemographic characteristics cannot be reached. Nevertheless,the available data on age, sex, race, and employment settingcan provide some valuable insight into their relationship with

productivity. It is only necessary that caution be exercised

when interpreting or generalizing the relationships between

variables, since such correlations may be dependent on con-comitant variables for which data are not available.

Hours worked

In 1978-79 pharmacists worked an average of 43 hours

per week, compared with an average of 45 hours in an

earlier 1973-74 study.2 Men in 1978-79 worked 45 hourswhile women tended to practice more on a part-time basis,working 36 hours per week. The same pattern had been

5

Table E. Number and percent distribution of active pharmacists by totsl hours worked per week, according to age: United Ststes, 1978-79

Total hours

All active

Age pharmacists 1-35 36-45 More than 45 Unknown

All ages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Under 30 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .30-39 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .40-49years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

50-59years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .60-64years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .65yearsandover . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Unknown . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

A[lages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Under30years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .30-39years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .40-49years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

50-59years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .60-64years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .65yearsandover . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

112,335

23,604

32,26423,096

19,059

5,6497,844

819

100.0

100.0100.0100.0

100.0100.0100.0

13,453

1,770

3.0301;781

1,727

9164,157

72

13.1

8.210.2

8.4

9.918.0

58.1

Number

52,129

14,70415,765

9,232

8,0692,4431,741

175

Percent distribution

50.8

67.853.0

43.6

46.348.024.3

37,049

5,22510,960

10,153

7,638

1,7261,261

84

36.1

24.136.8

46.0

43.834.017.6

9,704

1,9052,509

1,930

1,625562685488

. . .

. . .

. . .,,.. . .. . .. . .

‘Percents maynotsddto 100.0 because of rounding.

Table F. Percent dstnbution ofacttie pharmacists bytotalhourawo~edperweek, according tosex and age United States, 1978-79

Total hours

All active MoreSex and age pharmacists 1-35 36-45 than 45

MalePercent distribution

Allages . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 9.6 49.6 40.8

Under30years . . . . . . 100.0 4.1 66.1 29.8

30-39years . . . . . . . . 100.0 4.0 53.9 42.1

40-49years . . . . . . . , 100.0 4.2 43.5 52.250-59years . . . . . . . . 100.0 6.9 46.1 47.160-64years. . . . . . . . 100,0 16.7 46.1 35.2

65years and over . . . . 100.0 58.0 24.3 17.8

Female

Allages . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 31.4 57.2 11.4

Under 30 years . . . . . . 100.0 16.6 71.3 12.1

30-39years . . . . . . . . 100.0 43.0 48.3 8.740-49years . . . . . . . . 100.0 43.4 44.4 12.150-59years . . . . . . . . 100.0 38.4 48.3 13.460-64years. . . . . . . . 100.0 35.9 47.2 16.965years and over . . . . 100.0 60.6 25.8 13.6

‘Percents mayrmt add to 100.0 because of rounding.

revealed in the 1973-74 study, when men worked an average

of46hoursand women worked 34hours.Only about 1 in 8 pharmacists (13 percent) worked 35

hours or less per week. And nearly 3 in 8 (36 percent)

worked 46 hours or more per week (table E). Thus, halfthe pharmacists worked 36 to 45 hours per week. Amongpharmacists aged40 to 49, nearly half (48 percent) workedmore than 45 hours per week.

A larger percent of female than of male pharmacists

practiced 36 to 45 hours per week (57 percent versus 50percent). However, 41 percent of the men indicated thatthey worked more than 45 hours per week, whereas only

6

11 percent of the women worked that many hours(table F). This large difference in percents by sex in the46-hour and over work week was true in each age categoryexcept for those 65 years and over, in which category 18percent of the male pharmacists and 14 percent of the femalepharmacists worked 46 hours or more per week. In the

other age categories the differences in percents by sex rangedfrom an 18 percentage point difference in the under 30 yew-sof age and in the 60-64 years of age groups to a 40 percentagepoint difference in the 40-49 years of age group. The work

week of the male pharmacist was clearly longer than it wasfor the female pharmacist, at every age.

The most productive pharmacists in terms of hours worked

per week were sole owners and partners, since 82 percentand 65 percent, respectively, worked 46 hours or more perweek (table G). This compares with only 13 percent ofthe employee or staff pharmacists having a work week of

this length. About 1 in every 4 staff pharmacists practiced

less than a full work week (under 36 hours).Male sole owners worked more hours per week than

female sole owners did. Eighty-two percent of the men worked

46 hours or more compared with 63 percent of the women.Only 3 percent of the male sole owners worked 35 or fewerhours per week; for women it was 14 percent (table 24).

Among staff pharmacists, 15 percent of the men and only

6 percent of the women had a work week of more than45 hours. Nineteen percent of the male staff pharmacistsand 38 percent of the women worked 35 or fewer hours.Employment as a staff pharmacist is one of the forms of

practice in which women are able to work part time. Eightout of 10 female pharmacists working part-time were employedas staff pharmacists.

As mentioned earlier, pharmacists had a total averagework week of 43 hours. On the average they spent 42 hoursper week (table H), or 98 percent of their time in theirprimary practice setting, the work location in which they

Table G. Number and percent distribution of active pharmacists by total hours worked per week, according to principal forms of employmentUnited States, 1978-79

Total hours

Principal form All active

of employment pharmacists 1-35 3645 More than 45 Unknown

Allprincipal forms of employment . . . . . . . 112,335 13,453 52,129 37,049 9,704

Sole owner . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16,490 541 2,420 13,111 418Partner . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,458 591 2,654 6,045Manager’ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

16830,806 1,417 18,718 10,262 413

Slaffpharmaclst . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41,152 9,800 25,297Other’ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

5,020 1,235

5,982 976 2,486 2,230Unknown . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2708,465 328 556 361 7,200


Allprlncipalformsofemployment . . . . . . . . 100.0 12.9 50.9 36.2 . . .

Soleowner . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 3.4 15.1 81.6Partner . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . .

100.0 6.4 28.8Manager’ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

65.1 . . .

100.0 4.7 61.6 33.8Staffpharmacist . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. .

100.0 24.0 63.4Other’ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

12.6 . .

100.0 17.2 43.7 39.2 . . .

‘Includes asslslant managers,‘Includes volunlccrs‘Percents may not add to 100.0 because of rounding.

Table H. Mean hourawotied perweek byactive phamacists, standard deviationa, andpercent tistnbution byemployment seRings, accordngtowhether primary orseconda~ United States, 1978-79

Primary employment setting Secondary employment setting

Employment Percent Standard Percent Standardsetting distribution’ Mean hours deviation distribution’ Mean houd deviation

Allsetflngs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 42.3 17.4 100.0 7.6 5.8

Independent community pharmacy. . . . . . . .

Chain pharmacy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Clinic ormedlcal building pharmacy . . . . . . .Nursing home . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Hospdal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Pharmaceutical manufacturer . . . . . . . . . .

Collegeofpharmacy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Olhsr . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

39.128.94.01.8

19.92.51.32.6

44.242.739.435.939.143.343.340.3

15.59.4

12.212.46.38.5

13.110.7

17.3

6.47.1

37.115.20.64.69.6

8.8

9.76.65.39.86.5

11.1

8.5

5.5

6.26.45.06.86.97.96.6

Number

Number ofactive pharmacistsa. . . . . . . . . . 112,335 . . . . . . 13,160 . . . . . .

‘Percents may not add to 100,0 because of rounding.'Mean hours worked perweek precalculated forphamacists with asecondaw emDlovment seNinq, ~lsexcludes from themean all Dhamaciskwitionlvl Dractice settma, There fore. the mean

hdursworhed perweeh lntheprima~ seHingcannot beaddsd tothemean hours worked perwee~in theseconda~ seningin order t60btain total hours ~ofi~dperweek. -‘Includes 14,065 pharmacists with unknown employment settings.

spent the maximum hours in an average week (see surveyqucsticmntiire item 23b in appendix II, and seeuppcnctix HI.) The remaining average of 1 hour was spentin their secondary practice setting (the work location in whichthey spent the second largest number of hours) and in anytidditiond ptwctic esettings.Only 13percent of the pharmacists

had a secondary setting. Pharmacists who had one spenttin avemge of 8 hours per week there. (This excludes thezero hours spent in a secondary setting by pharmacists withjust onc practice setting. Only pharmacists with a secondary

setting tire included in the average. Therefore, the 8 hours

ctinnot be tidded to 42 hours in the primary setting to yieldtotal average hours worked per week. One hour per weekis the average length of time spent by all pharmacists ina secondwy or additional practice setting. It includes the

zero hours spent in a secondary setting by the 87 percentof the pharmacists who had only one setting. )

The most popular secondary setting was the nursing home(table 15). Slightly more than one-third of the pharmacistswith asecondary setting designated itastheirs. On the average,

they spent 5 hours per week there.

Pharmacists whose primary setting was a college of phar-macy were most likely to have a secondary setting (table15). Nearly 30 percent cited one. with 38 percent of themspecifying a hospital. About one quarter of the pharmacists

whose primary practice setting was a nursing home also

had a secondary setting, which 25 percent of the time was

the independent community pharmacy. Only 15 percent ofthe independent community pharmacists had a secondary set-ting, which was a nursing home in over half of the cases.

7

Pharmacists with more than one setting worked 6 hourslonger per week than pharmacists with only one setting.The pharmacist who spent time in more than one settinghad a 49-hour work week (with a standard deviation of12) compared with his single-practice-setting colleagues, whoworked 43 hours per week (also with a standard deviationof 12).

no significant differences in hours worked in each activityby race when employment settings were held constant.

As would be expected, the primary activity of pharmacistswas dispensing prescriptions; 75 percent of the pharmacistsreported this as their primary service (table K).The nextmost mentioned primary activity was administration, as re-ported by 13 percent. Black pharmacists had the largestrepresentation in administration as a primary activity (16percent), while 13 percent of the white pharmacists reportedthis as their primary activity.

The mean number of hours worked by pharmacists rangedfrom 42 hours in the West to 45 hours in the South (table16). In the Northeast, white and black pharmacists worked3 hours more per week than American Indians and Asians.Asians spent 3 hours more than black pharmacists dispensingprescriptions and 5 hours fewer in administrative work. Other-wise, the hours they spent in each activity were nearly identi-cal. American Indians spent more hours than any other racedid in providing information to prescribers and patients. This

Activities performed

The average pharmacist had a work week of 43 hoursand spent 24 hours or 56 percent of it dispensing prescriptions(table J). Most of the remaining hours were spent providinginformation to patients and to prescribers (4 and 3 hours,respectively) and in administrative functions (7 hours). Thelarge standard deviations associated with these mean hoursindicate wide variability in the hours spent by pharmacistsin these activities.

Table J indicates that, within each activity, differencesin hours by race were negligible. In addition, there were

Table J. Mean hours worked per week by active pharmacists, and standard deviations, by race and primary activities performed, and number by race:United States, 1978-79

All Americanraces White Black Indian

Primary

Asian

Mean Standard Mean Standard Mean Standard Meanactivity

Standard Mean Standardhours deviation hours deviation hours deviation hours deviation hours deviation

All activities. . . . . . . . . . 43 13 44 13 43 11 43 11 42 10

69

5136435

Providing information

to prescribers . . . . . . . .Administration . . . . . :Providing information

to patients . . . . . . . . .Dispensing prescriptions .Teaching andlor researchManufacturing . . . . . . .Retailing . . . . . . . . . . . .

Other . . . . . . . . . . . . .

37

610

3

85

1037

611

37

6

9

35

424

112i

514

634

6

424

112

1

514

634

6

524

211

1

615743

5

622

111

1

614644

6

523

2111

Number ofNumber

active pharmacists’ . . . 112,335 62,062 1,571 127 2.847

3Includes SOpharmacistsof other races, 10,040 pharmacistsof unknown race, and 15,6oS pharmacistswith unknown primaty activities.

Table K. Number of active pharmacists by race, and percent distribution by primary activity, according to race United States, 1978-79

Primary All Americanactivity racesl White Black Indian Asian Other

Number

Number of pharmacists . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112,335 82,062 1,571 127 2,847 60

Percent distribution?

All activities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

Providing information to prescribers . . . . . . 3.1 2.9

Administration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

4.1 3.9 4.6 5.012.6 12.9 16.0 11.8 9.6 16.2

Providing information to patients . . . . . . . . . 2.8 2.8 4.8 7.1 3.8Dispensing prescriptions . . . . . . . . . . . .

5.074.9 75.2 68.5 70.9 74.7

Teaching and/or research . . . . . . . . . . .71.2

2.5 2.2 2.9 2.4 2.7 1.2Manufacturing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.7 0.7 1.1 0.8 0.9Retailing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.9 0.9 0.4 0.8 0.5Other . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.4 2.4 2.3 2.4 3.1 1.2

~lncludes pharmacists of unknown race.‘Includes 15,608 pharmacists with unknown prima~ activities.3Percents may not add to 100.0 because of rounding.

8

may be have been because as minority pharmacists theyfunctioned more as a resource for health care, serving partiallyin the capacity of physicians, having assumed an informationdisseminating and drug counseling function that otherwisewould have been performed by physicians. This may havebeen especially true if these pharmacists practiced in an

tires where they served their own people. However, thisdit’tkrenm in hours for providing information appears to besignificant only in the Northeast.

A greater percent of male pharmacists indicated adminis-trative functions as their primary activity than did femalepharmacists (14 percent versus 8 percent). Conversely, 78percent of the female pharmacists cited dispensing prescrip-tions as their primary activity compared with 74 percentof the men (table L). Aside from those two activities, thereis no difference by sex in the activities represented as primaryby pharmacists.

