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MODULE ELEMENTS AND

3 COMPOUNDS

All substances are homogeneous. Some mixtures are also

homogeneous. Being so, it difficult to distinguish mixtures and

substances based on appearance.

However, there are ways to tell if a sample is a mixture or a

substance. The temperature of a liquid mixture varies during boiling but

for a liquid substance, it does not. A solid mixtures has portions that do

not melt but a solid substance melts completely within a short time.

In this module, you will find out that substances may be further

classified into two: compoundsand elements. You will start with the

primary characteristic that distinguishes them.

How are elements different from compounds? How are they similar?

Compounds

Like mixtures, compounds are also made up of two or more

components. In module 2, you separated the components of seawater

through distillation. One of the products obtained was distilled water.

Also, you have identified distilled water as a substance.


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Electrolysis decomposed water, a compound, into hydrogen and oxygen.

Hydrogen and oxygen are elements.

Elements

There are 118 elements. Each element has different set of

properties. No two elements have the same set of properties. 118 is quite

a big number! Thanks to the works of our early scientists, they were able

to systematically organize all of the 118 elements in what we call

periodic table of elements or sometimes simply referred as periodic

table.

Scientists agreed to give symbols for each element. This is very

helpful especially to those elements with long names. Instead of writing

the full names, a one-letter or two-letter symbol may be used. You can

find these symbols in the periodic table too. It is written inside the same

box for that element.

Elements Present in the Food we EatWhether it is a natural food like a banana or those processed like

banana chips, biscuits, milk, and juice. These are mostly nutrients which

the human body needs in order to function well. Some of these are

calcium, magnesium, zinc,andselenium.

The Nutrition Facts is a list of the different nutrients provided by

the food product with their corresponding percentage share on the daily

recommended dietary allowance.

On the other hand, ingredients give you list of the materials that

have been added to make the food product. These materials are the

sources of the nutrients. These are the ones that are taken in by the body.

Ferrous is derived from the Latin name of iron.


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Minerals

-the elements include are combination with other elements and the

resulting compounds are referred to as minerals.

A product label that listssodiumas nutrient does not mean that youwill be eating the elementsodium. It means that the composition of one

of the ingredients includesodium. In the case of the soy sauce, the

ingredient is monosodium glutamate.

It is very rare and most of the time dangerous if you take in the

element itself.

Periodic Table of ElementsThe periodic table is a tabular arrangement of thechemical elements,

organized on the basis of theiratomic numbers,electron

configurations (electron shell model), and recurringchemical properties.

Elements are presented in order of increasing atomic number (the

number of protons in the nucleus). The standard form of the table

consists of a grid of elements laid out in 18 columns and 7 rows, with a

double row of elements below that.

Period

Aperiodis a horizontal row in the periodic table. Although groups

generally have more significant periodic trends, there are regions where

horizontal trends are more significant than vertical group trends, such as

the f-block, where thelanthanides andactinides form two substantial

horizontal series of elements.

Blocks

The different regions of the periodic table are sometimes referred to

as blocksin recognition of the sequence in which the electron shells of

the elements are filled. Each block is named according to the subshell in

which the "last" electron notionally resides.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_elementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic_numberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electron_configurationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electron_configurationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_propertyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lanthanidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Actinidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Actinidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lanthanidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_propertyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electron_configurationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electron_configurationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic_numberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_element


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Categories

The elements can be conveniently classified according to their shared

physical and chemical properties into the major categories of metals,

metalloids and nonmetals. Metals are generally located to the left andbottom of the periodic table. They are ordinarily shiny, highly

conducting solids which form alloys with one another and salt-like ionic

compounds with nonmetals. Nonmetals are located to the right and top.

They are mostly coloured or colourless insulating gases that form

covalent compounds with one another. In between metals and nonmetals

are metalloids, which have intermediate or mixed properties.

Dmitri MendeleevDmitri Ivanovich Mendeleev was a

Russianchemist and inventor. He formulated the

Periodic Law, created his own version of

theperiodic table ofelements,and used it to correct

the properties of some already discovered elements

and also to predict the properties of elements yet to

be discovered.
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Table 2. Some elements essential to life*

Element Source Function Deficiency

ConditionMacrominerals

Calcium

(Ca)

Milk, cheese,

canned fish

with bones,

sesame seeds,

green leafy

vegetables

Essential to

formation and

maintenance of

bones and teeth;

regulates nerve

transmission,

muscle contraction,and blood clotting

Rickets in

children;

diseases of the

bones in adults

such as

softening of the

bones anddecrease in

bone mass

Magnesium

(Mg)

Nuts, legumes,

cereal grains,

dark green

vegetables,

seafood and

chocolate

Catalyst in the

synthesis of

energy-carrier

molecules;

involved in the

synthesis of

proteins and

relaxation of

muscles

Fluid loss due

to too much

alcohol in take;

heart failure due

to spasms

Potassium

(K)

