CHC2P Canadian History

Exam Review

WWI: Topics

General information

Alliance systems

Causes

Assassination of Franz Ferdinand

War Measures Act

Life in the Trenches

New technology

Important Canadian

Battles

America entering the war

The Last Hundred Days

Treaty of Versailles

Troubles on the Homefront

Women’s roles

Conscription crisis

General Information

Occurred between August 1914 – November 1918

Called the “Great War” first time a war involved many nations across the world

Canada entered the war on August 4, 1914 Same day as Britain did we were part of the

British Commonwealth and were governed by their rules

Alliance Systems

There were two alliance systems at the beginning of the war. Other countries joined with these forces throughout the course of the war.

Triple Entente

BritainFranceRu

ssia Italy

Aust

ria-

Hun

gary

Germany

Triple Alliance

Major Causes

Nationalism having pride in your own country

Arms race trying to have the largest amount and the most powerful weaponry

Imperialism fierce competition between nations; many imposed their rule on other countries and claimed them as their colonies

Alliance systems countries who are willing to back one another with military support in times of conflict

Assassination of Franz Ferdinand

June 28, 1914 Franz Ferdinand (Duke of Austria-Hungary) and his

wife Sophie were assassinated in Sarajevo while on a tour of their new coming empire

Responsibility put in the hands of the Black Hand (terrorist group from Serbia) Gavrilo Princip charged with their killings

Serbia would not give up the person in charge of the crime and Austria-Hungary declared war

War Measures Act

Limited the civil liberties of citizens in order to ensure support for the war

Passed in 1914 because the government needed to come up with funds

Some of the conditions were: Food Board (control supplies at home), Imperial

Munitions Board (quality control for weapons), censoring newspapers/media, temporary 3% tax, food rationing, savings bonds, etc.

Life in the Trenches Conditions

Diseases trench foot, trench fever, infections, lice Daily Life ate, slept, worked in trenches

Layout zig-zag pattern so enemies cannot see straight down the line if they invade

Reason for building them machine guns and artillery had been developed so needed a place to protect soldiers from fire

New Technology

Artillery large guns with long range

Machine guns could be operated by 4 people, could fire bullets quickly

Planes originally made from wood and canvas, used to photograph troop positions; later had gun mounted on them and used for fighting

Tanks helped soldiers cross no-man’s land, but they were not hugely effective; improved as war went on

U-boats German submarines

Important Canadian Battles

Ypres April 1915, Belgium; take back from Germans who wanted it for access to the sea (port town); first use of chlorine gas by the Germany; 20,000 killed, 4,000 wounded

The Somme July 1916, France; cross the river to allow cavalry to break through; involved “suicide runs” into German machine gun fire; NFLD regiment took heavy losses at Beaumont Hamel; 24,000 wounded or killed

Important Canadian Battles

Vimy Ridge April 1917, France; take ridge embedded with German trench lines; practiced on mock battlefield before; used “creeping barrage” technique and “leapfrogging” technique to move ahead; led by Canadian General Currie; 10,000 killed or wounded

Passchendaele November 1917, Belgium; capture German trenches; huge rain storms that flooded trenches, many soldiers and horses died in mud and water; 16,000 killed or wounded

America Enters the War

Germany declares “unrestricted submarine warfare” and sinks supply ships crossing the Atlantic Allies used convoys (large groups of ships with

military escorts) and Q-ships (decoy military ship posing as supply ship) to try and get across safely

U-boats sink a U.S. passenger ship (Lustania)

U.S. cannot ignore the threat and enters the war in support of the Triple Entente (1917)

The Last Hundred Days

Once Americans declare war, Germany sends troops from Eastern Front (Russia) to Western Front to try and defeat the allies before the U.S. arrives

Germans stopped just before Paris

Improvement of tanks and fresh American soldiers help allies push Germany back to borders defeated ¼ of German army, 48 000 casualties, including 9 000 dead

Armistice to be signed on November 11, 1918 at 11:00am Last Canadian soldier killed at 10:55am (Private Price)

Treaty of Versailles

Signed at the Palace of Versailles in 1919; Britain, France and U.S. decided Germany’s fate

Conditions: accept blame and sign a “War Guilt Clause”, pay reparations, no submarines or air force (small navy and army allowed), Rhineland occupied by Allied troops, lost all colonies, Austria-Hungary broke up, lost land and industry as it was divided up

League of Nations formed to keep world peace

Troubles on the Homefront

Winnipeg General Strike 1919, workers in Winnipeg went on strike to fight for better conditions/wages; ended in June when strikers took to the streets to protest the arrest of their leaders, called “Bloody Saturday” because several people were killed or wounded