Providing information to patients and prescribers was

tin important activity for pharmacists. However, more pharma-cists under 40 years of age said that providing information

Table L. Number of active pharmaciata by sex, and percent diatnbutionby primary activity, according to sex United States, 1978-79

Primary Bothactivity sexes Male Female

Number ofNumber

active pharmacists’ . . . . 96,724 81,279 15,445

Percent dktribution2

All activities . . . , . . . . . . 100,0 100.0 100.0

Providing Informationto prescribers . . . . . . . . 3.1 3.1 3.3

Administration . . . . . . . . . 12.6 13.6 7.6Providing information

to patients . . . . . . . . . 2.8 2.7 3.8Dispensing prescriptions . . . 74.9 74.3 78.3Teaching and/or

research . . . . . . . . . . 2.5 2.5 2.2Manufacturing. . . . . . . . . 0.7 0.7 0.7

Retailing . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.9 1.0 0.6

Other . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.4 2.2 3.6

1Excludes pharmacistsof unknown sex and pharmacistswith unknown primaty activities.2PercmVsmay not add to 100.0 because of rounding.

was a primary activity than did older pharmacists(table M). Teaching and research were also more popularfor pharmacists under 40 years of age than for older ones.

Fifty-eight percent of the younger group were involved inthese activities, while only 50 percent of the active pharmacistswere under 40 years of age. Retailing and administrativefunctions, however, were less popular as primary activitiesfor pharmacists under 40 years of age than they were forolder practitioners.

This breakdown by age supports a trend that has been

noted in recent literature, that pharmacists are emerging intomore medically professional roles. ‘0 The data on age andactivity indicate that younger pharmacists are less representedin retailing and administrative work and are more highlyrepresented in the areas of providing information to prescribersand patients, and in research.

Weeks worked

Only 10 percent of pharmacists indicated they workedless than 11 months (less than 48 weeks) a year (table 17).Four out of 5 pharmacists indicated they worked 52 weeksper year (including paid vacation and sick leave). Thereis little difference in the distribution of weeks worked forpharmacists between 30 and 64 years of age. However, phar-macists under 30 years of age tended to work fewer weeks,

with slightly less than 3 out of 4 working the entire year.New graduates beginning practice part way through the yearlower the average weeks worked for this age group. Pharma-cists 65 years of age and over had the largest differencein weeks worked from their younger counterparts. Only 6

out of 10 of them worked all 52 weeks. They also hadthe largest proportion working less than 11 months per year.These differences are probably due to two factors. First,pharmacists retiring who are 65 years of age and over stopworking part way through the year, thereby reducing theaverage weeks worked for the entire age group. Second,pharmacists in that age group may actually cut down on

the weeks they work, even when continuing to work a fullweek. They may take longer vacations or limited leavesof absence.

Table M. Number of active pharmacists by primary activity and percent distribution by age, according to primary activity United States, 1978-79

Age

Primary All active Under 30 30-39 40-49 50-59 60-64 65 yearsactivity pharmacists years years years years years and over

Number Percent distribution

All activities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96,424 100.0 21.6 29.5 20.6 16.8 4.8 6.7

Providing informationto prescribers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,015 100.0 25.9 29.0 18.3 16.4 5.1 5.3

Administration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12,192 100.0 11.9 33.7 26.1 18.6 4.8 5.0

Providing informationto patients . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,733 100.0 32.4 26.0 16.7 11.7 4.0 7.3

Dispensing preacriptiona . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72,256 100.0 22.6 28.7 20.0 Ie.7 4.9 7.1Teaching and/or research . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,377 100.0 21.3 36.6 21.0 14.8 3.5 2.4

Manufacturing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 684 100.0 20.3 30.1 19.6 17.8 6.3 5.8

Retailing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 839 100.0 16.1 25.9 19.4 19.7 7.6 11.3

Other . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,328 100.0 26.4 28.5 17.0 17.6 5.0 5.4

tExcludespharmaclstaof unknown aga and pharmacistswith unknown activities.~Percentsmay not add to 100,0 because of rounding.

9

Table N. Number and percent distribution of active pharmaciata by selected weeks worked in year prior to interview, according to principal forma ofemployment United Ststea, 1978-79

Weeks worked

Principal

form of All active

employment pharmacists Less than 48 48-51 52 Unknown

Number

All principal forms of employment . . . . . . 112,335 10,249 10,085 80,931 11,070

Sole owner . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16,490 463 1,391 14,025Partner . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

6119,458 305 910 7,913

Manager’ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .330

30,808 1,668 2,532 25,736

Staffpharmacist . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .872

41,152 6,401 4,424 28,474 1,653Volunteer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 347 166 40 93Other . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

485,615 767 582 3,890

Unknown . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .356

8,465 459 206 600 7,000

Percent dkdributionz

Allprincipal forms of employment . . . . . . . . 100.0 9.7 9.9 80.3 .,.

Soleowner . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 2.9 8.8 88.3Partner . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

,..

100.0 3.3 10.0 86.7Manager’ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . .

100.0 5.6 8.5 66.0Staffpharmacist . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . .

100.0 16.3 11.3 72.4Volunteer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

.,.

100.0 55.5 13.4 31.1Other . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

,..

100.0 15.0 11.1 74.0 . . .

1Includes assistant managera.‘Percents maynot add to 100. Obecauaeof rounding.

Female pharmacists were more likely than male pharma-cists were to work less than 11 months per year. Twenty

percent worked less than 48 weeks compared with only 8percent of the men. A difference by sex existed in all agegroups. Approximately two-thirds of the female pharmacists

worked full 52-week years. The percent increases gradually

unti165yearsof age.Table N indicates that the number of weeks worked

per year is related to the principal form of employment.

Sole owners and partners worked at least 11 months per

year (97 percent of each worked 48 weeks or more). Approxi-

mately 7 out of 8 indicated they worked all 52 weeks peryear. Managers and assistant managers, although salaried,worked nearly as many weeks as sole owners and partners.Ninety-five percent of the managers and assistant managersworked at least 48 weeks per year, and 86 percent worked

all 52 weeks.

The inactive pharmacist

Inactive pharmacists were 16percent ofalllicensedphar-

macists of known activity status. They represent a potentialsource of manpower because they are trained and licensed

and may at anytime enter or return to the profession. There

are additional pharmacists who were trained but who nolonger are licensed and thus are not counted in the poolof potential pharmacists. These may include pharmacists whohave given up their licenses because they are working in

another field. Since the focus ofthisreport islicensedpharma-

cists, the inactive pharmacists discussed in this section areall licensed.

The 20,912 known inactive pharmacists who were sur-veyed in 1978-79 are distributed by their State of residenceand reason for inactivity in table 18.

10

Interms ofpotential pharmaceutical resources, 12percentof the inactive pharmacists were seeking work in the protks-

sion. An additional 8 percent were homemakers. Less thanhalf the inactive pharmacists (45 percent) said they wereretired (table 19). Theactual unemployment rate intheprofes-

sion was less than 2 percent. That figure is based on the

number of inactive pharmacists seeking work relative to thetotal number of licensed pharmacists. This is an especiallylow unemployment rate because it includes pharmacists who

are in transition between jobs, new graduates seeking posi-

tions, and women who have decided to return to the labor

force but who have not yet found employment in the profes-sion.

Pharmacists under 30 years of age were the largest groupseeking work in the profession. More than a quarter of themwere either unemployed or working in another field, and,

in either case, looking for work in the profession. For each

age group between 30 and 60 years approximately 15 percentof the inactive pharmacists were seeking a position in phar-macy. For job hunters 60-64 years of age, the percent currentlyunemployed was comparable to the percents unemployed for

those in the age categories between 30 and 60 years. Thepercent of those 60-64 years of age who were working in

another field and seeking work in pharmacy dropped to htilf

of the percents of the comparable groups in the lower agecategories. Evidently, the unemployed pharmacist who wasnear retirement age still looked for work, but if he was

working in another field, he was less likely to still be seeking

a job as a pharmacist.

Fewer than half of the inactive pharmacists were 65years of age or over (table O). Nearly one-fourth were under40 years of age. Pharmacists under 40 years of age were

inactive in the profession for the most part because thtywere working in other fields and were not seeking work

in pharmacy or because they were homemakers. The youngestphtirmacists (under 30 years of age) also tended to be un-employeci and seeking work in the profession. These werepmbtibly the newly licensed pharmacists just starting outand looking for a job. Nearly half of the inactive female

pharmacists were under 40 years of age. Approximately halfof them were inactive because they were homemakers. Home-

maker responsibilities were virtually nonexistent as a reasonfor irmctivity among male pharmacists.

At every age, a much higher percent of men than ofwomen were employed in other fields and were not seekingwork w phtirmacists. The difference in the percents is striking.

Table O. Number and percent diatnbution of inactive pharmacists byage, according to sex United States, 1978-79

Both SexAge sexes Male Female unknown

Alleges . . . . . . . . . .

Under 30 years . . . . . .

30-39 years . . . . . . . .40-49 years . . . . . . . .

50-59 years . . . . . . . .

60-64 years . . . . . . . .

65 years and over . . . .

Unknown . . . . . . . . .

20,912

1,3713,3162,6732,395

1,4789,023

656

Number

16,997 3,845

713 6542,252 1,0632,025 6451,821 5691,274 2038,331 847

581 64

70

4135

1

4511

Percent distribution’

Alleges . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 100.0 100.0 . . .

Under 30 years . . . . . . 6.8 4.3 17.3 . . .30-39 years . . . . . . . . 16.4 13.7 26.1 . . .

40-49 years . . . . . . . . 13.2 12.3 17.1 . . .50-59 years . . . . . . . 11.8 11.1 15.0 . . .

60-64 years . . . . . . . . 7.3 7.8 5.4 ...

65 years and over . . . . 44.5 50.7 17.1 . . .

1Percentsmay notadd to 100.0 because of rounding,

Almost 6 out of every 8 men 30-39 years of age were

inactive for this reason. compared with 1 in 8 women. At40-49 years of age, approximately 4.5 times as many menas women stated this as their reason for inactivity. Femalepharmacists were more likely than male pharmacists were

to be seeking work in the profession because they wereunemployed rather than because they were working in otherfields.

The distribution of inactive pharmacists by age was quitedifferent for men than it was for women. One-half of themale pharmacists were 65 years of age or over comparedwith only 17 percent of the women. Conversely, nearly one-

fifth of the inactive female pharmacists were under 30 years

of age compared with 4 percent of the men. This disparityis partially related to the overall age composition of femalepharmacists. Since two-thirds of all the licensed female prac-titioners (regardless of activity status) were under 40 yearsof age, it is not surprising that nearly half the inactive femalepharmacists were also under 40. However, 42 percent ofall the men were under 40 years of age (see table 2), andless than one-fifth of the inactive men were in that agegroup.

It appears that in the younger age groups, fewer femalepharmacists worked in the profession than men did, either

because they could not find employment or because theychose not to (for reasons such as being homemakers). Inthe older groups, it is not clear whether female pharmacistshad a smaller percent inactive because they were working

or because they had given up their licenses.In tables P and Q the activity status for those pharmacists

not reporting activity status is imputed by apportioning the27,417 pharmacists with unknown activity status into

categories in the same ratio as occurred among the 133,247pharmacists whose activity status is known. Of the resulting135,449 active pharmacists, the largest number was located

Tsble P. Active pharmacists, U.S. resident population, and active pharmacists per 100,000 people, by geographic region and division: United States,1978-79

U.S. residentActive population Active pharmacists

pharmacists, in thousands,

Geographic region and divisionper 100,000 people,

1978-79’ 197/# 1978-79

Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Northeast . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .New England . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Middle AtlanUc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

North Central,..........,.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .East Norfh Central . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

West North Central . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .South . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

South Atlantlc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

East South Central, ,,, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .West South Central . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

West . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Mountain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Pacific . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Foreign’ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

135,449

31,4268,482

22,94435,69524,673

11,02243,932

20,937

8,84514,150

24,1427,064

17,078

254

222,095

49,24412,30336,94258,53841,509

17,02873,003

35,682

14,39522,725

41,31110,746

30,565. . .

61.0

63.869.062.161.0

59.4

64.760.2

58.3

61.462.3

56.465.7

55.9. . .

‘Number of active pharmacists (112,335) adjusted to include corresponding proportion of phannaasts with unknown activdy status (S4.306 percent of 27,417 = 23,114 additional activepharmacmls) Data entrias lncreasa proportionally.“AsofJulyl .DatafromU S.Bureauo fthsCensua: PreHminay eatimateaof theintercensal population of States: 1970 to1980, Series l, Washington%mludes pharmacistsworking In US. territories and foreign countries.

NOTE: Seeappendlx lllfor States included ineachgeograpKc region anddvision.

11

Table Q. Number and percent distribution of active pharmacists by age, according to geographic region: United States, 1978-79

Geographic region and age Number

Percent Geographic region distribution and age Number


All regions South

All ages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135,449l

Northeast

All ages ................

Under 30 years ............ 30-59 years .............. 60 years and over .......... Unknown ...............

North Central

All ages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35,695 100.0


31,426

5,689 20,385

5,089 253

8,399 22,620

4,564 113

-I 00.0

18.3 65.4 16.3 . . .

23.6 63.6 12.8

All ages ................


West

All ages ................


Foreign2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 254

43,932

10,001 23.0 29,561 68.0

3,913 9.0 457 . . .

24,142 100.0

4,149 17,093

2,749 151

100.0

17.3 71.2 11.5 . . .

‘Number of active pharmacists (112,335) adjusted to include corresponding proportion of pharmacists with unknown activity status (84.306 percent of 27,417 = 23,114 additional active pharmacists.) *Includes pharmacists working in U.S. territories and foreign countries.

NOTE: See appendix III for States included in each geographic region. .

in the South (43,932). Despite this large number, the South remained slightly below the national average of 61 active pharmacists per 100,000 population (table P). Of the divisions, New England had the highest ratio of active pharmacists per 100,000 population (69.0), while the Pacific had the lowest ratio (55.9).

