CHEMICAL CHEMICAL BONDINGBONDING

A guide for GCSE studentsA guide for GCSE students

2010 2010 SPECIFICATIONSSPECIFICATIONSKNOCKHARDY PUBLISHINGKNOCKHARDY PUBLISHING

CHEMICAL BONDINGCHEMICAL BONDING

INTRODUCTION

This Powerpoint show is one of several produced to help students understand selected GCSE Chemistry topics. It is based on the requirements of the AQA specification but is suitable for other examination boards.

Individual students may use the material at home for revision purposes and it can also prove useful for classroom teaching with an interactive white board.

Accompanying notes on this, and the full range of AS and A2 Chemistry topics, are available from the KNOCKHARDY WEBSITE at...

www.knockhardy.org.uk

All diagrams and animations in this Powerpoint are original and created by Jonathan Hopton. Permission must be obtained for their use in any commercial work.

All diagrams and animations in this Powerpoint are original and created by Jonathan Hopton. Permission must be obtained for their use in any commercial work.

CHEMICAL BONDINGCHEMICAL BONDING

OVERVIEWOVERVIEW

The following slides illustrate how the three main chemical bonds are formed.

The physical properties of elements and compounds are influenced by the type of bonding.

To understand how structure and bonding affects the physical properties of elements and compounds, view the powerpoint ‘STRUCTURE & BONDING’ available from the KNOCKHARDY SCIENCE GCSE WEBSITE at...

www.knockhardy.org.uk/gcse.htm

WHAT IS BONDING?

Very few substances consist of single atoms.

The NOBLE GASES (He, Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe and Rn) occur as single atoms

WHAT IS BONDING?

Very few substances consist of single atoms.

The NOBLE GASES (He, Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe and Rn) occur as single atoms

All other elements exist as simple molecules (eg O2, N2), giant molecular structures (diamond and graphite) or giant metallic structures.

WHAT IS BONDING?

Very few substances consist of single atoms.

The NOBLE GASES (He, Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe and Rn) occur as single atoms

All other elements exist as simple molecules (eg O2, N2), giant molecular structures (diamond and graphite) or giant metallic structures.

COMPOUNDS are ‘substances in which two or more differentelements are chemically combined’.

WHAT IS BONDING?

Very few substances consist of single atoms.

The NOBLE GASES (He, Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe and Rn) occur as single atoms

All other elements exist as simple molecules (eg O2, N2), giant molecular structures (diamond and graphite) or giant metallic structures.

COMPOUNDS are ‘substances in which two or more differentelements are chemically combined’.

Elements can be combined using… IONICCOVALENT

or METALLIC bonds

The type of bonding depends on the outer shell electronic configurations of the atoms being bonded.

18+10+2+

NOBLE GAS ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATIONS

H

Li

Na

K

Be

Mg

B

Al

C

Si

N

P

O

S

F

Cl

Ne

Ar

He

Ca

ARGON2,8,8

HELIUM2

NEON2,8

NOBLE GASES ARE VERY UNREACTIVE

THEIR OUTER ENERGY LEVELS ARE ‘FULL’

Group 0

18+10+2+

NOBLE GAS ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATIONS

H

Li

Na

K

Be

Mg

B

Al

C

Si

N

P

O

S

F

Cl

Ne

Ar

He

Ca

ARGON2,8,8

HELIUM2

NEON2,8

NOBLE GASES ARE VERY UNREACTIVE

THEIR OUTER ENERGY LEVELS ARE ‘FULL’

