characteristics of the offense surprise concentration tempo audacity fm 3-0 pg 7-4

CHARACTERISTICS OF THE OFFENSE

Surprise

Concentration

Tempo

Audacity

FM 3-0 pg 7-4

TYPES OF OFFENSIVE OPERATIONS

Movement to Contact

Attack

Exploitation

Pursuit

FM 3-0 pg 7-16

RALLY POINT

• Is an easily identifiable point on the ground at which units can reassemble or re-organize if they become disbursed

RLY 8

COMBAT POWERAPPLIED AGAINST AN OPPONENT AT A GIVEN TIME.A COMBINATION OF THE EFFECTS OF:

MANEUVERFIREPOWER LEADERSHIP PROTECTION

&INFORMATION

FM 3-0 pg 4-3

LEADERSHIP

THE MOST DYNAMIC ELEMENT OF COMBAT POWER. CONFIDENT, AUDACIOUS, AND COMPETENT LEADERSHIP.

IT PROVIDES:PURPOSEDIRECTIONMOTIVATION

FM 3-0 pg 4-7

PRINCIPLES OF WAR• OBJECTIVE• OFFENSIVE• MASS• ECONOMY OF FORCE• MANEUVER• UNITY OF COMMAND• SECURITY• SURPRISE• SIMPLICITY

FM 3-0 pg 4-12

MASS

Concentrate the effect of combat power at the decisive place and time

FM 3-0 pg 4-13

SECURITY

NEVER PERMIT THE ENEMY TO ACQUIRE AN UNEXPECTED ADVANTAGE:

SECURITY RESULTS FROM MEASURES TAKEN TO PROTECT YOURSELF FROM SURPRISE, INTERFERENCE, SABOTAGE, AND THEATS.

• AREA

• LOCAL

• OPSEC

FM 3-0 pg4-14

ECONOMY OF FORCE

ALLOCATE MINIMUM ESSENTIAL COMBAT POWER TO SECONDARY EFFORTS.

ECONOMY OF FORCE IS THE RECIPROCAL OF

MASS. EMPLOY ALL COMBAT POWER AVAILABLE IN THE MOST EFFECTIVE WAY POSSIBLE.

FM 3-0 pg 4-13

OFFENSIVE

SEIZE, RETAIN, AND EXPLOIT THE INITIATIVE.

• OFFENSIVE ACTIONS ARE THOSE TAKEN TO DICTATE THE NATURE, SCOPE, AND TEMPO OF AN OPERATION

• OFFENSIVE OPERATION ARE ESSENTIAL TO MAINTAIN THE FREEDOM OF ACTION NECESSARY FOR SUCCESS, EXPLOIT VULNERABLILITIES, AND REACT TO RAPIDLY CHANGING SITUATIONS AND UNEXPECTED DEVELOPMENTS

FM 3-0 pg 4-13

MANEUVER PLACE THE ENEMY IN A POSITION OF DISADVANTAGE THROUGH

THE FLEXIBLE APPLICATION OF COMBAT POWER.

• EFFECTIVE MANEUVER KEEPS THE ENEMY OFF BALANCE BY MAKING THEM CONFRONT NEW PROBLEMS AND NEW DANGERS FASTER THAN HE CAN DEAL WITH THEM.

FM 3-0 pg 4-14

SURPRISE

STRIKE THE ENEMY AT A TIME AND PLACE OR IN A MANNER FOR WHICH HE IS UNPREPARED.

THE FACTORS CONTRIBUTING TO SURPRISE TO INCLUDE SPEED AND INFORMATION SUPERIORITY.

FM 3-0 pg 4-14

SIMPLICITYPREPARE CLEAR, UNCOMPLICATED PLANS AND CONCISE ORDERS TO ENSURE THOROUGH UNDERSTANDING.

• SIMPLE PLANS AND CLEAR, CONCISE ORDERS MINIMIZE MISUNDERSTANDING AND CONFUSION.

• K.I.S.S.

FM 3-0 pg 4-15

UNITY OF COMMAND FOR EVERY OBJECTIVE, ENSURE UNITY OF EFFORT

UNDER ONE RESPONSIBLE COMMANDER.• UNITY OF COMMAND:

MEANS THAT A SINGLE COMMANDER DIRECTS AND COORDINATES THE ACTION OF ALL FORCES TOWARDS A COMMON OBJECTIVE.

• UNITY OF EFFORT:REQUIRES COORDINATION AND COOPERATION AMONG FORCES-EVEN THOUGH THEY MAY NOT NECESSARILY BE PART OF THE SAME COMMAND STRUCTURE-TOWARD A COMMONLY RECOGNIZED OBJECTIVE.

FM 3-0 pg 4-14

OBJECTIVEDIRECT EVERY MILITARY OPERATION TOWARDS A CLEARLY DEFINED, DECISIVE, AND ATTAINABLE OBJECTIVE.

• ENSURING ALL ACTIONS CONTRIBUTE TO THE GOALS OF THE HIGHER HEADQUARTERS.

• HAVING A CLEAR UNDERSTANDING OF THE EXPECTED OUTCOME AND ITS IMPACT.

FM 3-0 pg 4-12

THE TENETS OF ARMY OPERATIONS

Depth Agility

Versatility Initiative Synchronization

FM 3-0 pg 4-15

DEPTH THE EXTENSION OF OPERATIONS IN TIME, SPACE

AND RESOURCES.