Differences in the age composition of active pharmacists

in the four regions of the United States are shown in table Q. The Northeast had the largest proportion of pharmacists 60 years of age and over, while the South had the smallest proportion of pharmacists this age. The South and North Central regions had the most young pharmacists (under 30 years of age).

References

‘National Center for Health Statistics: The Cooperative Health Statis-tics Systcm, its mission and program. Vital and Health Skzds~ics.Series 4-No. 19, DHEW Pub. No. (HRA) 77-1456. Health ResourcesAdministration, Washington, U.S. Government Printing Office, Apr.I977

2Burcuu of Health Manpowec Pharmacy Manpower Resources.DHEW Pub. No. (HRA) 78-36. Health Resources Administration.

‘U.S. Bureau of the Census: Statistical Abstract of the United States,191%( 101st edition). Washington. U.S. Government Printing Office.1980, tublcs 33 and 654, pp. 29 and 395.

4Cmrtw for Health Services Research and Development: PhysicianDistribution and Medical Licensure in the U.S., 1979. Chicago.American Medical Association, 1980.

‘Nitimml Center for Health Statistics, P.H. Zytnick, K. W. Stant,and J. P. Barbano: Podiatry workforce, characteristics of the provisionof patient care, United States, 1974. Vital and Health Statistics.Swim 14-No. 22. DHEW Pub. No. (PHS) 79-1817. Public HealthScrvicc. Washington. U.S. Government Printing Office, Aug. 1979.

(lNational Centtr for Health Statistics: 1978-79 National SurveY

of Optometrists. Division of Health Care Statistics. Unpublisheddata.

7U. S. Bureau of the Census: 1980 Census of Population, Supplemen-tary Report, Race of Population by States, 1980. PC80-5 I -3.Washington. U.S. Government Printing Office, 1981.

su s Bureau of the Census: 1980 Census of population, SuPPlemen-. .taq Report, Race of Population by States, 1980. PC80-51 -3.Washington. U.S. Government Printing Office, 1981, table 1.

9U. S. Bureau of the Census: Statistical Abstract of the UnitedStates, 1980 (101 st edition). Washington. U.S. Government PrintingOffice, 1980, table 45, p 38.

‘“Medicine: More than just pill counters. Time 118, (15):95, Oct.12, 1981.

1INational Center for Health Statistics, R. Biggan Procedww for

Unduplication of Pharmacy and Optometry Data. Working PaperSeries. No. 9. Public Health Service, Feb. 1982.

‘zNational Center for Health Statistics: Data on Licensed Pharmacists,by State, 1977-80. DHHS Pub. No. (PHS) 82-1153. Public HealthS&vice. Washington.Oct. 1981.

U.S. Government P~nting Office, Sept. and

13

Listof detailed tables

1.

2.

3.

4,

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

10.

11.

Number of licensed pharmacists, by activity status andwork State: United States, 1978-79 . . . . . . . . . .

Number and percent distribution of licensed pharmacistsby activity status, according to sex and age: United States,1978-79 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Number of active pharmacists, by age and work State:United States, 1978-79..... . . . . . . . . . . . .

Number of active pharmacists, by sex and work State:United States, 1978-79 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Number of active pharmacists, by race and work State:United States, 1978-79 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Number of active pharmacists, by Hispanic origin andwork State: United States, 1978-79 . . . . . . . . . .

Number and percent distribution of active pharmacists byage, according to race and Hispanic origin: United States,1978-79 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Number and percent distribution of active pharmacists bysex, according to race and Hispanic origin: United States,1978-79 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Number and percent distribution of active pharmacists bygeographic region of pharmacy school of graduation, ac-cording to race and Hispanic origin: United States,1978-79 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Number of active pharmacists, by employment settingand work State: United States, 1978-79 . . . . . . . .

Number and percent distribution of active pharmacists byprimary employment setting, according to age: UnitedStates, 1978-79 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

22

23

24

12.

13.

14.

15.

16.

17.

18.

19.

Number and percent distribution of active pharmacists byprimary employment setting, according to race and His-panic origin: United States, 1978-79 . . . . . . . . . 24

Number of active pharmacists, by principal forms ofemployment and work State: UnitedStates, 1978-79 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...25

Number and percent distribution of active pharmacists bytotal hours worked per week, according to principal formsof employment and sex: United States, 1978-79 . . . M

Number and percent distribution of active pharmacists bysecondary employment settings, according to primwy em-ployment settings: United States, 1978-79 . . . . , . . 27

Mean hours worked per week by active pharmacists. w-dstandard deviations, by race, geographic region (withnumber of pharmacists), and activities performed: UnitedStates, 1978-79 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..2x

Number and percent distribution of active pharmacists byselected weeks worked in year prior to interview, accordingto sex and age: United States, 1978-79 . . . . . . . 29

Number of inactive pharmacists, by mason for inactivityand State of residence: United States, 1978-79 . . . . 30

Number and percent distribution of inactive pharmacistsby reason for inactivity, according to sex and age: UnitedStates, 1978-79 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...31

14

Table 1. Number of licensed pharmaciata, by activity status and work State United Statea, 1978-79

All Activi& St#USlicensed

Work State’ pharmacists Active Inactive Unknown

All areas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Alabama . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Alaska . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Arizona . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Arkansas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

California . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Colorado . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Connecticut . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Delaware . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

DiskictofColumbia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Florida . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Georgia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Hawaii . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Idaho . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Illinois . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Indiana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Iowa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Kansas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Kentucky . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Louisiana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Maine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Maryland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Massachusetts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Michigan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Minnesota . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Mississippi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Missouri . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Montana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Nebraska . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Nevada . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

New Hampshir e . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

New Jersey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .New Mexico . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .New York . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Norih Carolina . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

North Dakota . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Ohio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Oklahoma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Oregon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Pennsylvania . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Rhode island . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .South Carolina . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .South Dakota . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Tennessee . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Texas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Utah . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Vermont . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Virginia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Washington . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .West Virginia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Wisconsin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Wyoming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

U.S. territories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Foreigncountrles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

160,664

2,495232

2,1891,666

14,6312,4142,605

375732

6,8563,956

400716

8,002

3,8922,2651,561

2,393

3,106647

3,2345,1446,e612,939

1,6973,708

6991,472

493

5715,800

87513,4353,269

604

6,5012,4641,966

8,943857

2,054611

3,213

9,360

1,004

3073,1773,1411,082

3,224

396

106240

112,335

2,327124

1,6271,4267,8981,5021,790

205

555

4,4142,462

268474

4,996

3,0651,6661,193

1,7991,655

5372,0754,2635,9862,527

1,5012,952

4741,203

327408

3,568709

7,5e42,912

424

4,202

1,4741,396

5,990704

1,818409

2,577

6,514

767

2112,6332,569

920

2,747

244

89165

20,912

144

32498

2461,643

394358

36

56

1,251

34043

101832

416

285250196

279

88450827809347185701131257

69

84797136

,879319

104

618302228,479149215

93309

27,417

2476

64

14

5,090518457134

121

1,191

1,15499

1412,174

411

314138

3981,174

22709

546665

1155941297

79

1,43530

3,9723876

1,661

688

3641,474

421

109

3271,066

161

3644e467136

447

61

1775

1,778

56

6096

10526

30

91

. . .

. . .

7Forinactive pharmac(atalhe work State ia the place of residence. Forpharmaciataof unknown actwtyatatuathe work State sthe State of residence, mail, or ficensure

15

G Table2. Numhrand per&ntdstnb@"on ofhcensed phamacists byacfwi~s@tus, awoting tosexand ag& United Sates, 1978-79

All licensed phamracists Male Female Sex unknown

Activity status Activity status Activity status Activi& status

Age Total Active Inactive Unknown Total Active Inactive Unknown Total Active Inactive Unknown Total Active Inactive Unknown

Alleges . . . . . . . . . . . .

Under 30yeara . . . . . . . .30-39 years . . . . . . . . . .40-49 years . . . . . . . . . .

50-59 years . . . . . . . . . .60-64 years . . . . . . . . . .

65years and over . . . . . .Unknown . . . . . . . . . . .

160,664

24,975

35,58025,76921,454

7,127

16,66726,892

112,335

23,804

32,26423,09619,059

5,6497,844

819

20,912

1,3713,3162,673

2,3951,476

9,023656

All ages . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 84.3 15.7

Under 30 years . . . . . . . . 100.0 94.5 5.530-39 years . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 90.7 9.340-49 years . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 69.6 10.4

50-59 years . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 88.6 11.260-64 years . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 79.3 20.765 years and over . . . . . . 100.0 46.5 53.5Unknown . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 55.5 44.5

27,417 133,474

16,64429,33725,56916,976

6,52515,832

27,417 23,591

. . . 100.0. . . 100.0. . . 100.0. . . 100.0. . . 100.0. . . 100.0. . . 100.0. . . 100.0

94,156 16,997

15,931 71327,065 2,252

20,544 2,02517,155 1,821

5,251 1,2747,501 6,331

691 581

84.7 15.3

95.7 4.3

92.3 7.7

91.0 9.0

90.4 9.6

80.5 19.5

47.4 52.6

54.3 45.7

Number

22,319 26,147

6,316

6,2233,1852,465

600989

22,319 4,367


. . . 100.0

. . . 100.0

. . . 100.0

. . . 100.0

. . . 100.0

. . . 100.0

. . . 100.0

. . . 100.0

18,115

7,664

5,1602,540

1,696397

342116

82.5

92.182.979.776.968.234.664.4

3,645

6541,063

645569203

647

64

17.5

7.917.120.3

23.133.8

65.435.6

4,187 1,043

13

201513

2

464,187 934

. . . 100.0

. . . 100.0

. . . 100.0

. . . 100.0

. . . 100.0

. . . 100.0

. . . 100.0

. . . 100.0

62

919

12

811

12

47.0

69.295.0

60.061.550.0

2.2

52.2

70 911

41

351

45 -11 911

53.0 . . .

30.8 . . .5.0 . . .

20.0 . . .

38.5 . . .50.0 0..97.6 . . .47.6 . . .

Table 3. Number of active pharmaciata, by age and work State United Statea, 1978-79

AllAge

active Under 30 30-39 40-49 50-59 60-64 65 yearsWork State pharmacmts years years years years years and over Unknown

All areaa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Alabama . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Alaska . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Arizona . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Arkansan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

California . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Colorado . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Connecticut, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Delaware . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .DistrictofColumbia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Florida . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Georgia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Hawaii, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Idaho . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Illinois . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Indiana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Iowa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Kansas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Kentucky . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Louisiana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Maine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Maryland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Massachusetts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Michigan, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Minnesota . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Mlasissippl . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Missouri .,,,........,.. . . . . . . . . . . . .Montana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Nebraska, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Nevada . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

New Hampshire . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

New Jersey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .New Mexico . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

New York . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .North Carolina . . . . . ...*... . . . . . . . . . . . .

North Dakota . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Ohio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Oklahoma . . : . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Oregon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Pennsylvania . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Rhode laland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

South Carolina . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .South Dakota . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Tennessee . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Texas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Utah . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Vermont . ., ., . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Virginia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Waahlngton . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .WestVkglnla . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Wisconsin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Wyoming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

U.S.territories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Forelgncountries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

112,335

2,327124

1,6271,4267,898

1,5021,790

205555

4,414

2,462258474

4,996

3,0651,6661,1931,7991,655

5372,0754,2635,9862,527

1,5012,952

4741,203

327

408

3,568709

7,5642,912

4244,2021,4741,3965,990

7041,818

4092,5776,514

787

2112,6332,569

920

2,747

244

89165

23,604

50630

274

3021,344

199372

2686

468

60744

851,069

629494295558526

163

335678

1,490556

369747103265

74

111

443172

1,097699

124

969351232

1,210

221

528131

6191,557

109

41656420269

610

74

9

34

32,264

76745

423496

2,564

496396

50153

1,055

89169

1341,536

886

503306496576

129

626914

1,433726

516790142364

96

126

883211

1,986896

1251,077

548447

1,380

117

56293

8592,292

225

69789692258

645

78

23

63

23,096

48823

324256

1,829

278427

69108

1,108463

54105

949

588272233

327254

96444698

1,214496

236

50088

22359

82994119

1.852“558

80927220316

1,286

160295

93463

1,18817638

526553152511

46

23

39

19,059

41619

343242

1,315

295317

41123935

35444

111744

590222203284206

76357762

1,088425

224396

66165

41

38648109

1.321514

61757212236,119

116275

51353971187

30422575160

41527

2115

5,849

861

10740

369119

110

935

272781121

283

200

84464636

18

146315297129

5313326

8430

14216

37461106

13212

6087

331

41

622099

233

4314

10217437

104

9

4

6

7,844

555

14989

395

109142

749

361631217

416

165

851178446

39154384458157

76

38224

10023

32

37757

835123

19249

7977

648

46

9520

133255

401412514543

258

7

1

1

819

29171

62

626

31

215

64

119

7

6349

1613

112

636

52524

574

1214

21141

16

311

5116

75

1310

1

4

3

67

17

Table 4. Number of active pharmacists, by sex and work Stat& United Statea, 1978-79

Allactive Sex

Work State pharmacists Male Female unknown

Allareas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Alabama . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Alaska . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Arizona . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Arkansas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

California . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Colorado . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Connecticut . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Delaware . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .DistrictofColumbia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Florida . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Georgia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Hawaii . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Idaho . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Illinois . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Indiana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Iowa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Kansas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Kentucky . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Louisiana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Maine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Maryland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Massachusetts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Michigan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Minnesota . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Mississippi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

~ssoufi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Montana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Nebraska . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Nevada . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .NewHampshire . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

New Jersey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

New Mexico . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

New York . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

North Carolina . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .North Dakota . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Ohio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Oklahoma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Oregon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Pennsylvania . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Rhode Island . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

South Carolina . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .South Dakota . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Tennessee . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Texas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Utah . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Vermont . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Mr9inia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Washington . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

