chart: north and south (chapter 14) life in the northlife in the south urbanrural economy based on...
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Chart: North and South (Chapter 14)
Life in the North Life in the SouthUrban Rural
Economy based on industry
Economy based on agriculture
Railroads increased commerce within the U.S.
Cotton Kingdom:Cotton most profitable cash
crop
Yankee clipper ships increased foreign trade
Dependent on North and Europe
for manufactured goods
New machines helped produce more goods
Invention of cotton gin increased planters’ profits
Artisans formed trade unionsto improve working conditions
Limited industry as money invested in land and slaves
Wave of European immigrants supplied factory labor
Slave codes place restrictions on African Americans
Slavery outlawed, but African Americans faced discrimination
About 94% of region’s African Americans enslaved
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Northern Inventors
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Mechanical Reaper
1847-Cyrus McCormick
Chicago, IL
Mowed wheat/grains
Threshing Machine
It was invented (c.1784) for the separation of grain from stalks and husks. For thousands of years, grain
was separated by hand with flails, and was very laborious and time consuming. Mechanization of this process took much of the drudgery out of farm labor.
Hay Rake
Mechanical Drill
Jethro Tull
Jethro Tull was one of the first scientific farmers. He realized that the usual way of sowing seeds by scattering them on the
ground was wasteful. Many seeds did not take root. The seed drill, which he invented in 1701, allowed the
farmers to sow seeds in well-spaced rows at specific depths. When his invention was used, a larger share of the seed
germinated. As a result, crop yields increased even more.
Results of Farming Innovations:
• Increased farm productivity
• Westward movement
• Increase in factory jobs
Yankee Clipper
• 1845- John Griffith's Rainbow
• Sleek vessel, tall mass, huge sails
• 1840s New York to Hong Kong 5 months
• Clipper 81 days
• Increased U.S. Sea trade in the 1840s & 1850s
Life in the North
• Worsening factory conditions• Trade Unions- workers come together to
demand higher wages, shorter days, better working conditions
• African Americans face discrimination• African Americans were denied “the ballot-
box, the jury box, the halls of legislature, the army, the public lands, the school and the church”
Immigration in the North
0
20,00040,000
60,00080,000
100,000120,000
140,000160,000
180,000
1820 1830 1840 1850 1860
EnglishImmigrants
IrishImmigrants
GermanImmigrants
What happened in the1850s?
• Irish Potato Famine• Disease destroyed potato crop
• Famine-severe food shortage
• 1845-1860 1.5 million Irish fled to the U.S.
Southern Economy
Cotton Boom
• Cotton Gin- increased production
• 6,000 to 2 million bales of cotton
• 1792-1850
• Cotton expands westward
• Slavery follows
Agricultural Economy
• Rice
• Sugar
• Tobacco
• Livestock
Limited Industry
• Tools manufactured most in the North
• Slavery reduced the need for southern industry
Economically Dependent
• Little industry=
• Reliance on Northern production
“The grave was dug through solid marble, but the marble headstone came from Vermont. It was in a pine wilderness but the pine coffin came from Cincinnati. An iron mountain overshadowed it but the coffin nails and the screws and the shovel came from Pittsburgh… A hickory grove grew nearby, but the pick and shovel handles came from New York… That country, so rich in underdeveloped resources, furnished nothing for the funeral except the corpse and the hole in the ground.”
-1889
What did that passage tell you about the South’s dependence on
the North?
Life in the SouthOwned 5 or more slaves
Owned 1-4 slaves
8%
50%
2%
32%
8%
Whites who owned NO slaves
Free African AmericansEnslaved
African Americans
“Cottonocracy”• A planter who owned
at least 20 slaves
• Rich Family
• Elegant Lifestyle
• Politics
• Only 1 in 30 people
• Lifestyle dominated the south
Other Whites
• Small Farmers: 75%
• Plain Folk- might own 1-2 slaves
• Worked in the fields w/ slaves
• Poor Whites
• Didn’t own land
• Hill Country
African Americans in the South
Free and Enslaved
Free African Americans
• Descendants of Revolutionary War Vets
• 200,000
• Northern parts of the South
• Cities- New Orleans, Richmond, and Charleston
Restrictions
• Fear
• No vote
• No travel
• Pushed out
Enslaved- Slave Codes
• Purpose: No rebel or runaways
• No groups of more than 3
• Owner’s permission to leave
• No reading
• No writing
• Could not testify in court
Resistance
• Small resistance: break tools, steal crops…
• Denmark Vesey: 1822 planned revolt– Discovered before attempt: 35 people
executed
• Nat Turner- 1831 Preacher– Led revolt Southhampton, VA– Killed 57 whites
• Revolts were rarely successful