Spanish flu influenza carried back from war by soldiers; more than 20 million people worldwide died; hit small/isolated communities hard; Stanley Cup finals were even cancelled

Conscientious objectors object to war as a matter of conscience or religious beliefs; many farming communities on Prairies didn’t want to go to war because they thought they were needed to contribute supplies; however, would fight if attacked

Troubles on the Homefront

Pacifists would prefer peaceful negotiations to solve problems; wouldn’t fight if attacked; often paid heavy price for not supporting war efforts

Halifax explosion December 1916; two ships (Mont Blanc [carrying explosives] & Imo) collided in Halifax harbor caught fire and exploded; many people came out to see boats on fire and explosion killed 1600+ and wounded 9000+

Enemy aliens people from enemy countries; given ID cards and had to report to police and some put in internment camps or deported once war broke out

Women’s Roles

Received separation allowance ($20/month) to cover costs Barely enough to get essentials, often had to rely on family members;

Charities set up to help cover additional costs upper-middle class women often ran them, called “nosy parkers” because they would check to see if people were spending money properly

Did a lot of volunteering made socks, bandages, bake sales

Worked in munitions factories making bombs and artillery shells

Administrative jobs for the military

Nurses at home and on the front lines; also ambulance drivers

Took over many jobs for the men who were gone to war

With the help of “suffragists” like Nellie McClung, this helped women earn the right to vote starting with Manitoba in 1916

Conscription Crisis of 1917

PM Borden thought war would continue longer after meeting in 1917

Already had 1 in 16 in uniform and needed more introduce conscription (military service required by law) to get more troops

Divided country Quebec, farmers in Prairies, Objectors/Pacifists, Liberals all objected to it; was important because there was an election coming up and this could make or break the current government

Passed in the summer of 1917, but troops never actually saw any combat action

Interwar Years: Topics

Immigration Boom

Changes in education and employment

Consumerism and popular culture

Prohibition

Women in politics

The Economy

The Great Depression

On-to-Ottawa Trek

The New Deal and new political parties

Immigration Boom

Canada was removed from the war, economy was booming (natural resources) and opportunity for a new life Pull Factors

Wanted: people from Britain, U.S., Western Europe

Unwanted: Chinese (1923 Exclusion Act), Japanese

Employment & Education

Higher levels of education for everyone Rural up to gr. 8 was average

Urban up to end of high school was average

Boys and girls gender specific courses that were geared toward typical careers

Employment Men most in factories (3/4), doctors, lawyers

Women department stores, secretaries, clerks

Consumerism & Popular Culture

Low energy costs = increased production & jobs

New inventions (car, radio, home appliances) were symbols of status; gave people more leisure time People went into debt to buy these things!

New type of women was “born” flapper, dressed and acted unconventionally (smoked, danced, drove, new clothing style)

Prohibition also put in place Banning of the sale of alcohol except for religious or medical

reasons

We were highly influenced by American culture Radios, gangs, music

Women in Politics

“Famous Five” fought for women’s rights in 1920s Nellie McClung was one of them

Went to Supreme Court in “Person’s Case” so women could legally be called people and therefore could run for Senate won the case

The Economy

Stock market many people invested in stocks with loans from brokers (buying on margin)

American influences companies were opening up factories in Canada (branch plants) to avoid tariffs (taxes) for importing goods Downside: smaller Canadian companies got shut

down, all the profit and management went back to the U.S.

Upside: more jobs were being created in Canada and we had a greater variety of goods available

The Great Depression

Started with the stock market crash on October 29, 1929 (“Black Tuesday”) Line up to get jobs at factories Stand in “bread lines” or collect relief money to get food Wages cut if jobs were kept Lost homes, possessions and all their money

Men 16 and over were forced to go into labour camps paid very little, difficult jobs, but were fed and clothed

There was a drought on the Prairies and farmers could barely grow any crops (Dust Bowl)

On-To-Ottawa Trek

Union workers were rallying to get better working conditions This was a bad time because companies didn’t have

money to increase wages for workers because of the Depression

Unemployed people & men from labour camps went across the country by train to protest in Ottawa

Trains were stopped in Regina where a riot began

Did result in work camps being shut down

Bennett’s New Deal

Needed to put a plan in place to get the country our of the Depression. This included: government control of industry, more jobs,

cut down work week to 48 hours from 60 hours, unemployment insurance

Didn’t win upcoming election to put this all in place, but Liberals, who did, kept many of these provisions

New Political Parties

Rural areas thought they weren’t being represented by the current parties because they were centered in large cities; made their own parties:

Social Credit Party prosperity certificates to increase buying power of the people ($25/month)

Cooperative Commonwealth Federation (CCF) government should take over industry; unemployment insurance, free medical care, pensions, family care also part of platform