West Virginia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

~sconsin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Wyoming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

U.S.territories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Foreigncountries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

112,335

2,327

124

1,6271,4267,8981,502

1,790

205

5554,4142,462

256

474

4,996

3,0651,666

1,193

1,7991,655

5372,0754,263

5,9862,5271,5012,952

474

1,203

327406

3,566

709

7,584

2,912424

4,2021,474

1,396

5,990704

1,818409

2,5776,514

767211

2,633

2,569

920.2,747

244

89165

94,158

1,992

92

1,3691,2626,5341,224

1,488

166421

3,7822,049

196

3984,1732,5121,3701,031

1,5291,338

4751,719

3,691

4,991

2,1351,3052,542

396

1,003

283358

3,138

610

6,7412,393

3343,4781,232

1,094

5,031560

1,508305

2,1385,319

703185

2,099

1,985

7452,370

181

61122

18,115

335

32256

1641,358

277

302

39132621410

62

76

820551295

160

268316

62355572

995391196409

76

200

4450

429

97

843

51590

723242

301

958144

310104436

1,1928426

533

560

175377

62

2743

62

2

61

211

3

321

2

21

1

1

1

1

2

4

1

1

1

33

1

4

1

1

18

Table 5. Number of active pharmacist, by race and work State: United States, 1978-79

All

active American RaceWork State DhaM7aCktS White Black Indian Asian Other unknown

All areas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Alabama . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Alaska. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Arizona . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Arkansas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .California . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Colorado . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Connecticut . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Delaware . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .DistrictofColumbla . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Florida . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Georgia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Hawall . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Idaho . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Illinois................’. . . . . .Indiana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Iowa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Kansas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Kentucky . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Louisiana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Maine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Maryland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Massachusetts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Mlchlgan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Minnesota . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Mississippi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Missouri . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Montana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Nebraska . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Nevada . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .New Hampshire . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .New Jersey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .New Mexico . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .New York . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

North Carolina . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .North Dakota . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Ohio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Oklahoma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Oregon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Pennsylvania . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Rhode Island . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .South Carolina . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .South Dakota . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Tennessee . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Texas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Utah . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Vermont . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Virginia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Washington . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .WestVlrglnia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Wisconsin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Wyoming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

LLS. territories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Foreigncountries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

112,335

2,327

1241,6271,4267,8981,5021,790

205

5554,4142,462

258474

4,9963,0651,8861,1931,7991,655

5372,0754,2635,986

2,5271,5012,952

4741,203

327406

3,568709

7,584

2,912

4244,2021,474i ,396

5,990704

1,818409

2,577

6,514767211

2,6332,569

9202,747

244

89165

90,422

2,230

1011,502

1,3105,6711,3441,640

163

266

1792,215

104435

4,4332,6251,5461,1121,7061,456

5011,7843,4895,0042,4191,4242,758

4461,151

268351

3,173596

6,7542,748

4023,8921,3331,280

142665

1,749360

2,397

5,711665194

2,4452,174

8952,653

222

2683

1,730

36

11

9116

714

1

173

447

140

36229

691

8413

141

52676

5

472

98

36

6113

2

53

32

24

278

65154

6

51

I 44

21

31

2541

11121

42

4

1392

51

1

232

313

254

1

12

13

25

2

3,048

74

3910

1,40834

64

28

223

1197

1772210

61

31

543579

162220

1011

24012

33412

369

63

5662

19

12523

22110

1

181

19

94

1

24111

1

3

13

1

1113

11

18

1

6

1

11

7

3

2

16,897

521871

9665411212836

874,229

1783431

241181105

66797435

171712750

85269025374755

30693

38611321

2079441

5,838272926

134

376991699

25820

6321

5372

19

Table 6. Number of active pharmaciata, by Hispanic origin and work Stat= United States, 1976-79

All

active OriginWork Sfafe pharmacists Hispanic Non-Hispanic urrkno wn

Allareas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Alabama . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .Alaska . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Arizona . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Arksnsas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

California . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Colorado . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Connecticut . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Delaware . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .DistrictofColumbia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Florida . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Georgia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Hawaii . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Idaho . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Illinois . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Indiana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Iowa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Kansas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Kentucky . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Louisiana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Maine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Maryland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Massachusetts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Michigan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Minnesota . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Mississippi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Missouri . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Montana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Nebraska . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Nevada . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .New Hampshire . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

New Jersey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

New Mexico . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

New York . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

North Carolina . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

North Dakota . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Ohio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Oklahoma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Oregon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Pennsylvania . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Rhode Island . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

South Carolina . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

South Dakota . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Tennessee . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Texas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Utah . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Vermont . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Virginia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Washington . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

West Virginia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Wisconsin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Wyoming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

U.S.territories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Foreign countries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

112,335

2,327124

1,6271,426

7,898

1,5021,790

205

5554,414

2,462258474

4,996

3,065

1,6661,1931,7991,655

537

2,0754,2635,9862,5271,501

2,952

4741,203

327408

3,566

709

7,5642,912

4244,2021,4741,3965,990

704

1,618

4092,5776,514

787

211

2,6332,569

9202,747

244

89

165

1,671

13

58

210

26

1027

227

16

2

3715

4

85

40

312

321

6

21

1563

18

86135

4

120

12

71

1

5523

4

2

135

5

22

1

86,481

2,275103

1,4561,326

6,9981,362

1,657187466

2,460

2,279

222438

4,683

1,547

1,1161,7211,542

503

1,6953,555

11941

1,468

2,636

4441,157

276

353

3,332

5287,120

2,776

3943,9891,366

945,708

671

30

3772,4495,611

665195

982,475

896

31217

28

91

24,183

3921

115100

690

114123

1682

1,707

167

3634

276221

115

697373

31

166705

5,8652,485

25

93

29414552

218

95

329

130

29193

941,302

211

32

1,768

32123380118

14

2,535

8119

2,71622

3973

20

Table 7. Idumber and percent distributionof active pharmacists by age, according to race and Hispanic origin: United States, 1978-79

Age

Under 30 30-39 40-49 50-59 60-64 65 yearsRace and Hispanic origin Total years years yeara years years and over Unknown

Allactiwpharmacists . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Race

Whit. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Black . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .AmericanIndian, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Asian . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Other . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Unknown . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Hispanic origin

Hispanic, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Non-Hlspanlc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Unknown . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

All activepharmacists . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Race

White . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Black . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

American Mian... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Asian . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Other . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Hispanic origin

Hispanic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Non-Hispanic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

112,335

90,4221,730

144

3,04894

16,897

1,67166,48124,183

100.0

100.0

100.0100.0100.0100.0

100.0100.0

23,604

18,683344

33941

273,576

36617,5725,664

21.2

20.7

19.922.930.926.7

22.020.4

32,264

26,299

57742

1,23042

4,074

46025.175

6;609

26.9

29.1

33.429.240.444.7

26.729.2

Number

23,096 19,059

16,564 15,436346 325

25 30502 286

10 123,649 2,968

399 31317,672 14,8244,625 3,922


20.7 17.1

20.6 17.120.0 18.617.4 20.816.5 9.410.6 12.6

23.9 16.720.7 17.2

5,649

4,637

607

591

665

494,4901,110

5.1

5.13.54.91.91.1

2.9

5.2

7,644

6,63876

726

21,091

61

6,3991,364

7.0

7.44.54.9

0.92.1

3.67.4

619

165

654

1

149669

. . .

. . .

. . .

. . .

. . .

. . .

. . .

. . .

‘Percents may nol add to 100.0 becauee of rounding.

21

Table8. Numkrand percent tistnbution ofacfwe phamaciata bysex, according toraceand Mspanic origin: United SWtea, 1978-79

SexRace and Hispanic origin Total Male Female unknown

Number

18,115All active pharmacists . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112.335 94,158 62

Race

White . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Black . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .American Indian . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Asian . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Other . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Unknown . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

90,4221,730144

3,04894

16,897

76,6721,212

1272,099

7713,971

13,750518

17949

172,864 62

Hispanic origin

Hispanic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Non-Hispanic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Unknown . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1,67186,48124,183

1,22472,89220,042

44713,5864,082

359


63.9 16.1,..

Allactwe pharmacists . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0

Race,... . .. . .. . .. . .

White . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Black . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

American Indian . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Asian . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Other . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

100.0100.0100.0100.0100.0

84.8 15.270.1 29.988.2 11.6

68.9 31.181.9 18.1

Hispanic origin

Hispanic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Non-Hispanic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

100.0100.0

73.2 26.8

84.3 15.7

. . .

. . .

Table9. Numhrand percent dstnbution ofactive pharmacists bygeograpMc region ofphamacy schmlof gmduation, according toraceand Hiapnicorigin: United States, 1978-79

Geographic region of pharmacy school

North Us. ForeignRace and Hispanic origin Total South West Norlheast Central territory country Unknown

Number

33,041All activepharmacists . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112,335

90,4221,730

144

3,046

9416,897

1,671

86,46124,183

100.0

100.0100.0100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0100.0

31,280

27,1981,128

60

359

19

2,516720

25,9074,653

30.7

31.266.642.2

11.9

20.445.731.1

13,126 25,350 52 901 6,585

Race

White . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Black . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .American Indian . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Asian . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Other . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Unknown . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Hispanic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Non-Hispanic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Unknown . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

11

1

,1836241

,615

34191

18,018170

10

199

16

8,937196

30,516327

31

403

16

1,748104

291

2236

295 3,1837 35

2

446 24

6 1143 5,340157 94364

11,2541,508

23,920 21,517 41,234 11,420 12

72717

3,1525,339


24.9 32.4 0.1All active pharmacists . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.9 1.0 ,..

Race

White . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Black . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .American Indian . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Asian . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Other . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Hispanic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Non-Hispanic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

12.83.7

28.9

53.4

36.623.113.5

20.6 35.0 0.010.0 19.3 0.1

7.0 21.8

6.6 13,3

17.2 17.2

12.4 8.6 2.328.7 25.8

0.30.4

14.8

6.610.0

. . .

. . .

. . .

. . .

.,.

. . .

. . .

‘Percents may not add to 100. O because of rounding.

22

Table IO. Number ofactive phamacists, byemplo~ent setingand woWState United States, 1978-79

All Independentactive community Chain Pharmaceutical

Work State pharmacists pharmacy pharmacy Hospital manufacturer Other Unknown

All areas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Alabama, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Alaska . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Arizona . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Arkansas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .California . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Colorado . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Connecticut . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Delaware, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .DlstrictofColumbia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Florida . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Georgia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Hawaii . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Idaho . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Illinois . .,, .,, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Indiana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Iowa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Kansas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Kentucky . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Louisiana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Maine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Maryland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Massachusetts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Michigan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Minnesota . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Mississippi, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Missouri . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Montana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Nebraska . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Nevada . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .New Hampshir e . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .NewJarsey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .New Mexico . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .New York . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .North Carolina, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .North Dakota, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Ohio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Oklahoma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Oregon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Pennsylvania ., . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Rhode Island . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .South Caroling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .South Dakota, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Tennessee . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Texas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Utah . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Vermont . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Virginia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Washington, . .,, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .WestVkglnia, .,, ..,..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Wisconsin, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Wyoming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

US.territories, .,...,... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Forelgncountries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

112,335

2,327124

1,6271,4267,8981,5021,790

205555

4,4142,462

256474

4,9963,0651,6661,1931,7991,655

5372,0754,2635,9662,5271,5012,952474

1,203327406

3,566709

7,5842,912424

4,2021,4741,3965,990704

1,616409

2,5776,514787211

2,6332,569920

2,747244

89165

38,417

1,14226

216706

2,0915119004086

1,27994534196

1,720809706497748614204521

1,7911,961968692

1,12920448583171

1,702252

3,2141,089182

1,350529496523256770189

1,0112,073186115748679336

1,106116

68

28,413

58030

435269

1,90840232388109

1,29463861

1371,3001,097381294481475154724725

1,53849424681111522712292

576157

1,43196466

1,491393365

1,10912549864

6522,1942043798250029667754

35

25,119

33540

384308

2,720360314331958795299086

1,36656837625639736683

448767

1,45450023275494

2396473

538154

1,805523125849364325

1,066158295108570

1,4421463555049320879533

2380

2,477

20

195

1492334145

443545

167279171620341

2386

20334137941423

3247

351465

681210668

214

3685142

2114281

513

3,844

514

4140

27728596

6398657129186633244567

179123111512193205757

12734

2715519

1115344635247215871665536488294817

26

14,065

19922

55298

7531561602495

8202304236

33222612398109108861807917194ao29786371815162

301105512 “23527

213123156

2,6711331622921955418219

2687954911123

5071

23

Table 11. Number and percent distributbn of active pharrneobta by primary empbyment setting aocording to agrx United State& 197S-79

Age

All active Under 30 30-39 40-49 50-59 60-64 65 yearsPrimaiy employment setting pharmacists years years yeare years years and over Unknown

Allsetfings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Independent community pharmacy . . . . . . . . . . . . .Chain pharmacy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Clinic or medical building pharmacy . . . . . . . . . . . .Nursing home . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Hospital . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Pharmaceutical manufacturer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .College of pharmacy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Other . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Unknown . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Allsetfings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Independent community pharmacy. . . . . . . . . . . . .Chain pharmacy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Clinic ormedical building pharmacy . . . . . . . . . . . .Nursing home . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Hospital . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Pharmaceutical manufacturer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .College of pharmacy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Other . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

112,335

38,40828,423

3,9681,551

19,6032,4761,2882,553

14,065

100.0

39.128.94.01.6

19.92.51.32.6

23,604

4,9947,755

834447

6,306206294349

2,419

100.0

23.636.63.92.1

29.61.01.41.6

32,284

9,2359,0861,241

4586,980

882457718

3,407

100.0

32.031.5

4.31.6

24.22.41.62.5

23,096 19,059 5,649

9,300 8,045 2,4265,439 3,993 1,083

814 847 179270 185 61

2,743 2,320 649775 582 158224 217 58653 527 162

2,878 2,543 695


100.0 100.0 100.0

46.0 48.7 51.026.9 24.2 22.4

4.0 3.9 3.81.3 1.1 1.3

13.6 14.0 13.63.8 3.5 3.31.1 1.3 1.23.2 3.2 3.4

7,844

4,279990245128538

6736

1381,423

100.0

66.615.43.82.08.41.00.62.2

819

12997

82

67646

. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . ..,.. . ..,.