• ENABLE MOMENTUM IN THE OFFENSE.• ALLOWS ELASTICITY IN THE DEFENSE.• DEPTH INFLUENCE IN SPACE, TIME, PURPOSE, AND

RESOURCES TO AFFECT THE ENVIRONMENT AND CONDITIONS.

• PHYSICAL DEPTH• DEPTH BY FIRE• DEPTH IN RESOURCES

FM 3-0 pg 4-17

AGILITY THE ABILITY TO MOVE AND ADJUST QUICKLY AND EASILY.

• SUBORDINATES MUST ACT TO ACHIEVE THE COMMANDER’S INTENT AND FIGHT THROUGH ANY OBSTACLE TO ACCOMPLISH THE MISSION.

• THE ABILITY TO REACT FASTER THAN THE ENEMY IT REQUIRES MENTAL & PHYSICAL AGILITY.

FM 3-0 pg 4-16

VERSATILITY THE ABILITY OF FORCES TO MEET THE GLOBAL, DIVERSE MISSION

REQUIREMENTS OF FULL SPECTRUM OPERATIONS.

• TO QUICKLY TRANSITION FROM ONE TYPE OF OPERATION TO ANOTHER.

• DEPENDS ON ADAPTIVE LEADERS, COMPETENT AND DEDICATED SOLDIERS.

FM 3-0 pg 4-17

INITIATIVE SETTING OR DICTATING THE TERMS OF ACTION

THROUGHOUT THE BATTLE OR OPERATION.• IMPLIES AN OFFENSIVE SPIRIT.• SET THE TERM OF THE BATTLE.• FORCES THE ENEMY TO CONFORM TO OUR

PURPOSE AND TEMPO.• OFFENSIVE- EXPLOITING SUCCESS.• DEFENSIVE- TURNING THE TABLE.

FM 3-0 pg 4-15

SYNCHRONIZATION ARRANGING ACTIVITIES IN TIME, SPACE, AND PURPOSE

TO MASS MAXIMUM RELATIVE COMBAT POWER AT A DECISIVE PLACE AND TIME.

• BATTLE MAY TAKE PLACE AT LOCATIONS DISTANT FROM EACH OTHER, BUT AT THE SAME TIME

• REQUIRES COORDINATION AND REHEARSALS

FM 3-0 pg 4-17

CHARACTERISTICS OF THE DEFENSE

Massing EffectsFlexibility

PreparationSecurity

Disruption

PREPARATION• Arrive in the battle area before the attacker and

take advantage of:

• Use METT-TC to identify potential friendly and enemy weaknesses

• Synchronize the concept of the operation with all available resources

• Ensure 360 degree security with WPN systems• Begin R&S plan immediately

MASSING EFFECTS

• Defenders seek to mass the effects of overwhelming combat power where they choose and shift it to support the decisive

operation, or Main Effort (ME).

DISRUPTIONDisrupts the attacker’s tempo and synchronizationby countering his initiative and preventing him frommassing overwhelming combat power.Interrupts the attacker’s fire support, logistical

support, and Command and Control (C2).Defenders use spoiling attacks before enemies

can focus combat power, and counterattacks before they can consolidate any gains.

FLEXIBILITYThe defender must be agile enough to avoid theattackers blows and then strike back effectively.

Derived from sound preparation and effective C2.Ability to shift the Main Effort (ME).Aggressive Recon and Surveillance (R&S). Retention of a reserve. Preparation in depth such as alternate and supplementary

positions.

SECURITYNever permit the enemy to acquire an unexpected

advantage.

Security operations help deceive the enemy as to friendly locations, strengths, and weaknesses.

TYPES OF BATTLE POSITIONS

PrimaryAlternate

Supplementary

OCCUPATION PLAN

Prevents confusionEstablishes security quicklyAllows parallel planningAllows priority of work to commence ASAP

WHY?

WHAT IS AN ENGAGEMENT AREA?

Where the commander intends to trap and destroy an enemy force using the massed fires of all available weapons.

DECISIVE OPERATIONS IN THE OFFENSE

What are Decisive Operations?Decisive offensive operations are attacks that conclusively determine the outcome of major operations, battles, and engagements. At the

operational level, decisive operations achieve the goals of each phase of a campaign.

FM 3-0 pg 7-7

Operational Framework

SHAPING OPERATIONSShaping operations in the offense include attacksdesigned to achieve one or more of the following:

Deceive the enemy.Destroy or fix enemy forces that could interfere with the decisive operation.Control terrain whose occupation by the enemy would hinder the decisive operation.Force the enemy to commit reserves prematurely or into an indecisive area.

FM 3-0 pg 7-8


SHAPING OPERATIONSAdvance, flank, and rear security forces conduct security

operations.These elements:

Provide early warning.Find gaps in defenses.Provide time to react and space to maneuver.

FM 3-0 pg 7-9


SUSTAINING OPERATIONS

Sustaining operations in the offense ensure freedom of action and maintain momentum.

CSS unit locations need not be contiguous with those of their supported forces.

FM 3-0 pg 7-10


Review Research• Purpose of risk management. FM 5-19 Chapter 1• Definition of Tactics. FM 3-90 Chapter 1• Number of soldiers in an infantry squad. FM 3-21.8 Chapter 1

DEFEND IN SECTORConsists of sectors.Positions are arrayed in depth.Strength of this defense is flexibility.Enemy oriented, not terrain oriented.Very effective as it allows the enemy to expose

his flanks, Command and Control, and Combat Support (CS) assets.

characteristics of the offense surprise concentration tempo audacity fm 3-0 pg 7-4

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