chemical and physical soil conditions to consider during ... · to consider during tree planting...
TRANSCRIPT
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Chemical and Physical Soil Conditions to Consider During
Tree Planting Operations
Fred C. Schoenagel III
Resource Soil Scientist
USDA-NRCS
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Limitations of Soils
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Web Soil Survey – Forestry Reports
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Web Soil Survey – Forestry Reports
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Soil and site features that may create limitations for use
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Types of Water Tables
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Chippewa Series Alden Series
(regional water table) (perched water table)
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The “Chemistry” of Iron Transformation in Soils
Because iron is such a prevalent coloring agent in soils, it is a reliable indicator of the presence of anaerobic conditions due to saturation by water, based on the actual colors found within the soil profile
FeOOH + e- + 3H+ = Fe2+ + 2H2O
oxidized <<<<====>>>> reduced
(red or yellow soil colors) (gray or gley soil colors)
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Water table as a limitation
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Fragipans
restrict plant root penetration and downward water movement
Wurtsboro Series
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Fragipans
• commonly have prismatic structure with visible prisms
• may also have platy structure or no structure at all (“massive”)
Idealized prisms
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Perched Water Table
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Fragipan as a limitation
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Bedrock and Rock outcrops
Bedrock exposed at the ground surface is called “Rock outcrop”, and is mapped as a component of a map unit if it comprises a significant percentage of an area
Arnot Series
bedrock
rock outcrops
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Bedrock/Rock outcrops as limitations
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High Rock Fragment Content
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Manlius Series Paulins Kill Series
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High rock fragment content as a limitation
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Surface stoniness as a limitation
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Slope Aspect: The compass bearing (in degrees, corrected for declination) that a slope faces, viewed downslope; e.g., 287°. Can also be expressed as a compass direction; e.g., NE or southwest, etc. Slope Gradient: The angle of the ground surface (in percent) through the site and in the direction that overland water would flow (commonly referred to as slope); e.g., 18%. It is a measure of the change in elevation of the ground surface over distance.
Slope
Taken from: Schoeneberger, P.J., D.A. Wysocki, E.C. Benham, and Soil Survey Staff. 2012. Field book for describing and sampling soils, Version 3.0. Natural Resources Conservation Service, National Soil Survey Center, Lincoln, NE.
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Slope Complexity:
Slope Shape:
Taken from: Schoeneberger, P.J., D.A. Wysocki, E.C. Benham, and Soil Survey Staff. 2012. Field book for describing and sampling soils, Version 3.0. Natural Resources Conservation Service, National Soil Survey Center, Lincoln, NE.
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Slope as a limitation
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Chemical Properties
• reaction (pH)
• nutrient levels/availability
Soil properties that may create limitations for use
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Sand: <2.0 – 0.05 mm Silt: 0.05 – 0.002 mm Clay: <0.002 mm
Reference: From the Surface Down, USDA-SCS, 1991
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• basically “inert”; contributes to pore space
• can make soils droughty and infertile
• makes a soil feel gritty or rough
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• basically “inert”; contributes to pore space
• can make soils easy to erode
• makes a soil feel soft or smooth
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• the “active” part of soils; contributes to CEC
• can help soils hold on to nutrients and water
• makes a soil feel sticky when moist or wet and hard when dry
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Soil texture (sand) as a limitation
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Soil texture (silt) as a limitation
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Soil texture (clay) as a limitation
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The aggregation of soil particles into structural units called “aggregates” or “peds” Soil particles can be aggregated together by: • clay minerals • calcium ions • iron oxides • organic matter • organic compounds exuded by microorganisms
Soil Structure
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Reference: Soils: An Introduction. Macmillan Publishing Co., 1987.
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Soil Structure - Shapes
granular
prismatic
subangular (left) and angular blocky platy
Reference: Field Book for Describing and Sampling Soils, Version 3.0. Soil Survey Staff, 2012.
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Granular soil structure contributes to significant pore space in the surface horizon of this soil.
Pore Space
Reference: Soils: An Introduction. Macmillan Publishing Co., 1987.
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Reference: From the Surface Down, USDA-SCS, 1991
Live demo at: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vmo0FRAVgkM
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Soil Reaction (pH)
Ultra Acid <3.5 Extremely Acid 3.5 to 4.4 Very Strongly Acid 4.5 to 5.0 Strongly Acid 5.1 to 5.5 Moderately Acid 5.6 to 6.0 Slightly Acid 6.1 to 6.5 Neutral 6.6 to 7.3 Slightly Alkaline 7.4 to 7.8 Moderately Alkaline 7.9 to 8.4 Strongly Alkaline 8.5 to 9.0 Very Strongly Alkaline >9.0
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Nutrient Levels/Availability
Dependent upon/influenced by:
• soil series • past land use/management
Can be determined by:
• soil lab tests • in-field tests
Reference: Soil Interpretations for Intensive Forest Biomass Harvesting, Bliss, C.M., USDA-FS
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Soil reaction (low pH) as a limitation
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Delaware Series Washington Series