‘Percents may not add to 100.0 because of rounding,

Tabb 12. Number and percent [email protected] active pharmacists by primsry amptoyment setting according to race and Hispanic origix Un.RedStateq197s-79

RaceAll

Hispanic or@in

Primary active American Non-employment setting pharmacists White Black Indian Asian Other Unknown Hispanic Hispanic Unknown

Allseftings . . . . . . . . . .

Independent communitypharmacy. . . . . . . . . .

Chain pharmacy . . . . . . .Clinic or medical

building pharmacy . . . . .Nursing home . . . . . . . . .Hospital . . . . . . . . . . . .Pharmaceutical

manufacturer . . . . . . . .College of pharmacy . . . . .Other . . . . . . . . . . . . .Unknown . . . . . . . . . . .

Allsetfings . . . . . . . . . .

Independent communitypharmacy . . . . . . . . . .

Chain pharmacy . . . . . . .Clinic or medical

building pharmacy . . . . .Nursing Home . . . . . . . .Hospital . . . . . . . . . . . .Pharmaceutical

manufacturer . . . . . . . .College of pharmacy . . . . .Other . . . . . . . . . . . . .

112,335

38,40828,423

3,9681,551

19,603

2,4761,2882,553

14,065

100.0

39.128.9

4.01.6

19.9

2.51.32.6

90,422

35,11024,200

3,341667

16,379

2,2981,0521,7595,616

100.0

41.428.5

3.90.8

19.3

2.71.22.1

1,730

401451

1513

486

363835

129

100.0

25.028.2

9.40.2

30.4

2.22.42.2

144

3639

103

38

4239

100.0

28.7

28.9

7.4

2.228.2

3.01.52.2

Number

3,048 94

476 20790 25

234 831

1,223 32

483747

162 9


100.0 100.0

16.5 23.5

27.4 29.4

8.1 9.41.1

42.4 37.6

1.71.31.6

16,897

2,365

2,918

224

647

1,445

90159709

6,140

. . .

. . .

. . .

. . .

. . .

. . .

. . .

. . .

. . .

1,671

486516

8818

343

201632

152

100.0

32.034.0

5.81.2

22.6

1.31.12.1

86,481

31,04422,592

3,1961,347

15,564

2,0401,0582,2387,420

100.0

39.328.6

4.01.7

19.7

2.61.32.6

24,183

6,8785,335

682186

3,696

416214283

8,493

.,.

. . .

. . .

. . .,... . .

. . .

. . .

. . .

1Percents may net add to 100.0 because of rounding,

24

Table 13. Number of active pharmaciata, by principal forma of employment and work Stattx United Stateq 1978-79

All

active Sole Assistant Star? Employment

Work State pharmacists owner Partner manager Manager pharmacist Other’ unknown

All areas, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Alabama . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Alaska . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Arizona . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Arkansas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .California . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Colorado . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Connecticut . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Delaware, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .DistrictofColumbla . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Florida . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Georgia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Hawaii . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Idaho . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Illinois . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Indiana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Iowa, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Kansas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Kentucky . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Louisiana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Maine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Maryland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Massachusetts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Michigan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Minnesota . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Mississippi ..,..........,.. . . . . . . . . .Missouri . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Montana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Nebraska, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Nevada . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .New Hampshire, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .New Jersey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .New Mexico . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .New York . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .North Carolina . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .North Dakota . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Ohio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Oklahoma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Oregon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Pennsylvania . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Rhode island . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .South Carolina . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .South Dakota . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Tennessee . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Texas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Utah . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Vermont . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Virginia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Washington . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .WeatVirglnla . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Wisconsin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Wyoming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

U.S.territories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Forelgncountrles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

112,335

2,327124

1,6271,4267,8981,5021,790205555

4,4142,462258474

4,9963,0651,6661,1931,7991,655537

2,0754,2635,9e62,5271,5012,952474

1,203327406

3,56S709

7,5642,912424

4,2021,4741,3965,990704

1,618409

2,5776,514787211

2,6332,569920

2,747244

89165

16,490

40615

147309

1,0002092702629

54740416e4

7193053152472663029316e59975025037446199

2304062

635116

1,120422102505256206

1,1117126210045495612739

27036614039347

22

9,456

2314

38163521110160919

300260

263

4642191771212551263713319144064169231371031428

37134

1,01534017

3231291134894917534

2874774430

23417083

31615

2

21,295

31i33

357246

1,4372932754e90

98344375e4

914734282226352331104401721197336205675801747368

642137

1,33374267

983333227

1,32012133763

3971,3e514042

50533224042142

2038

9,513

1476

I3e85

4636111711

a

415329

924

4274597288

20111313

2202657149468

32233711321

22345

46432835

63815366

7123919922

2614454110

3021169716821

512

41,152

9e343

653448

3,46164276460

2431,300720109i65

2,044887643396534597221643

1,4182,2331,131526

I,038175416138169

1,240254

2,e45840153

i,397445634

1,788300586144896

2,58633270

1,081899300

1,239

85

927

5,962

615

6e72

40556871753

2251311523

211301865310410515173167e8

45162992675513

26833

4929531

2036990

38029118246S

301665

1131393511116

321

8,465

1e616

22610361111111714706641753231

21716091626779541379026842015710624134444718988

31514519

153676019095161221923623715

128548259918

4865

‘Includes volunteers.

25

Table 14. Number and~r@nt tistnbutin ofactive phamacists bytoblhours woked~rwee~ amtingto principal fomsofemplo~ent and sex:United States, 1978-79

Total hours

Principal form of All active

employment and sex pharmacists 1-35 36-45 More than 45 Unknown

All principal forms of employmentNumber

Bothsexes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112,335 13,453 52,129 37,049 9,704Male . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94,158 8,323 42,787 35,193 7,855Female . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18,115 5,128 9,341 1,855 1,791Sexunknown . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62 2 1 1 58

Sole owner

Bothsexes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16,490 541 2,420 13,111 418Male . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16,069 463 2,330 12,655 401Female . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 421 58 90 256 17

Sexunknown . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Partner

Bothsexes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Male . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Female . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Sex unknown . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

9,4588,984

474

591444

147

2,6542,534

120

6,0455,854

191

168152

16

Manager’

Bothsexes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Male . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Female . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Sexunknown . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

30,80827,2773,531

1,417

1,019398

18,716

16,2272,489

10,2629,671

591

413

36053

Staff pharmacist

Bothsexes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Male . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Female . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Sexunknown . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

41,152

29,711

11,4401

9,6005,3964,204

25,297

19,038

6,259

5,020

4,398

622

1,235

879

3551

Othe~

Bothsexes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Male . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Female . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Sexunknown . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

5,982

5,191771

976735

241

2,486

2,166

320

2,230

2,055

175

270

235

35

Employment unknown

Bothsexes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Male . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Female . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Sexunknown . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

8,465

6,926

1,47861

328

246

802

553

492

63

1

381

360

20

1

7,200

5,828

1,315

57

Percent distribution=All principalformsof employment

Bothsexes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Male . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Female . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

100.0100.0

100.0

50.849.6

57.2

36.140.811.4

13.1

8.831.4

. . .

. . .

. . .

Sole owner

Bothsexes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Male . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Female . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

100.0100.0100.0

3.43.1

14.4

15.114.922.3

81.662.163.4

. . .

. . .

. . .

Partner


100.0100.0100.0

6.45.0

32.1

28.628.7

26.2

65.166.3

41.7

. . .

.,.4..

Manager’


f00.0100.0100.0

4.73.8

11.4

61.660.371.6

33.635.9

17.0

. . .

. . .

. . .

Sse footnotes at end of table.

26

Table 14. Number andpercent dstribution ofactive phamacists bytotal hours worked perweek, accordng topnncipal forms ofemployment and sexUnited States, 1978.79-Con.

Total hours

Principal form of A// actweemployment and sex pharmacists 1-35 36-45 More than 45 Unknown

Staff pharmacist Percent distribufiona

Bolh sexes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 24.1 63.4 12.6Male . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . .

100.0 18.7 66.0 15.2Female . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . .

100.0 37.9 56.5 5.6 . . .

Othe#

Bothsexes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 17.2 43.7 39.2Male . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . .100.0 14.8 43.7 41.5

Female . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . .

100.0 32.7 43.5 23.6 . . .

‘Includes assistant managers.,’lncludcm volunteers,lPmctmtsmayrrotaddto 100, O because of rounding,

Table 15, Number andpercent tistfibution ofactive phamacists byseconda~ emplo~ent setings, acwrting topnma~employment seMngs:United Statea, 1978-79

Secondary employment setting

All Independent Clinic or Collegeactive None or community Chain medical building Nursing .Pharmaceutical of

Pr[maryemployment setting pharmacists unknown pharmacy pharmacy pharmacy home Hospital manufacturer pharmacy Other

Allsi?ltings . . . . . . . . . . . .

Independent community

pharmacy . . . . . . . . . . . .

Champharmacy . . . . . . . . .

Cltmc or medical

building pharmacy . . . . . . .Nursing home . . . . . . . . . .Hospital . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Pharmaceutical

manufacturer . . . , . . . . . .College of pharmacy . . . . . .

Other . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Unknown . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Allsetlmgs . . . . . . . . . . . .

Independent community

pharmacy . . . . . . . . . . . .Chcunpharmacy . . . . . . . .Clinic or medical

building pharmacy . . . . . . .Nursing home . . . . . . . . . . .

Hospital . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Pharmaceullcal

manufacturer . . . . . . . . .Collegeorpharmacy . . . . . .Other . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

112,335

36,417

28,413

3,9701,551

19,596

2,4771,290

2,55414,065

100.0

100.0100.0

100.0100.0

100.0

100.0100.0100.0

99,943

32,932

26,207

3,0711,146

16,574

2,205919

1,82414,065

. . .

. . .

. . .

. . .

. . .

. .

. . .

. . .

2,262

. .

480

169101

1,118

15592

147. . .

16.9

. .

21.8

18.8

24.9

37.0

57.0

24.8

20.1

1,183

386

79

10840

3e6

523199

. . .

6.8

7.03.6

12.0

9.9

12.8

19.1

8.413.6

Number

937 4,878

301 3,168

176 881

. . . 299

29200 427

5 2

27 19

199 82. . . .


7.0 36.4

5.5 57.8

8.0 40.0

. . . 33.3

7.2 . . .

6.6 14.1

1.8 0.77.3 5.1

27.3 11.2

2,194

1,557

330

20266

193

28142

76. . .

16.4

21.115.0

22.5

16.3

6.4

10.338.310.4

75

25

13

62

14

. . .5

10

0.6

0.50.6

0.7

0.5

0.5

. . .1.4

1.4

616

69

38

4612

393

9. . .49

. . .

4.6

1.31.7

5.1

3.013.0

3.3. . .6.7

1,247

379

209

69155

291

21

5568

. . .

9.3

6.9

9.5

7.7

38.39,6

7.714.6

9.3

‘Percents may not add to 100.0 because of rounding

27

Table 16. Mean houwwo*ed ~rweekby ativephamacists, andatandard &viations, byrace, geqraphm regrnn(tih number ofphamatish), andactivities performed United States, 1978-79

All races White Black American Indian Asian

Geographic region Mean Standard Mean Standard Mean Standard Mean Standard Mean Standardand activity hours deviation hours deviation hours deviation hours deviation hours deviation

Northeast

(23,994 pharmacists)

Allactivifies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Providing information to prescribers . . . . . . . .Administration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Providing information topafients . . . . . . . . . .

Dispensing prescriptions . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Teachingand/orresearch . . . . . . . . . . . . .Manufacturing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Retailing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Other . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

North Central


Allacfivities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Providing information to prescribers . . . . . . . .Administration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Providing information topatients . . . . . . . . . .Dispensing prescriptions . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Teachingand/orresearch . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Manufacturing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Retailing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Other . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

South


Allacfivities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Providing information to prescribers . . . . . . . .

Administration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Providing information to patients . . . . . . . . . .Dispensingprescripfions . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Teachingand/orresearch . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Manufacturing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Retailing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Other . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

West(17,611 pharmacists)

Allactivities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Providing information to prescribers . . . . . . . .

Administration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Providing informationto patients . . . . . . . . . .Oispensingprescriptions . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Teaching and/or research . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Manufacturing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Retailing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Other . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

43

384

22212

1

43

384

241

121

45

2

7

426

2

12

1

42

375

221

12

2

13

. . .-... . .

.-.-..------

.-.

13

. . .

. . .

.-.---

. . .

. . .

---. . .

12

. . .

..-

. . .

.-.

. . .

.-.

---

. . .

13

. . .

-... . ...--..

----..

.-.