Orange juice,

bananas, dried

fruits, potatoes

Maintains regular

heartbeat, water

balance and cell

integrity; needed in

nerve transmission,

carbohydrate andprotein metabolism

Sudden death

during fasting,

poor nerve

function,

irregular heart

beat

Selenium

(Se)

Liver, meat,

grain

vegetables

Part of enzymes;

antioxidant

Keshan Disease

(heart disease)

Sodium Meat, table Regulates amount Headache,


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(Na) salt, salt-

processed

food

of body fluid;

involved in nerve

transmission

physical

weakness,

thirst, poor

memory,

appetite lossSulfur

(S)

Some proteins Component of

biomolecules and

ions

Zinc

(Zn)

Liver,

shellfish, meat

Part of insulin and

some 154

enzymes

Anemia, stunted

growth

Microminerals or Trace elementsChromium

(Cr)

Liver; animal

and plant

tissues

Needed for glucose

utilization

Loss of insulin

efficiency with

age

Copper

(Cu)

Liver, kidney,

egg yolk,

whole grains

Helps in the

formation of

hemoglobin; part

of 11 enzymes

Rare

Flourine(F) Sea food,fluorinated

drinking water

Strengthens boneand tooth structure Dental decay

Iron

(Fe)

Liver, meat,

green leafy

vegetables,

whole grains,

cocoa beans

Component of

hemoglobin and

myoglobin

Anemia,

tiredness and

apathy

Iodine

(I)

Sea food,

iodized salts

Part of thyroxin,

regulates rate of

energy use

Goiter

Manganese

(Mn)

Liver, kidney,

wheat germ,

legumes, nuts

Confactor for a

number of enzymes

Weight loss,

occasional

dermatitis


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Elements - Elements are substances that cannot be separated intosimpler substances. Salt is made up of the elements sodium and

chloride. Water is made up of the elements hydrogen and oxygen.

Compounds - A compound is a substance formed when two ormore Substances cannot be separated without breaking chemicalbonds, whereas mixtures are composed of substances not

chemically bonded together. Elements are chemically joined.

Water, salt, and sugar are examples of compounds. When the

elements are joined, the atoms lose their individual properties and

have different properties from the elements they are composed of.

A chemical formula is used a quick way to show the composition

of compounds. Letters, numbers, and symbols are used to representelements and the number of elements in each compound.

Matter - Matter is everything around you. Matter is anything madeofatoms and molecules. Matter is anything that has mass and takes

up space. If you are new to the idea of mass, it is the amount of

stuff in an object.

Mixture - Mixtures are absolutely everywhere you look. Mostthings in nature are mixtures. Look at rocks, the ocean, or even the

atmosphere. They are all mixtures, and mixtures are about physical

properties, not chemical ones. That statement means the individual

molecules enjoy being near each other, but their fundamental
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chemical structure does not change when they enter the mixture. If

the chemical structure changed, it would be called areaction.

Substances - Substances cannot be separated without breakingchemical bonds, whereas mixtures are composed of substances not

chemically bonded together.
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Elements

A chemical element is a purechemical

substance consisting of a single type

ofatom distinguished by itsatomic number,which is the number ofprotons in itsatomic

nucleus.Elements are divided

intometals,metalloids,andnon-metals.Familiar

examples of elements

arecarbon,oxygen(nonmetals),silicon,arsenic (metalloids),aluminium,iron,copper,gold,mercury,andlead (metals).

The lightest chemical elements, includinghydrogen,helium and

smaller amounts oflithium,beryllium andboron,are thought to havebeen produced by various cosmic processes during theBig

Bang andcosmic-rayspallation.Production of heavier elements, from

carbon to the very heaviest elements, proceeded bystellar

nucleosynthesis,and these were made available for latersolar

system and planetary formation byplanetary nebulae andsupernovae,

which blast these elements into space. The high abundance of oxygen,

silicon, and iron on Earth reflects their common production in such stars.

While most elements are generally stable, a small amount ofnaturaltransformation of one element to another also occurs in the decay

of radioactive elements as well as other natural nuclear processes.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_substancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_substancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic_numberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic_nucleushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic_nucleushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metalloidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-metalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxygenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-metalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siliconhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arsenichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metalloidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ironhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copperhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goldhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercury_(element)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leadhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heliumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berylliumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boronhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Banghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Banghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmic_rayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spallationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stellar_nucleosynthesishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stellar_nucleosynthesishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_Systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_Systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planetary_nebulahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supernovahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_transmutationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_transmutationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supernovahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planetary_nebulahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_Systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_Systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stellar_nucleosynthesishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stellar_nucleosynthesishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spallationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmic_rayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Banghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Banghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boronhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berylliumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heliumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leadhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercury_(element)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goldhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copperhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ironhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metalloidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arsenichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siliconhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-metalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxygenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-metalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metalloidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic_nucleushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic_nucleushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic_numberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_substancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_substance


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Compound

A chemicalcompound is a

purechemical

substance consisting of

two or more

differentchemical

elements that can be

separated into simpler

substances bychemical

reactions.Chemical compounds have a unique and definedchemical

structure;they consist of a fixed ratio of atoms that are held together in a

defined spatial arrangement bychemical bonds.Chemical compounds

can bemolecular compounds held together bycovalent bonds,salts held

together byionic bonds,intermetallic compounds held together

bymetallic bonds,orcomplexes held together bycoordinate covalent

bonds.Purechemical elements are not considered chemical compounds,even if they consist of molecules that contain only multiple atoms of a

single element (such as H2, S8, etc.), which are calleddiatomic

molecules orpolyatomic molecules.

