charles darwin - wordpress.com · 8/1/2017 · on the origin of species by means of natural...
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CharlesDarwin0 LivedinEngland0 1809-1882
0 1831-1836:Beagle’sfive-yearvoyagemappingthecoastlineofSouthAmerica
0 1859:OntheOriginofSpeciesbyMeansofNaturalSelection
0 EVOLUTIONà explainshowmodernorganismsevolvedoverlongperiodsoftimethroughdescentfromcommonancestors
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OntheOriginofSpeciesbymeansofNaturalSelection
0 PublishedbyDarwinin1859(158yearsago)
0 Twomajorclaims:0 ThespeciespresentonEarthtodaydescendedfromancestralspecies
0 Naturalselectionisthemechanismforevolution
0 NaturalSelectionleadstoevolutionaryadaptation.
0 Individualswithbeneficialheritabletraitsleavemoreoffspring,therefore,thefrequencyofthosetraitsincreasesinthepopulationovergeneration
0 Evolution– changesinapopulation’sgeneticcompositionovertime.
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Darwinchallengedtraditionalviews
0 Prevailingview=Earthwasonlyafewthousandyearsold,speciesoforganismswereunchanging,createdbyGod
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Historicalcontext0 Aristotle(384-322B.C.)– alllivingformscouldbearrangedonascaleofincreasingcomplexity=scala naturae
0 speciesarepermanentandperfectanddonotevolve
0 NaturalTheology– 1700s0 BasedonOldTestamentcreationstory0 SpecieswereindividuallydesignedbyGodanddonotevolve0 Taxonomy=scienceofclassification
0 SoughttoclassifythespeciesthatGodhadcreated0 Linnaeus(1707-1778)– taxonomyshowedGod’sorganization
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Historicalcontext(continued)0GeorgesCuvier(1769-1832):paleontologist;feltchangesinfossilsatdifferentstrataduetocatastrophism.
0 Somecatastrophe(floodordrought)destroyedlargenumbersofspeciesatatime
0Hutton:(1726-1797):gradualism;profoundchangecantakeplacethroughthecumulativeeffectofslowbutcontinuousprocesses.
0 Earth’sgeologicfeaturesexplainedbymechanismscurrentlyoperatingintheworld.
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Historicalcontext(continued)0 CharlesLyell(1797-1875):uniformitarianism;basicgeologicalprocesses(wind,rain,erosion,etc.)havenotchangedthroughoutEarth’shistory.
0 DarwinreasonedthatEarthmustbeolderthan6000years
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Otherscientistssuggestthatevolutionoccurs
0 Lamarck’stheoryofevolution:theoryofevolutionbasedontheideathatmodificationacquiredduringlifeofanorganismpassedtooffspring.
0 Wallace:alsodevelopedtheoryofevolutionbasedonnaturalselectionin1858;thispushedDarwintopublishhisfindings
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AcquiredCharacteristicsList the characteristics that you believe you have always had. For example, you may have brown eyes or curly hair.
InheritedCharacteristicsList your acquired characteristics. For example, you may have learned how to play a musical instrument.
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0 JeanBaptisteLamarck– proposedtheoryofevolutionbasedongrowingfossilrecord
0 Suggestedthatorganismscouldchangeduringtheirlifetimesbyselectivelyusingornotusingvariouspartsoftheirbodies.
0 Suggestedthatindividualscouldpasstheseacquiredtraitsontooffspring,enablingspeciestochangeovertime0 Publishedideasin1809–yearDarwinwasborn
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LamarckwasINCORRECTbecause:1. Organismsdonothaveaninborndrivetobeperfect
2. Evolutiondoesnotmeanthatovertimespeciesbecomes“better” somehow
3. Evolutiondoesnotprogressinpredetermineddirection
4. Traitsacquiredbyorganismsduringlifetimecannotbepassedontooffspring
Lamarckgaveussomegoodstufftoo!0 Lamarckwasoneof1st totryto
explainevolutionscientificallyusingnaturalprocesses
0 Recognizedlinkb/worg’senvironmentandbodystructures
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Darwin’sresearch0 CharlesDarwin(1809-1882)0 VoyageoftheHMSBeagle– 1831
0missiontocharttheSouthAmericancoastline0 Observations:
0 Adaptationsofplantsandanimalsweresimilarinsimilarenvironments0 Geologicchange(forexampleduetoearthquake)indicatedthatEarthwasmucholderthan6000years.0 GeographicdistributionofunusualspeciesonGalapagosindicateddescentwithmodification
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BlueFootedBoobies
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ArtificialSelection• ArtificialSelection:selectivebreedingofdomesticatedplantsandanimalstoproduceoffspringwithgenetictraitsthathumansvalue
• natureprovidesvariation,humansselectvariationsthatareuseful.