Union Nationale people in Quebec should have power over its own industries

WWII: Topics

Fascism, Anti-Semitism and Racism around the world

Hitler’s rise to power in Germany

Propaganda

Fundraising efforts on the homefront

Technology advancements

Causes of WWII

Battles of WWII

Hiroshima & Nagasaki

The Holocaust Kristallnacht, ghettos, concentration & death camps

Internment of Japanese Canadians

Conscription

Women’s roles in the war

Fascism, Anti-Semitism & Racism

Fascism: governmental system led by someone who has complete power, opposes criticism or opposition of their ways, controls industry and economy, and emphasizes extreme nationalism and racism Italy, USSR & Germany used this system

Hitler believed that Germans were of a higher race; blonde hair, blue eyes, slender and tall were the characteristics of the “Aryan” people

Named Jewish and other races who had darker features of a lesser race (anti-semitism)

Most other countries also discriminated against Jews

Hitler’s Rise to Power Economy after WWI was unstable and people turned to extreme

parties because they had a strong message

Nazi Party why were they popular? Supported dictatorship

Wanted to stop paying reparations to other nations

Invest in Germany’s industries to create economic growth

Build up Germany’s military forces

End unemployment

Bullied people into voting for him Fire at Parliament, “storm troopers” threatened people

When he won, disbanded Parliament as soon as they gave him permission to deal with “enemies of Germany” Hitler’s word was now LAW!

Alliance Systems

ALLIED SIDE COUNTRIES YEAR OF ENTRY

Britain 1939

France 1939

Canada 1939

Other Commonwealths (NFLD incl.) 1939

United States 1941

Soviet Union 1941

AXIS SIDE

Germany 1939

Italy 1940

Japan 1941

Propaganda

Government used posters, radio ads, newspaper articles All controlled with censorship (only published

what they wanted people to read about)

Wanted people to support the war by giving money, enlisting or volunteering

Fundraising Efforts

Government didn't have enough money to support the war because we were just coming out of a recession; looked to citizens to help out Chinese Canadian communities raised over $5

million for the war efforts "One Percent Scheme“ (in NFLD) Scrap drives Victory Gardens Packing Boxes of supplies Rationing Victory Bonds

Technology & Training Advancements

Air Force British Commonwealth Air Training Plan (BCATP)

Pilots, bombers, navigators, gunners, paratroopers, etc. trained in Canada

Camp X Intelligence service to gather information about the enemy; based in

Canada

Many agents went under cover into Nazi-occupied Europe

Project Manhattan Canadian scientists helped develop the atomic bomb

Uranium sourced from Deep River, ON

Radar & Sonar Could detect enemy aircraft (radar) and enemy submarines (sonar)

This could be used to plan a counter-attack against the enemy forces

Hitler’s Road to War & Causes of WWII

Between 1936 and 1939, Hitler took over more and more territory in Europe and no one reacted to his actions

March 1936: troops sent into Rhineland; supposed to be no troops were allowed

March 1938: takes over Austria for Germany

October 1938: allowed to take over Sudetenland in Czechoslovakia (mostly German speaking); Hitler promises no more demands for territory

March 1939: take over the rest of Czechoslovakia

September 1939: invades Poland

START OF WWII

Battles of WWII Battle of Britain 1940, Britain; prevented Germany from invading

Britain (last unconquered country in Europe) with “Blitzkrieg”; planes mostly fought

Battle of the Atlantic 1939-1945, Atlantic Ocean; fought to maintain supply route; used convoys and “corvette” ships to avoid German “wolf packs”

Battle of Hong Kong 1941, Hong Kong; helped to fight against Japan, but Hong Kong lost in 17 days, Canadians put in POW camps

Dieppe 1942, France; massacred by Germany forces on the beach; tanks useless on sandy/rocky ground

Italian Campaign 1943-1945, Italy; fought hand-to-hand to liberate Italy

D-Day 1945, Normandy; planned for 2 years after Dieppe failure, pushed Germans back (beginning of the end); Canadians in charge of Juno beach

Liberation of Netherlands 1945, Netherlands; pushed Germans out and provided starving Dutch people with supplies (formed special relationship with Dutch people)

Atomic Bombings in Japan

First bomb dropped on August 6, 1945 in Hiroshima Dropped bomb “little boy” at 8:15 am

90,000 – 166,000 killed or died of injuries/radiation

Second bomb dropped in August 9, 1945 in Nagasaki Dropped bomb “fat man” at 11:01 am

60,000 – 80,000 killed or died of injuries/radiation

Japan surrendered on August 15, 1945

Internment of Japanese Canadians

After Japan attacked Pearl Harbor, Japanese Canadians were sent to internment camps Of the 21,000 sent, 17,000 were Canadian citizens

Forced to live in cramped conditions with little food, no running water, no flushing toilets under armed guard

All of their possessions were claimed and sold to pay for the internment camps

Some were deported back to Japan Many had never actually been to Japan in their lives!