Matter

Matter is a loosely defined term in science (seedefinitionsbelow).

The term often refers to a substance (often a particle) that hasrest mass.Matter is also used loosely as a general term for the substance that

makes up all observablephysical objects.

Allobjects we see with the naked eye are composed ofatoms.This

atomic matter is in turn made up of interactingsubatomic particles

usually anucleus ofprotons andneutrons,and a cloud of
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_substancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_substancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_elementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_elementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_reactionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_reactionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_structurehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_structurehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_bondhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moleculehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Covalent_bondhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salt_(chemistry)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ionic_bondhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intermetallic_compoundshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metallic_bondhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complex_(chemistry)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coordinate_covalent_bondhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coordinate_covalent_bondhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_elementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diatomic_moleculehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diatomic_moleculehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyatomic_moleculehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matter#Definitionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rest_masshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_bodyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_bodyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subatomic_particlehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic_nucleushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protonshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutronshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutronshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protonshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic_nucleushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subatomic_particlehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_bodyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_bodyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rest_masshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matter#Definitionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyatomic_moleculehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diatomic_moleculehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diatomic_moleculehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_elementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coordinate_covalent_bondhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coordinate_covalent_bondhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complex_(chemistry)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metallic_bondhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intermetallic_compoundshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ionic_bondhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salt_(chemistry)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Covalent_bondhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moleculehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_bondhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_structurehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_structurehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_reactionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_reactionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_elementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_elementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_substancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_substance


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orbitingelectrons.Typically, science considers these composite particles

matter because they have both rest mass and volume. By

contrast,massless particles,such asphotons,are not considered matter,

because they have neither rest mass nor volume. However, not all

particles with rest mass have a classical volume, since fundamental

particles such asquarks andleptons (sometimes equated with matter) are

considered "point particles" with no effective size or volume.

Nevertheless, quarks and leptons together make up "ordinary matter,"

and their interactions contribute to the effective volume of the composite

particles that make up ordinary matter.

Mixtures

Inchemistry,a mixture is a material system made up of two or

more different substances which are mixed but are not combined

chemically. A mixture refers to the physical combination of two or more

substances on which the identities are retained and are mixed in the form

ofsolutions,suspensions,andcolloids.

Mixtures are the one product of amechanical blending or mixing

ofchemical substances likeelements andcompounds,without chemical

bonding or other chemical change, so that each ingredient substance

retains its own chemical properties and makeup. Despite that there are

no chemical changes to its constituents, the physical properties of a

mixture, such as itsmelting point,may differ from those of the

components. Some mixtures can beseparated into their components

byphysical (mechanical or thermal) means.Azeotropes can be

considered as a kind of mixture which usually pose considerable

difficulties regarding theseparation processes required to obtain theirconstituents (physical or chemical processes or, even a blend of them).

Substance

Inchemistry,a chemical substance is a form ofmatter that has

constantchemical composition and characteristic properties. It cannot be
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separated into components by physical separation methods, i.e. without

breaking chemical bonds. It can be solid, liquid, gas, or plasma.

Chemical substances are often called 'pure' to set them apart from

mixtures. A common example of a chemical substance is purewater;ithas the same properties and the

sameratio ofhydrogen tooxygen whether it is isolated from a river or

made in alaboratory.Other chemical substances commonly encountered

in pure form arediamond (carbon),gold,table salt (sodium chloride)

and refinedsugar (sucrose). However, simple or seemingly pure

substances found in nature can in fact be mixtures of chemical

substances. For example, tap water may contain small amounts of

dissolved sodium chloride and compounds containing iron,calcium andmany other chemical substances.

Chemical substances exist assolids,liquids,gases,orplasma and

may change between thesephases of matter with changes

intemperature orpressure.Chemical reactions convert one chemical

substance into another.

Forms ofenergy,such aslight andheat,are not considered to be

matter, and thus they are not "substances" in this regard.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_(molecule)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ratiohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxygenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laboratoryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diamondhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goldhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edible_salthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium_chloridehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sugarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sucrosehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calciumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasma_(physics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phase_(matter)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temperaturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pressurehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_reactionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lighthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heathttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heathttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lighthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_reactionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pressurehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temperaturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phase_(matter)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasma_(physics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calciumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sucrosehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sugarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium_chloridehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edible_salthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goldhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diamondhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laboratoryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxygenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ratiohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_(molecule)


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