chemathon 2009
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Chemathon 2009. Nugent. Matter. Matter: mass and volume Pure substance: element/ 1 type of cmpd Elements cannot be broken down by chemical change Compound: bonded element s, needs chemical change Mixture: non-bonded grouping: min. 2 Broken down by physical processes - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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Chemathon 2009
Nugent
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Matter Matter: mass and volume Pure substance: element/ 1 type of cmpd
Elements cannot be broken down by chemical change Compound: bonded elements, needs chemical
change Mixture: non-bonded grouping: min. 2
Broken down by physical processes Heterogeneous: uneven distribution Homogeneous: evenly dispersed
solution
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Behavior of Matter Solid: close, high IMF, low PE/KE; low entropy,
rigid structure Liquid: medium, takes shape of container, but
not volume Gas: far apart, low IMF, High PE/KE, random.
Shape and volume of container. Variable volume.
Phase change=heat (in JOULES!) UNITS
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Endothermic Physical Change
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A watched pot still boils
Increasing IMFs
Increasing Molecular Polarity
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Gas laws
P
T
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Separation Techniques
•Filtration•Distillation•Evaporation/Boiling•Chromatography
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Solution = solute + solvent
Solute: being dissolved Solvent: into this Properties:
Can be separated by evaporation Cannot be separated by filtering Particles are ions and molecules Particles so small they don’t reflect light Transparent
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Saturated Supersaturated Unsaturated
Gas: ↑ temp ↓ solubility
Sol/liquid: ↑ temp ↑ solubility
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Calc: Molarity (M) molessolute/literssolution/total
ppm: gramssolute/gramssolution
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Organic Rxns Subsitiution: alkane + diatomicHX + halocarb
Addition: breaking =/≡ bonds (alkene/alkyne)
Combustion: org + O2 CO2 + H2O
Fermentation: C6H12O6 + __aseCO2 + alcohol
Saponification: fat + base = soap + glycerine Esterification:alcohol(OH)+ acid(COOH)ester(COOC)
Polymerization (addition, condensation) Monomer Polymer (many links)
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Covalent Bonds Shared valence e- Non-polar: same atom N≡N (BrINClHOF) Polar: unequal sharing C-Cl
Lewis Dot:Two at the top, then work around.Don’t forget to draw unbonded val e-Every two shared dots = one dash
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Covalent Molecules (whole thing) Asymmetrical: polar Symmetrical: non-polar
Even Distribution of electrons Shapes/Naming: ending to ‘ide:’ di, tri, tetra H2O
CO2
CX4
Diatomics
NH3
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Redox Always SR: Transfer of electrons
3Mg0 + Al2+3S3 3Mg+2S-2(s) + 2Al0
Oxidation: LEO, anode Mg0 Mg+2 + 2 e-
Reduction: GER, cathodeAl+3 + 3e- Al0
Anode Cathode ALWAYS Total e- gained must = total lost
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Ionic Bonding
Naming: 1st keeps name, 2nd end to ‘ide’ Total charge always ZERO Switch and Flip Use chart for endings like –ate, ite
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Ionic Equations
Covalent has dashes Ionic has brackets Mg + O [Mg]+2[ O ]-2
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Electrochemical Cells
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ElectrolyticElectroplating
Metal is Cathode
More easily oxidized
More E
asily Reduced
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Alternative Fuels:
Biodiesel: still pollutes, but uses matter that would produce greenhouse gasses anyway (no new pollutants)
Ethanol: corn alcohol. Also produces greenhouse gasses
Water is a greenhouse gas! And CH4 and CO2 Solar, geothermal, wind, hydroelectric do not
produce any pollution (except noise).
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Acid/Base/Salt: Acid =H+ Base = OH-
Electrolytes pH=-log[H+] or –log[H3O+] :[ ]=M ↑ H+ ↓pH ↑ H+ ↓OH- ↑ OH- ↑pH Each step on pH= factor x10 (3 jumps = 1000x) 1-6 acidic 7 neutral 8-14 basic (alkaline) Table M Litmus: pH changes color at 5.5-8.2 (0-5.5 Red) Acid + Base salt + water
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PT
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Atomic Theory Cannonball: Dalton
Smallest (wrong –electrons, protons, neutrons) Indivisible (wrong- nuclear fission) One element: all identical atom (wrong- isotopes) Compounds: different atoms combined
Plum Pudding: JJ Thompson +/- charges Rutherford: empty space, small + core Bohr (electron shells: orbit in circles) Wave Mechanical (no fixed path:
orbital most probable location)
***Ave atomic mass: MAD! Multiply mass x %, add, /100)
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SubAtomic Particles
Proton: 1 amu, in the nucleus, positive Neutron: 1 amu, in the nucleus, neutral Electron: 0 amu, around the nucleaus,
negative Mass number: protons + neutrons Isotopes: same # protons, different
neutrons
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Kinetics and Equilibrium
Collision Theory Energy and spatial orientation (close and facing)
Reaction Rate: what speeds up a rxn Concentration Nature of Reactants Surface Area Temperature Pressure (gasses =concentration)
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Equilibrium
Physical: Phase change Hf or Hv
Solution: CO2 g/aq or crystallization s/aq Chemical:
Rate of forward rxn=rate of reverseConcentrations remain constant
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Table N: DecayRemember: Nothing stops radioactive decay from happening! 4
2α or 42He alpha (pos charge: He w/o e-)
Weakest penetrating powerStopped by paper
0-1β beta (neg charge, electron)
00γ gamma, no mass or charge. Strongest penetrating powerNeeds lead or 12 inches of concrete to stop
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Nuclear Transmutations Mass and charge must be equal on both
sides Natural: Decay 1 2+ Atomic number 83+ Artificial: bombard 2 (fission) Mass converted to energy in fission/fusion ½ life chart: ½ lives:mass:total time:fraction
1 total 0 1 2 /2 add 1 HL 1/2
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Uses of Nuclear Co-60 used for medical irradiation of tumors P-31 and Tc-99: radiotracers C-14: dating carbon based artifcact U-238 dating rocks, earth, inorganic I-131: treating thyroid disorders
Fission: splitting big atoms (nuc reactors) Fusion: H + H He (most energy:SUN)