43 13 43 12 40 17 40 7

7 19 3 82 4 3 67 9 5 5

21 15 24 120 1 2 81 2 2 52 2 1 2

0 0 1 3

384

222121

611

6

14746

6

385

20212

2

713

515855

7

13 44

5 311 9

5 4

14 25

6 1

3 1

4 1

5 1

12

613

615

4

534

42 10 42 9

4 4 3 59 11 6 105 5 4 6

18 12 23 13

1 3 82 8 1 41 2 1 21 2 1 5

43

384

241

121

12 43 11 45 10 43 1045

2

7

526

1

121

510

514

5

34

6

3

6

524

2

11

1

6 3 5 3 510 7 9 4 86 6 5 5 6

14 25 14 26 137 1 4 2 63- 1 1 43 2 5 1 26 1 3 1 5

13 42 12 42 13 41 1042

375

231

12

2

6105

136

3

4

7

475

21111

1

710

615

5

32

6

4 5 35 8 55 6 5

21 14 223 10 11 2 11 1 1

3 10 2

695

13533

6

28

Table 17. Number andpercent distributionofactive pharmacists byselected weeks worked inyearprior tointewiew, according tosex andage UnitedStatea, 1978-79

Weeks workedAll active

Sex and age Pharmacists Less than 48 48-51 52 Unknown

Both sexes

Alleges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Under 30 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .30-39 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .40-49years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .50-59years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .60-64yeara . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .65yearsandover ...,..... . . . . . . .Ageunknown . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

112,335

23,60432,26423,09619,0595,6497,844

819

10,249

3,3562,2401,1421,032

4861,945

46

10,065

2,3362,7841,9381,596

482916

31

80,931 11,070

15,54724,28517,89114,690

4,0964,238

184

2,3632,9552,1251,739

585745558

Male

Alleges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Under30years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .30-39years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .40-49years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .50-59years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .60-64yeara . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .65yearaandover . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Ageunknown . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

94,156

15,93127,08520,54417,1555,2517,501

691

7,030

1,8231,278

791803437

1,65939

6,061

1,4872,2191,6451,371

448865

26

70,004

11,07321,13916,28713,4523,6364,056

161

1,5482,4491,8211,529

530701465

Female

Alleges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Under30 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .30-39years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .40-49years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .50-59years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .60-64years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .65yearsandover . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Ageunknown . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

16,115

7,6645,1602,5401,896

397342116

3,216

1,53596135122949667

2,004

649

565293227

3431

5

10,926

4,474

3,1461,6041,238

26018123

1,967

806488292202

5444

81

Sex unknown

Alleges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62 11 60

Percent distribution’Both sexes

Alleges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Under30years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .30-39yeara . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .40-49years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .50-59 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .60-64years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .65yearsand over . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

100.0 10.1

100.0 15.6100.0 7.6100.0 5.4100.0 6.0100.0 9.6100.0 27.4

10.0

11.09.59.29.29.5

12.9

79.9

73.282.985.364.860.959.7

. . .

. . .

. . .

. . .

. . .

. . .

. . .

Male

Alleges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Under30years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .30-39years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .40-49years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .50-59years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .60-64years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .65years Andover . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

82.3 . . .

77.0 . . .65.8 . . .

87.0 . . .

86.1 . . .81.2 . . .59.6 . . .

100.0 8.2

100.0 12.7100.0 5.2100.0 4.2100.0 5.1100.0 9.3100.0 27.3

9.5

10.39.08.68.69.5

13.0

Female

Alleges, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Under30years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .30-39years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .40-49years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .50-59years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .60-64years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .65yearsandover . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

100.0 19.9

100.0 22.4

100.0 20.6100.0 15.6100.0 13.5100.0 14.3100.0 28.9

12.4

12.412.113.0

13.49.9

10.4

67.7 . . .

65.2 . . .

67.3 ..<

71.4 . . .73.1 . . .75.8 . . .60.7 . . .

lPercents maynot add to 100.0 because of rounding,

29

Table 18. Number ofinaotiie pharmacists, byreason forinactivity and Stete of residence United States, 1978-79

Reason for inactivity

Unemployed Working in another field

Not NotAll Seeking seeking Seeking seeking

inactive work in work in work in work inState of residence pharmacists Retired pharmacy pharmacy’ pharmacy pharmacy Homemaker Other Unknown

All areas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Alabama . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Alaska . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Arizona . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Arkansas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

California . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Colorado . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Connecticut . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Delaware . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .DistrictofColumbia . . . . . . . . . . . . .Florida . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Georgia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Hawaii . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Idaho . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Illinois . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Indiana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Iowa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Kansas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Kentucky . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Louisiana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Maine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Maryland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Massachusetts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Michigan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Minnesota . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Mississippi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Missouri . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Montana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Nebraska . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Nevada . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .New Hampshire . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .New Jersey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .New Mexico . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

New York . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

North Carolina . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .North Dakota . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Ohio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Oklahoma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Oregon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Pennsylvania . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Rhode Island . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .South Carolina . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .South Dakota . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Tennessee . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Texas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Utah . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Vermont . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Virginia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Washington . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .West Virginia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Wisconsin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Wyoming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

U.S.territories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Foreigncountries . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

20,912

14432

498246

1,643

394

356

3656

1,251

340

43

101

632416285250

196279

86450

627

809

347165

701131

257

8964

797136

1,879

319104

618

302

2281,479

149215

93309

1,088

161

36

448467136

44761

17

75

7,879

2410

237

119620192

1401225

564102

19

38

343136115

66

8710135

138

360

12

10155

316

61

104

313e

295

38

932

6820

218

111

80648

456438

85

332

4919

147151

65209

25

3

18

1,469

122

357

932529

12

6629

3

4

4913

1610

1093

23

57

348

50

9

12

64

697

240

1311

66

7

26101

23le6

25

50

10

3

3743

553

4

1

8

272

61

4

136

66

193

1

2

78

55

231

2

5

4

3

7

11

13

17

152

12

7

326

3

1

27

3

4

511

2

576

71

10

853

514

321

9

1

2

2311

92

4

81

13

20

125

15

2

13

32

17

4

54157

7

10

9

571061

8

35

2

1326

312

1

2

4,5e7

4611

7347

3677274

912

144

8510

29

171

9855

54

388016

149

180

297551

138

26

71

610

217

29

379

6930

136

8270

39228671779

323

514

12111225

8416

5

21

1,397

92

16

4109

1728

102

4929

2

877

521921

1922

82021

62717

2511

18

65

561

8140

7

89

16

26116

11155

37

84

5

3

36531533

3

2

4

1,322

62

21

2012121

1712

5433

2

6

442814

20

1431

5

38

62

74716

5

17

21

335

67

559

35

17

17103

435

728

91

13

1

59291724

3

1

12

3,410

323

10240

24456

5039

324

60

5

14

118

7052

52222519

87127

7554631

153

14

15

742397

52109

2418

53

5217

3625101649

146

304

3148

531

9

5

8

llrr a few States this was phrased as “in training in pharmacy.”

30

Table 19. Number andpercent dstribution ofinactive phamacists byreaaon forinactivw, according tosexandag= United States, 1978-79

Reason for reactivity

Unemployed Working in another field

Not NotAll Seeking seeking Seeking seeking

inactive work in work in work in work inSex and age pharmacists Retired pharmacy pharmacy’ pharmacy pharmacy Homemaker Other Unknown

Both sexesz

Alleges, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Under 30 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

30-39 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .40-49 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

50-59years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

60-64years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .65yearsandover . . . . . . . . . . . . .Age unknown . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Male

Alleges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Under30years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .30-39years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

40-49years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

50-59years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .60-64years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .65yearsandover . . . . . . . . . . . . .Ageunknown . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Female

Alleges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Under30 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .30-39years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .40-49years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

50-59years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

60-64years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .65yearsandover . . . . . . . . . . . . .Ageunknown . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Both sexesz

Alleges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Under30years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

30-39years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .40-49years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

50-59years . . . . . . . . . . . . . .60-64years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .65yearsandover . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Male

Alleges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Under30years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .30-39years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

40-49years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

50-59 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .60-64years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

65yearsandover . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Female

Alleges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Under30 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

30-39years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .40-49years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

50-59years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .60-64years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

65yearsandover . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Number

576

70148126126

3668

2

1,469

247

28121 e

257

131

326

9

1,045

118154141197117

3106

424

129127

77

60

1416

1

8.4

21.4

9.8

9.612.410.3

4.4

7.3

19.9

7.9

6.2

12.510.6

4.5

13.1

23.113.9

14.012.3

8.4

3.1

272

72

545243

15

351

4,567

283

1,5101,27e

875268

31380

4,187

2031,3961,196

783240292

77

400

60114

82

92

2821

3

1,397

224

553300214

4152

13

35

384

52

121

1,362

221

545296

209

394012

1,322

267

304235

247

120136

11

1,033

167220194214

104127

7

3.41020,912

1,371

3,3162,6732,395

1,478

9,023656

16,997

7132,2522,025

1,8211,274

8,3315el

3,845

6541,063

645

569

203647

64

100.0

100.0

100.0100.0

100.0100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0100.0

100.0

100.0100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0100.0100.0100.0

100.0

7,879

91756

305

6636,403

425

7,282

71141

249601

5,984369

586

26

15

56

62415

30

45.0

0.8

0.6

2.5

14.852.0

87.3

51.1

1.2

0.62.4

15.854.3

87.7

18.1

0.4

0.72.7

11.537.1

81.4

219

449408

327204,6L36

115

,745

120

194 476

4634353311

341

49128106

983262

301

308242

1671,510

97

78 99 269 607

9514797

81

36137

14

262017

10

41

212020

28

46

100

6441

33

16114

Percent distribution3

1.6 3.3

6.2 6.1

1.9 5.22.3 5.62.1 6.11.2 2.8

0.5 0.9

26.2 8.0 7.6 . . .

19.4 23.2 . . .

19.3 10.6 . . .

13.2 10.4 . . .

10.4 12.0 . . .

3.2 9.4 . . .

0.7 1.9 . . .

22.8

52.7

56.442.321.0

4.3

1.4 3.3 29.4

7.8 8.3 34.2

1.7 6.6 71.6

2.0 6.2 69.7

2.1 6.2 49.6

1.0 2.9 21.7

0.5 0.9 4.3

0.2 7.2

28.211.3

11.3

13.69.41.9

. . .

0.50.4

0.2

0.30.2

0.2

. . .

. . .

. . .

. . .

. . .

. . .

42.1

39.559.5

54.042.823.4

7.8

8.9

17.9

9.2

7.56.69.62.2

2.4 3.1 12.4

4.6 3.8 10.7

2.2 2.2 12.4

3.1 3.6 15.0

2.0 5.7 18.8

2.4 2.4 16.8

0.2 1.2 4.1

. . .

. . .

. . .

. . .

. . .

. . .

. . .

1In a few States this wss phrased as “in training in pharmacy:%cludes 70 Inactive pharmacist of unknown SSX..$Percents may not add to 100.0 because of rounding

31

Appendixes

Contents

I. Technical notes on methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..33

Cooperative Health Statistics System. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33

Minimum data ~et . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34Response rate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34Data editing and processing procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35

Removing duplicate records.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...35Period of data collection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36Consistency of data between NCHS national and State reports and reports published by individual States . . 36

II. Survey questionnaire . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...38

111. Definitions ofcertain terms used in this report . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..42

Appendix table

Year of data collection, contractor conducting Survey of Licensed Pharmacists, and response rate, by State:United States, 1978-79 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33

32

Appendix 1Technical notes on methods

Cooperative Health Statistics System

In response to aneedfor demographic and practice dataon health professions personnel, the National Center for HealthStatistics established the manpower component of the Coopera-tive Health Statistics System (CHSS). This system was de-signed to decentralize the collection of data from the FederaI

to the State level. The data were then to be transferredfrom each State in the system to the Center. CHSS neverfully developed to provide health manpower data in all States,

and eventually this component of the system was terminated.While it was in operation it provided data on pharmacists

for those States that were participating in the system at

the time of the 1978-79 Survey of Licensed Pharmacists.The remaining States’ data were collected via a contractwith the American Association of Colleges of Pharmacy(AACP). The appendix table shows the contractor used in

each State.

Appendix table. Year of data collection, contractor conducting Suwey of Licensed Pharmacists, and response rate, by State United States, 1978-79

Data collection Percent responseState year Contractor’ rate2

All States . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Alabama . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Alaska . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Arizona . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Arkansas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .California . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Colorado . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Connecticut . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Delaware . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .DWictofColumbla. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Florida . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Georgia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Hawaii . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Idaho . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Illinois .,, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Indiana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Iowa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Kansas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Kentucky . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Louisiana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Maine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Maryland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Massachusetts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Michigan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Minnesota . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Mississippi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Missouri. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Montana . .,, . .,,....., . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Nebraska . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Nevada . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .New Hampshire . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .New Jersey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

New Mexico . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .New York . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Norlh Carolina . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .North Dakota . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Ohio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Oklahoma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Oregon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . .1978

19791979

1979

1979197819781978

1978

19781979

19781977

197819791978

19771977

1979

19781979

19781978197819791978197819791978

1978

19781978197719781978

19781979

1980

. . .CHSS

AACPCHSSCHSSAACPAACPAACPAACPAACPCHSSAACPAACPAACP

AACPAACPAACP

AACPAACPAACP

CHSSAACP

CHSSCHSSCHSSCHSSCHSSAACPCHSS

AACPCHSSAACPAACPAACPCHSSAACPAACPAACPCHSS

84

91

8282

93

89858582

897975

8987

77

9389

9286

639064

100929586969297

97

68

8293769694

807979

See footnotes at end of tabls.

33

Appendix table. Year ofdatacollection, contractor conducting Suweyof Ucensed Phamacista, and response rate, by State UnitedStates,1978-79-Con.

Data collection Percent responseState year Contfactorl rat$

Pennsylvania . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1978 CHSS 81Rhode Island . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1978South Carolina . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

CHSS 931978

South Dakota . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .CHSS 100

1977Tennessee . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

AACP 901978

Texas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .CHSS 89

1979 AACP 83Utah . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1979Vermont . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

CHSS 75

Virginia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...” ““”””””””1978 AACP 89

Washington . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ::::::1978 CHSS 971978

West Virginia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .CHSS 90

1979 CHSS 99Wisconsin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1978Wyoming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

CHSS 841978 AACP 84

lCHSS— the Cooperative Health Statistics System,AACP-theAmerican AasocistmnofCollegea of Pharmacy.