Women’s Roles in the War

Couldn’t have any combat roles, but had positions in every division of the military service

Air Transportation Auxiliary Ferry Service transported planes to Britain, worked in ground crew

Canadian Women's Army Corps secretaries, mechanics & cooks, went through basic training

Women's Royal Canadian Naval Service got the best of the best!, trained on all women’s ship

Royal Canadian Army Medical Corps nursing

Conscription of 1943

PM Mackenzie King didn’t want to enforce conscription Had a negative effect on the country in 1917

Needed to do something, volunteer rates were dropping off

Held a plebiscite (voters asked to answer a yes or no question; government may choose to adopt of ignore the result) Divided country again, but it passed

Conscripts drafted and trained, but were never sent overseas

Left a bad feeling with the nation

The Holocaust

Discrimination against the Jews started long before the war 1933 first concentration camp opened in Dachau for

political prisoners and other “unwanted’s”

1935 Nuremburg Laws (couldn’t attend university, teach in any school or university, marry a person who was not of the Jewish faith, hold a government job, be the author of a book, be a lawyer or doctor)

1938 “Kristallnacht” where 1000s of business were destroyed and Jews were attacked in the streets

Ghettos parts of cities turned into Jewish-only slums; extremely poor conditions, close to rail lines for evacuation

The Holocaust Final Solution

plan to exterminate Jews and other “undesirable” races in Europe

Jews, Romas, handicapped, mentally-ill, homosexual and others sent to: Concentration camps forced manual labour to support Germany’s war

efforts

Death camps large scale mass-murder by gas/poison; six camps existed

When these camps were finally liberated, Nazi’s tried to run away (with prisoners) or burn them down to hide the evidence

Some intact because they had to leave without warning

Allies were horrified at what they saw malnutrition, disease, torture, medical experimentation

Nuremburg Trials (1945-1949) held to put those in charge of the Holocaust and other war crimes to justice

Post War Era: Topics

United Nations

Cold War

Korean War

Suez Crisis

Population explosion immigration and baby boom

Popular Culture

United Nations

Created after WWII because League of Nations had failed

Wanted to be able to protect people after the horrors of the Holocaust

Permanent members all had to agree for any actions to take place

Had “veto” power if they didn’t agree; action would not be undertaken unless everyone was on the same page

Major contribution was the creation of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights by Canadian John Peters Humphrey (law expert)

The Cold War Soviet Union wanted to spread communism around the world

“Iron Curtain” divided communist Eastern Europe/Soviet Union from capitalist Western Europe/North America

Formation of NATO and Warsaw Pact alliances for protection

Nuclear bombings in Japan started “nuclear age” and a new arms race Mostly in the form of threats, spies and intelligence gathering

Soviet Union also launched a satellite (Sputnik) into space Rockets could carry missiles and get to N.A. faster Had also developed the hydrogen bomb, more powerful People created nuclear fallout shelters to protect from nuclear war

Canada and the U.S. pooled their resources and decided to cooperate with each other to defend against a potential attack NORAD set up radar stations, joined military equipment

Korean War & Suez Crisis

KOREAN WAR SUEZ CRISIS

• North Korea (communist; backed by China & Soviet Union) invaded South Korea (capitalist, backed by UN nations)

• End of fighting = truce and the border being drawn almost where it was at the beginning of the war

• DMZ still in place at the border of the two countries

• Was Canada’s first involvement in “peacemaking” activities

•Shipping canal created in 1800s by Britain & France

• Egypt now independent and wanted control of land

• Britain, France & Israel against Egypt & Soviet Union

• Lester B. Pearson (Canadian) came up with negotiation plan; UN sent in UNEF to provide “peacekeeping”

• Egypt paid for the canal, Pearson given a Nobel Peace Prize

• First time Canada went against Britain’s wishes

Population Boom

Immigration again, Canada was attractive place to go after the war

Soldiers brought back “war brides” and children

Canada changed its immigration laws to allow for refugees of the war and political situations to enter the country (Holocaust, Hungarian revolution)

2 million immigrated

Baby boom

Good economic times

Couples wed early and started families

9 million children born between 1945 – 1960

Popular Culture

1950’s saw the creation of a “teenage” culture

Had part-time jobs, allowances (“buying power”)

Created their own style of dress (bobby-soxers, greasers), acted rebelliously, listened to R & B and rock n’ roll parents and conservative society disapproved (religion was

important factor)

Things like movies, products, businesses were focused on this market for huge profits