• Example:afarmerbreedsonlyhisbestlivestock
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ArtificialSelection0 Humanshavebeenmodifyingspeciesforthousandsofyears
0 Darwinsawthisbeingdonewithdogs0 Heobservedthataspeciescouldbechangedalotinashortperiodoftime
0 Thoughtthatthesamethingcouldbehappeninginnatureataslowerpace
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Differences
NaturalSelection ArtificialSelection
0 Traitsthataremorebeneficialintheorganismsenvironmentbecomemorecommoninthepopulation
0 Humanschoosethetraitsthatbecomemorecommoninthepopulation
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WhatDarwinKnew0 WhatdidDarwin(andscience)know?0 TheEarthisREALLYold0 4.6BillionYears
0 TheEarthhaschangedovertime0 Mountainsandvalleysformed0 Riverschangecourse0 Watererodesland
0 Humanscanchangeorganismsthroughbreeding
0 OrganismshaverapidPopulationGrowth0 Darwinrealizedmostorganismsdon’tsurviveandreproduce…
0 ???Whichindividualssurviveandwhy???
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WhatDarwindidn’tknow0DNAandGenetics0Knewthattraitswerepassedfromparenttooffspring0Didn’tknowHOW
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StruggleforExistence0 Ifmoreindividualsareproducedthancansurviveàmembersofapopulationmustcompetetoobtainfood,livingspace,andotherlimitednecessitiesoflife
0Called:StruggleforExistence
0Whichindividualscomeoutontopofstruggle?
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VariationandAdaptation0 Individuals have natural variations among
heritable traits0 Some variants are better
suited to life in their environment than others0 Predatory species that are
faster, longer claws, sharper teeth à catch more prey
0 Prey species that are faster, better camouflaged àavoid being caught
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SomeVariationsareFavorable0Adaptation - anyheritablecharacteristicthatincreasesanorganism’sabilitytosurviveandreproduce0 Bodypartsorstructures0bear’sclaws0bodycolorà camouflageormimicry
0 Physiologicalfunctions0aplantcarryingoutphotosynthesis
0 Behaviors0avoidancestrategiespreyuse0craneflappingwings
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Darwin’sTheoryofNaturalSelection
� Animalsondifferentislandsareindifferentpopulations� GalapagosIslandsweremostlikelycolonizedbyasinglefinchspeciesfromSouthAmerica¡ Singlespeciesadaptedtothevariedhabitatsontheislands¡ Todaywehave13differentspeciesoffinch
¡ DifferbyBeakShape÷ WHY?
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Darwin’sObservationsOverproduction Variation
0 BasedonMalthus’ Idea,Darwinrealizedthatspeciestendtoproduceexcessoffspring
0 limitresources+excessoffspring=competition0 NotEveryoneSurvives!
� Differencesamongmembersofthesamespecies
�Mostvariationisheritable¡ Siblingslookmorelikeeachotherthantheydootherpeople
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Darwin’sObservations
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NaturalSelectionandSpeciesFitness
0Overtime,naturalselectionresultsinchangesintheinheritedcharacteristicsofapopulation.0Thesechangesincreaseaspeciesfitness0 survivalrate
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SummaryofDarwin’sTheoryTheProcess
1. Organismsdiffer;variationisinherited2. Organismsproducemoreoffspringthansurvive
3. Organismscompeteforresources4. Organismswithadvantagessurvivetopassthoseadvantagestotheirchildren
5. Speciesalivetodayaredescendedwithmodificationsfromcommonancestors
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SummaryofDarwin’sideas0 Naturalselectionreferstothedifferentialsuccessinreproductionwhichresultsinadaptationsofpopulationsoforganismstotheirenvironment
0 Naturalselectionoccursfromtheinteractionbetweentheenvironmentandtheinherentvariabilityinapopulation0 Variationsinapopulationarisebychance0 Naturalselectionisnotachancephenomenon,sinceenvironmentalfactorssetdefinitecriteriaforreproductivesuccess