2Prior to the remova[ of duplicate records.

Minimum data set

As part of CHSS, a uniform minimum data set wasdeveloped bythe Center in consultation with other producersand users of health manpower data. The minimum data setconsisted of a core of basic data on 13 health occupations.Foreach occupation there was tobean additional occupation-specific set of data elements included in the minimum dataset. Pharmacy was one of the occupations for which anadditional data set was developed.

For the 1978-79 Survey of Licensed Pharmacists thisminimum data set for pharmacists was the basis for thedevelopment of the data collection instrument. Data itemson the individual questionnaires developed by each Stateparticipating in CHSS were to be identical. However, becauselegislative and administrative requirements varied among theStates, the order of the questions and the wording or theformat in approximately half the States’ questionnaires de-parted from the Center’s model. Inafewcases, State legisla-tion prevented the collection of certain data items consideredsensitive, such as race. In addition, States were permittedto exclude from the questionnaire items for which data werealready available from their State licensing board records.They were also allowed to include on their questionnairesother questions for their own information which were notpart of the minimum data set. All the minimum data setitems were included in the questionnaire used fordatacollec-tion by AACP, which appears in appendix II. The use ofthe minimum data set as the basis for all questionnairesresulted in data that could be merged to produce a nationalfile of pharmacists.

Responserate

An important factor in the validity of the data is theresponse rate. The lower the response rate, the more chancethere is for bias to be injected into the survey results sincethe respondents may not be representative of the entire groupof pharmacists. For this survey, the individual CHSS contrac-torsprovided the Center with thequestionnaire response rates

for each of their States. These are provided in the appendixtable.

Questionnairemailout

In each State the contractor (either the AACPor CHSSState agency) worked in collaboration with the State licensingboard to send the questionnaires to all Iicensed pharmacists.In most States the questionnaires were mailed with licenserenewal applications sent out by the State licensing board.The completed questionnaires were returned to the contractor,where they were coded (and also keytaped, in CHSS States).Followup questionnaires to nonrespondents were mailed outdirectly by the contractors. Followup mailings were supposedto occur until an 80-percent response rate in each Statewas reached. As many as four mailings were made to nonre-spondents in some States in an effort to achieve the 80-percentresponse rate. The overall questionnaire response rate was84 percent (appendix table).

Calculation

The questionnaire response rate for each State is basedon the number of respondents (out of the universe that receivedquestionnaires) who returned a questionnaire after completingoneormore items called forinthe data collection instrument.In some CHSS States, information that was part of the mini-mum data set, already available in State licensing botirdrecords, was notrequired to beasked foron the questionnairebut wasprovided directly from the existing records. Becauseof this data, records of nonrespondents contained data thatotherwise would have been missing. When data are availableon nonrespondents, the data are used in this report withoutdistinction for response status. Thus, while a CHSS State’sresponse rate is based on the number of returned questionnairescontaining one or more completed data items, in reality theremay be additional records with usable data that are not countedtoward the response rate.

In States where data were collected through AACP thereis also a slight adjustment of the definition of the responserate. The universe that received questionnaires constitutes

34

the denominator of the response rate calculation. However,that number is not the same as the actual total numberof licensed pharmacists in the States involved. In Stateswhere data were collected through AACP the contractor wasnot notified of new addresses. As a result, a very smallnumber of licensed pharmacists dld not receive copies of

the questionnaire. The response rate then in non-CHSS Statesis not based on the entire universe of licensed pharmacists,as it is in CHSS States, where contractors were notifiedof address changes and the rosters remained up-to-date. Innon-CHSS Stiates the response rate is a function of the numberof licensed pharmacists who received questionnaires. How-ever. even if some pharmacists were excluded from the re-sponse-rate calculation because they did not receive question-naires, they remain on the State roster as licensed pharmacistsand are counted in this report.

It is impossible to reflect accurately the true universeof licensed pharmacists because a very small fraction ofpharmacists died during the data collection period. This attri-tion, however, is theoretically offset by the small numberof newly licensed pharmacists who missed being surveyed.

Item nonresponse

If some pharmacists are known to be active but noother information about them is available, they appear inthe unknown cells of the variables in question in the tableson active pharmacists. If a datum is missing in a table

und [he pharmacists are active, they appear in the “unknown”column or row for that variable only. To save space ina few of the tables, the number of pharmacists who belongin tin “unknown” column or row are footnoted rather than

listed in the table.For records where there were item nonresponses but

sufficient other data from which to impute missing data,imputations were performed. These imputations were limitedto the following data items: year of birth, year of graduation,sex, Hispanic origin, academic degree held in pharmacy,

and activity status. These are discussed more extensivelyin the next section, “Data editing and processing procedures.”

There was no extrapolation made from records having data,to fill in other records missing those data items.

Dataeditingandprocessingprocedures

As the survey in each State was completed, a data tapewas created, At the National Center for Health Statisticsall data on the tape were subjected to computer range andlogic test procedures, which were set up to flag inconsistencies

ml errors. The mistakes flagged were corrected throughprocedures established to handle common problems amongSkmes, through ad hoc routines to correct specific problems,or by contacting the contractor for clarification or even for

resubmitted of the data.

Rtinge tests were used to check that the codes for data

were correct. For example, a zip code of 00000 was notacceptable. Either the correct code would be found and insertedor a missing data code would be used. Logic tests were

used to check for consistency between data items. Whena pharmacist’s weekly hours spent in each activity or employ-ment setting (see appendix II, questionnaire items 23a, 23b,and 23) did not add to the total hours worked per weekor did not agree with each other, the items were flaggedas inconsistencies. The hours were corrected in some cases

by proportionally adjusting the detail of activity or employmentsetting. If, however, the sum of the hours by activity matchedthe corresponding sum of hours by employment setting, thetotal hours were changed to equal the sum of the detailedhours. Similarly, a person whose year of birth was givenas 1940 could not have a year of graduation of 1950. Oneof the variables would be adjusted using other available

information such as years active in pharmacy practice. Ifno determination could be made, missing data codes weresubstituted for these data items.

Missing information for year of birth, year of graduation,sex, Hispanic origin, academic degree held in pharmacy,

and activity status were imputed from other known datawithin the record. When year of birth was missing, it wasderived from a formula using year of graduation and type

of first degree held. If year of graduation was missing butyear of birth was available, and the pharmacist held a firstbasic pharmacy degree, year of graduation was imputed usingthe average age at graduation for pharmacists in the file.

On the rare occasion that sex was missing, it was determinedfrom first name. If there was no first name or the namewas ambiguous, it remained missing. When Hispanic originwas asked on the questionnaire and respondents answered

race and left Hispanic origin blank, it was imputed thatthey were not of Hispanic origin. It was imputed that pharma-cists had or did not have a first basic degree in pharmacy

when the item “first degree held” was inconsistent with other

data items. The determination of whether or not a pharmacistheld a degree was based on year and school of graduationand year of birth. When activity status was missing, it wasimputed on the basis of the respondent’s age, of weeksworked during the past year, andior of whether or not therespondent named a primary location of work.

Removing duplicate records

The 51 State tapes (including the District of Columbia)

submitted through CHSS and AACP, when merged into a

national data file, contained the total number of pharmacistlicenses held in the country. Although this number is interest-ing and useful, from a national perspective it is far moreimportant to focus on the number of individual health prac-

titioners as the unit of analysis. Shortage area designation,

adequacy of supply, and minority assimilation (to name somefunctions) depend on individuals and their work locations;

and multiple counting of the same individual is not acceptable.Thus, it was necessruy to remove duplicate records of pharmac-ists licensed in more than one State and to derive a nationaldata file in which each pharmacist would be counted only

once.

Before passage of the Privacy Act of 1974 (PL 93.579),the primary tool for removing duplicate records of individualslicensed in more than one State was the social security number.

35

But as the public became concerned about the potential invas-ion of privacy made possible by the development of highspeed computers and the linking of various data systems,the Privacy Act was passed to protect confidentiality of rec-

ords. The Act, among other things, established stringentconditions on the use of the social security number. Section7(b) states the following:

Any Federal, State, or local government agency which requestsan individual to disclose his Social Security number shall informthat individual whether that disclosure is mandatory or voluntary,by what statutory or other authority such number is solicited,and what uses will be made of it.

The effect of this provision was twofold. All manpowerquestionnaires had to comply with Section 7(b) above. Second,

many State CHSS contractors were totally prohibited fromasking for social security numbers by executive decree orthrough State legislative action. The net effect of the PrivacyAct was to make it virtually impossible to collect or to

use social security numbers as a means for purging the phar-macy file of duplicate records. Therefore, an alternativemethod to remove duplicate records was devised.

A unique identifier for each record was produced by

extracting selected data from the record. The data were drawnfrom variables that remain relatively constant. The most valu-

able variables used in this process were name, date of birth,

year of graduation, school name, residence, and work location.The identifiers that resulted from this linkup of variableswere then computer matched. The computer reaching processwas done using four different sorts of the records. These

sorts were required to assure that even records with miscoded,

erroneous, or missing data would be matched with anotherrecord from the same individual. Thus, even though dateof birth, use of first name, and so forth are subject toerrors due to interpretation of handwriting, keypunching, and

so forth, the procedures for deletion allowed these recordsto be linked with others in the file if such matching records

existed.The computer comparisons of records with matching iden-

tifiers resulted in the detection of duplicate and even multiplerecords of the same pharmacists. These extraneous records

were deleted. The record chosen to be kept for each pharmacist

was the one from the State in which he or she was working.

If that datum was missing or the pharmacist was workingin more than one State, other criteria for selecting the recordto retain were used. This process resulted in the creationof the “unduplicated” file. ‘1 The total number of pharmacistrecords prior to the removal of duplicate and multiple recordswas 207,169. The “unduplication” process yielded a total

of 160,664 records, one for each licensed pharmacist, regard-

less of the number of States in which licenses were held.

NOTE A list of references follows the text.

Period of data collection

As may be seen in the appendix table, 30 States andthe District of Columbia, or 61 percent. had data collections

occurring during 1978; and 14 States, or 27 percent, in1979. Five of the remaining States’ data collection occurredin 1977, and only one State had a 1980 data collection.

The year of each State’s data collection shown in the

appendix table represents the time during which the bulkof a State’s data collection occurred. This is the year inwhich the respondent completed the questionnaire, and itis usually the year in which the license was due to be

renewed. If the license renewal deadline was in Januaryof the following year, the year of that State’s data collectionwas still considered to be the earlier year, since usuallythe questionnaires were filled out in November and December,and the data provided on the questionnaire represented thepharmacist in the earlier year.

The year of data collection for each State was used

in calculating the pharmacist’s age as it appears in the age

tables throughout this report. For example, a pharmacist fromNew York with a year of birth of 1939 would be countedas 38 years old (New York’s year of data collection was1977), whereas a pharmacist in California with the same

year of birth would be counted as 40 years old (California’syear of data collection was 1979). The calculation was donethis way because it is important to match a pharmacist’scharacteristics with his actual age at the time he providedthe information for the questionnaire.

Consistency of data between NCHSnational and State reports andreports published by individual States

This report contains data on all licensed pharmacistsin the Nation. The text and tables generally deal with allknown active pharmacists. This subset of pharmacists was

obtained after editing and processing each State’s data, merg-

ing them into a national file, and removing duplicate records.The data for each State that appear in the detailed tablesin this report differ from the data included in the 1978-79

pharmacist State reports published by the National Centerfor Health Statistics, using the same original data, ‘z The

data in the State reports were edited and processed in thesame way as the data for the national report, but the Statereports included only pharmacists who were active and work-ing in the State of licensure or inactive with an in-Statemailing address. The data for the national report includepharmacists who remain after duplicate records were removed.

This results in different numbers of pharmacists in the same

State.Furthermore, while the State reports placed all pharma-

cists according to the criterion that they be working in theirIicensure States, the national report allocated pharmacists

by work States (including military personnel who might not original data are the same, the editing and processing differ,

have been licensed in the State in which they were working), the descriptive constraints on the data may differ, and the

w defined in appendix III. Thus, variation exists between State focuses only on pharmacists licensed therein, not by

the national and State reports published by the National Center work State as in this report. Furthermore, the States may

for Health Statistics. In addition, some of the CHSS States have collected additional data items on the pharmacists that

have published their own individual State reports describing were not submitted to the Center. Therefore, they may havethe results of their data collections. Again, although the data analyses for their State for which no national data exist.

37

Appendix IISurvey questionnaire

HRA-T5712-76 DEPARTMENT OF HE ALTH, ED UCATION, AND WELFARE

PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICEO.M. B. No. 68-S-76025APPROVAL EXPl RES 3/31/79

Health Resources Acim!mstrat, on

National Center for Health Statrst, cs

PHARMACY MANPOWER INFORMATION PROJECTAMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF COLLEGES OF PHARMACY NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF BOARDS OF PHARMACY

lN’FOR\f. \IION Ri, S’I’RIC’I’l Ohi S: ‘l’his survq i, I>ci]lg c{mcfucteci under the authority 01 the following legislation:● IIed(h Services Resewch, Health Statistics and \[ccfical Libraries .’w[ ot 1974 (P. I.. 93-3.53) Sec. 306(b)(l)(e), 42 U.S.

Code 242k; .%c. 308(a) (2)( fl), .42 LT.S. Cocft W?m● Comprehensive IIedth. hlanpowcr ‘1’raininq .1{ I 01 1971 IP. I.. 92-157, Sec. 772) 42 LI.S. Code 295 f-2● Emergency f{ealth Personnel /\ct ,Imendmen[s of 1972 IP. I.. 92-585) SC( 329t’b)( I ), 42 U.S. Code 254h● ]Nationd Health Planning and Resources [>evelopmtmt ,\ct ot 1974 (P.1,. 93-641 ) SW 151 3( b)(1 )(D), 42 U.S. Code

3001-2, Sec. 15?2(b)(7)(;\), 4? lJ, S, Code ?-l?dAfl [he information vou supply will be made ataild]le t,] tbe State I.lt ensing Board in wblch you m-c currently licensed, Data{Lithot{t individu. il identifiers suc b ,M name or adciress will be made ~vailahle in non-aggregated form to agencies wi

W ‘heOqmrtment of llealtb, Education, and Welfare. Any additional or turther release of information or publication will be m theform of ~ggregatc.d st:~tistic al data in which individuals are grouped intc categories such as age. Return of this questionnaire

wknowledgcs your ~qreemcnt to the uses, and releases by N’CI{S as described herein.

THANK YOU FOR YOUR PARTIC;lPA”rlON

DO NOTWRITEIN THISSPACE

PART I: The information in this section will be published or released only in summaryDO NOTWRITE

form such that individuals will be combined into groups.IN THISSPACE

1. NAME

la. lHll THIHII~ lb. Generational Identifier: $,~~.$~~~j”

21-40 LastSR JR Ill

““~Id. Middle Initial ❑

44-59 F,m 60

I I2, PREVIOUS NAME: If your name has been changed due to court order, marriage,

divorce, etc., please provide the name under which you were previously licensed inthe State for which you are completing this form, in questions 2a.-2d.

2a.~~,-~],,,,,,lj,jllj 1 2b. Generatio-lal Identifier: ~~~j~~j~ ‘f

61-80 Last SR JR Ill

‘c”~ 2d. Middle Initial n84-99 F(rst 100

3. MAILING ADDRESS

–~

‘a”~I@ImnIl101-150 Street Address

~~

Street Address–Continue

<

‘b” ~ ‘7’::::::::- m151166 C,ty Name 167-168

3d. ZIP Code~ 169-173 J

38

DO NOT WRITE IN THIS SPACE

4. DATE QF BIRTH I I 1 I I 1 f Month Day Year 174-179

5. BIRTHPLACE: N ame of State or foreign country

6. PRINCIPAL RESIDENCE: N ame of State or foreign country.

7. PRINCIPALPLACE OF WORK IN PHARMACY: Name of State or foreign country.

823. For PHARMACY-Are you licensed by one or both States you listed in Question 6 or 7?

q YES 1

I

I El NO 1

I b. Are you currently residing or working in the State for which you are

completing this questionnaire? I (Please con tinuc

I with item 9)

q YES cl NO 1

I

(Please continue with Question 9)

9. Please indicate below where you were working in pharmacy one year ago.

If you were not working in pharmacy one year ago, please check this box. u

State or foreign country County

City ZIP Codelm201-205

I ’ ’ ’ ’ J

10. SE XI (Circle applicable number)

1 Male 2 Female

12. SPANISH ORIGIN OR DESCENT: (Circle applicable number)

1 Mexican American or Chicano

2 Puerto Rican or Boricua

3 Cuban

4 Central or South American

5 Other Spanish

6 No Spanish origin or descent

1 I. CO LO R 0 R RACE : (Circle applicable number)

1 Caucasian or White

2 Negro or Black

3 American Indian/Native American

4 Oriental or Asian

5 Other (Please specify):

PART II: The information in this section will be published or released without individual identifiers such as name or address to agencies within the Department of Health, Education, and Welfare.

- I

13. In what year did you receive your first professional pharmacy degree and what was the exact name of the pharmacy school at the time of your graduation?

Year 19 m 209-210

Name of pharmacy school at time of graduation

14. Indicate your first college of pharmacy degree. (Circle only one number)

1 No college or pharmacy degree (Skip to item I7/

2 Ph.C., Ph.G., Pharm.D. (Prior to 1940)

3 B.S., or B.Pharm., four-year program

4 B.S., or B.Pharm., five-year program

5 Pharm.D., six-year program

211-217

HRA-T57 12-76

-- __--- __.- ___--_ -----

Page 2

DO NOT WRITE IN THIS SPACE

I I I I

180-182

1 1 1 I 183-185

I I I I

194-196

39

30 NOTNRITEN THIS;PACE

HRA-T5712-76

15, Indicate your formal advanced training inpharmacy beyond the first professionaldegree. (Circle (1) YES Or (2) NO for items. thr. h)

a. 1 YES 2 NO

b. 1 YES 2 Nc)

c. 1 YES 2 NO

d. 1 YES 2 NO

e. 1 YES 2 NO

f. 1 YES 2 NO

g. 1 YES 2 NO

h. 1 YES 2 NO

Advanced training (If NO, skip toltcm 17)

Residency in hospital pharmacy

Residency in clinical pharmacy

Post B.S. Pharm.D.

Master of Science

Ph.D. or D.SC.

Other (Please specify):

17. How many years have you been active inpharmacy since initial Iicensure. (Exclude

periods of inactivity of six months or more.

years m230-231

19. Are you currently working in pharmacypractice or pharmacy related activities forone or more hours per week? (e.g., retaflingpharmaceutical research, teaching, manage-ment in pharmacy related firm, etc.)

1 YES (Plcrrsc contim[e with item 20) +

2 NO

+

19b. If NO, which of the following bestdescribesyour present status?(Circle only one number)

1 Retired

2 Unemployed and seeking work in pharmacy

3 Unemployed and not seeking work in pharmacy

4 Working in another field and seeking work inpharmacy

5 Working in another field and not seeking workin pharmacy

6 Home maker

7 Other (Please specifs: disabled, etc.)

19c. What was the last month and year thatyou worked in pharmacy practice orpharmacy related activities?

Month m ‘few m236-237 23e-239

16a. Have you been awarded an advanced deweein pharmacy?

1 YESI

16b. Pleaseindicate below yourmajor area of concentration.(Circle only one number)

01 Pharmacy (Pharmaceutics)

02 Hospital Pharmacy

03 Clinlcal Pharmacy

04 Pharmacognosy

05 Pharmacology

06 Pharmacy Admmistration

07 Pharmaceutical (Medicinal)Chemistry

oa Other (Please specify]:

18.

2 NO

(Please continuewith itcm 17)

During the past 12 months, how manyweeks did you work in pharmacy practiceor pharmacy related activities? (Includepaid vacation and sick leave.)

weeksm232-233

20. Principal place of work in pharmacy.

(city)

(County)

(State]

ZIP Code ~]

250-254

21. Which of the following best describesyourprincipal form of employment in thisprofession? (Ci.cl. only one number)

1 Sole owner-manager

2 Partner

3 Manager (Chief, Director, etc.) -Employee

4 Assistant Manager (Ass’t. Chief, Ass’t. Director;etc.) -Employee

5 Staff pharmacist–Employee

6 Unpaid worker (volunteer)

7 Other, (Please specify):

22, Do you have a formal consultant arrange-ment with a health care facility?(Circle appropriate number)

1 YES 2 NO

Page 3

DO NOTWRITEIN THISSPACE

I240-243

11

244-246

I II

247-249

DO NOTWRITE[N THISSPACE

.—RA.T57

2.76

23, In an average week, how many hours do you work in pharmacy practice or pharmacy relatedactivites?

. . ..s m257-258

23a. In an average week, how many hours aresoent in each of the followina tv~es of

Providing information to prescribersand institutional clients (e.g., nursinghomes, hospitals) on sick room supplies,

surgical appliances, and other health mrelated items 259-260

Administrative, managerial m261-262

Providing information to patients onprescriptions and nonprescriptiondrugs, and other health related

activities

Dispensing of prescriptions

Teaching andlor research (pharmacy

related

Manufacturing andlor bulk compounding

Retailing of nonhealth related merchandise

Other (Please specify):

m263-264

m265-266

m267-268

ml269-270

m271-272

m273-274

23b. In an average week, how many hours arespent in pharmacy practice or pharmacyrelated work in each of the followingemployment settings? ~

Independent community pharmacy

(one outlet)

Small chain community pharmacy

(2-1 1 outlets)

l-w!+? chain communitv pharmacv(More than 11 outlets)

Clinic or medical building pharmacy

Nursing home

Private hosp#tal

Government hosp!tal (includes State,county, local government, and military)

Other government (e.g., FDA, State

boards of pharmacy)

Pharmaceutmal manufacturer

Pharmaceutical wholesaler

Col Iege of Pharmacy

Other (Please specil.v):

m275-276

m277-278

279-280

281-282

m283-284

285-2a6

m

287-288

289-290

291-292

m293-294

m295-296

m

297-29a

COMMENTS:

Page 4

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41

Appendix IllDefinitionsof certain termsused in this report

All data items used in this report are defined in the Geographic region arzddivision are defined as follows:

same way as those in the questionnair~ (appendix II).Practice or employment settings are combined as follows:

● Chain pharmacy: small or large chain community phar-macy.

. Hospital: Government or other hospital.

Active pharmacists are placed in their work State. Whenwork State was missing from a record, the foIlowing hierarchywas used for determining the State in which to place thepharmacist: (1) residence State when it equaled mail State,(2) Iicensure State when it equaled residence or mail State,(3) mail State, and (4) licensure State.

Inactive pharmacists are placed in their residence State.Mail State is used when data on residence State are missing.If both States are missing, licensure State is used.

Geographicregionanddivkion

NortheastNew England . . . . . . . . . .

Mid-Atlantic . . . . . . . . . . .

North CentralEast North Central . . . . . . .

West North Central . . . . . .

SouthEast South Central . . . . . .

West South Central . . . . . .

WestMountain . . . . . . . . . . . .

Pacific . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

States included

Maine, New Hampshire, Ver-mont, Massachusetts, Rhode ls-Iand, and ConnecticutNew York, New Jersey, andPennsylvania

Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan,and WisconsinMinnesota, lowa, Miesouri, NorthDakota, South Dakota, Neb-raska, and Kansas

Kentucky, Tennessee, Alabama,and MississippiArkansas, Louisiana, Oklahoma,and Texas

Montana, Idaho, Wyoming, Col-orado, New Mexico, Arizona,Utah, and NevadaWashington, Oregon, Alaska,California, and Hawaii

42

Vital and Health Statisticsseries descriptions

sERIES 1.

SERIES 2.

SERIES 3.

SERIES 4.

SERIES 10.

SERIES 11.

SERIES 12.

SERIES 13.

programs and Collection Procedures-Reports describing the

general programs of the National Center for Health Statistics

and ltS fJffiCeS and divisions and the data collection methods

used. They also include definitions and other material necessary

far understanding the data.

Data Evaluation and Methods Researct+Studies of new statis-

tical methodology including experimental tests of new survey

methods, studies of vital statistics collection methods, new analyti-

cal techniques, objective evaluations of reliability of collected

data, and contributions to statistical theory.

Analytical and Epidemiokrgical Stucfiee-Reports presenting

analytical or Interpretive studies based on vital and health statis-

tics, canying the analysis futther than the expository types of

repcrrts in the other series.

Documents and Committee Reports-Final reperk of major

committees concerned with vital and health statistics and docu-

ments such as recommended model vital registration laws and

revised birth and death certificates.

Data From the National Heafth Interview Survey-Statistics

on Illness, accidental injuries, disability, use of hospital, medical,

dental, and other services, and other health-related topics, all

based on data collected in the continuing national household

interview survey.

Data From the National Heatth Examination Survey and the

National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey-Data from

dtrect examination, testing, and measurement of national samples

of the civilian noninstitutionalized population provide the basis

for (1) estimates of the medically defined prevalence of specific

diseases m the United States and the distributions of the population

with respect to physical, physiological, and psychological charac-

teristics and (2) analysis of relationships among the various mea-

surements without reference to an explicit finite universe of per-

sons.

Data From the Inatiiutionatiiad Population Surveye-Dscon-

Snued In 1975. Reports from these surveys ere included in Series

13,

Data on Health Resources Utiliition-Statistics on the utiliza-

tion of health manpower and facilities providing long-term care,

ambulatory care, hospital care. and family planning services.

SERIES 14.

SERIES 15.

SERIES 20.

SERIES 21.

SERIES 22.

SERIES 23.

Data on Health Resources: Manpower and Faciiiiie*Statis-

tlcs on the numbers, geographic distribubon, and characteristics

of health resources mcludmg physicians, denbsts, nurses, other

health occupations, hospitals, nursing homes, and outpatient facili-

ties.

Data From Special Surveye-Statstica on health and health-re-

Iated topics collected m special surveys that are not a parf of

the continuing data systems of the National Center for Health

Statistics.

Data on Mortatii-Various statistics on mortality other than

as included m regular annual or monthly reports. Special analyses

by cause of death, age, and other demographic variables; geo-

graphic and time series analyses; and stabsbcs on characteristics

of deaths not available from the vital records based on sample

surveys of those records.

Data on Natetii, Marriage, and Divorc+Var[ous statiska

on natahty, marriage, and dworce other than as included m regular

annual or monthly reports. Special anaylses by demograp!mc

variables: geographic and time series analyses: studies of ferbhty;

and statistics on characterisbcs of births not available from the

wtal records based on sample surveys of those records.

Data From the National Monthty and Natatii Surveys-Discon-

tinued in 1975. Reports from these eample surveys based on

vital records are included in Series 20 and 21, respectively.

Data From the National Survey of Family Growth-Statistce

on fertility, family formation and cfksolubon, family planning, and

related maternal and infant health topics derived from a periodic

suwey of a natlomvide probabMy sample of ever-married women

15-44 years of age.

For a list of titles of reports published in these senea, write to:

Scientific and Technical Informabon Branch

National Center for Health Statist@

Public Health Service

Hyattsvllle, Md. 20782

301-436-NCHS

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH ANDHUMAN SERVICES

Public Health ServiceNational Center for Health Statistics3700 East-West HighwayHyaffsvilla, Maryland 20782

OFFICIAL BUSINESSPENALTY FOR PRIVATE USE, $300

DHHS Publication No. (PHS) 84-1823, Series 14, No. 28

THIRD CLASS MAILBULK RATE

POSTAGEp:~EES PAID

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