ATOMS WITHOUT A ‘FULL’ OUTER SHELL TRY TO GET ONE

THEY CAN DO THIS IN SEVERAL WAYS

Group 0

Ways to get a noble gas electronic configuration - 1

Ways to get a noble gas electronic configuration - 1

H

Li

Na

K

Be

Mg

B

Al

C

Si

N

P

O

S

F

Cl

Ne

Ar

He

Ca

ATOMS OF THESE ELEMENTS HAVE

ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATIONS

JUST OVER THAT OF A NOBLE GAS

ATOMS OF THESE ELEMENTS HAVE

ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATIONS

JUST OVER THAT OF A NOBLE GAS

Li 2,1

Na 2,8,1

K 2,8,8,1

Be 2,2

Mg 2,8,2

Ca 2,8,8,2

Al 2,8,3

Ways to get a noble gas electronic configuration - 1

H

Li

Na

K

Be

Mg

B

Al

C

Si

N

P

O

S

F

Cl

Ne

Ar

He

Ca

ATOMS OF THESE ELEMENTS HAVE

ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATIONS JUST SHORT OF A

NOBLE GAS

ATOMS OF THESE ELEMENTS HAVE

ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATIONS JUST SHORT OF A

NOBLE GAS

ATOMS OF THESE ELEMENTS HAVE

ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATIONS

JUST OVER THAT OF A NOBLE GAS

ATOMS OF THESE ELEMENTS HAVE

ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATIONS

JUST OVER THAT OF A NOBLE GAS

Li 2,1

Na 2,8,1

K 2,8,8,1

Be 2,2

Mg 2,8,2

Ca 2,8,8,2

Al 2,8,3

O 2,6

S 2,8,6

F 2,7

Cl 2,8,7

Ways to get a noble gas electronic configuration - 1

H

Li

Na

K

Be

Mg

B

Al

C

Si

N

P

O

S

F

Cl

Ne

Ar

He

Ca

ATOMS OF THESE ELEMENTS HAVE

ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATIONS JUST SHORT OF A

NOBLE GAS

ATOMS OF THESE ELEMENTS HAVE

ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATIONS JUST SHORT OF A

NOBLE GAS

ATOMS OF THESE ELEMENTS HAVE

ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATIONS

JUST OVER THAT OF A NOBLE GAS

ATOMS OF THESE ELEMENTS HAVE

ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATIONS

JUST OVER THAT OF A NOBLE GAS

IF THE ATOMS ON THE LEFT TRANSFER THEIR OUTER SHELL ELECTRONS

TO THE OUTER SHELL OF THE ATOMS ON THE RIGHT

Na 2,8,1

K 2,8,8,1

Mg 2,8,2

Ca 2,8,8,2

Al 2,8,3

O 2,6

S 2,8,6

F 2,7

Cl 2,8,7

Ways to get a noble gas electronic configuration - 1

H

Li

Na

K

Be

Mg

B

Al

C

Si

N

P

O

S

F

Cl

Ne

Ar

He

Ca

ATOMS OF THESE ELEMENTS HAVE

ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATIONS JUST SHORT OF A

NOBLE GAS

ATOMS OF THESE ELEMENTS HAVE

ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATIONS JUST SHORT OF A

NOBLE GAS

ATOMS OF THESE ELEMENTS HAVE

ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATIONS

JUST OVER THAT OF A NOBLE GAS

ATOMS OF THESE ELEMENTS HAVE

ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATIONS

JUST OVER THAT OF A NOBLE GAS

IF THE ATOMS ON THE LEFT TRANSFER THEIR OUTER SHELL ELECTRONS

TO THE OUTER SHELL OF THE ATOMS ON THE RIGHT THEY CAN BOTH

ACHIEVE A NOBLE GAS ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATION

Na 2,8,1

K 2,8,8,1

Mg 2,8,2

Ca 2,8,8,2

Al 2,8,3

O 2,6

S 2,8,6

F 2,7

Cl 2,8,7

Ways to get a noble gas electronic configuration - 1

H

Li

Na

K

Be

Mg

B

Al

C

Si

N

P

O

S

F

Cl

Ne

Ar

He

Ca

ATOMS OF THESE ELEMENTS HAVE

ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATIONS JUST SHORT OF A

NOBLE GAS

ATOMS OF THESE ELEMENTS HAVE

ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATIONS JUST SHORT OF A

NOBLE GAS

ATOMS OF THESE ELEMENTS HAVE

ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATIONS

JUST OVER THAT OF A NOBLE GAS

ATOMS OF THESE ELEMENTS HAVE

ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATIONS

JUST OVER THAT OF A NOBLE GAS

IF THE ATOMS ON THE LEFT TRANSFER THEIR OUTER SHELL ELECTRONS

TO THE OUTER SHELL OF THE ATOMS ON THE RIGHT THEY CAN BOTH

ACHIEVE A NOBLE GAS ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATION

CHARGED SPECIES CALLED IONS ARE FORMED

Ways to get a noble gas electronic configuration - 1

H

Li

Na

K

Be

Mg

B

Al

C

Si

N

P

O

S

F

Cl

Ne

Ar

He

Ca

ATOMS OF THESE ELEMENTS HAVE

ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATIONS JUST SHORT OF A

NOBLE GAS

ATOMS OF THESE ELEMENTS HAVE

ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATIONS JUST SHORT OF A

NOBLE GAS

ATOMS OF THESE ELEMENTS HAVE

ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATIONS

JUST OVER THAT OF A NOBLE GAS

ATOMS OF THESE ELEMENTS HAVE

ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATIONS

JUST OVER THAT OF A NOBLE GAS

IF THE ATOMS ON THE LEFT TRANSFER THEIR OUTER SHELL ELECTRONS

TO THE OUTER SHELL OF THE ATOMS ON THE RIGHT THEY CAN BOTH

ACHIEVE A NOBLE GAS ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATION

CHARGED SPECIES CALLED IONS ARE FORMED

THOSE ON THE LEFT NOW HAVE FEWER ELECTRONS POSITIVE IONS(CATIONS)

Ways to get a noble gas electronic configuration - 1

H

Li

Na

K

Be

Mg

B

Al

C

Si

N

P

O

S

F

Cl

Ne

Ar

He

Ca

ATOMS OF THESE ELEMENTS HAVE

ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATIONS JUST SHORT OF A

NOBLE GAS

ATOMS OF THESE ELEMENTS HAVE

ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATIONS JUST SHORT OF A

NOBLE GAS

ATOMS OF THESE ELEMENTS HAVE

ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATIONS

JUST OVER THAT OF A NOBLE GAS

ATOMS OF THESE ELEMENTS HAVE

ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATIONS

JUST OVER THAT OF A NOBLE GAS

IF THE ATOMS ON THE LEFT TRANSFER THEIR OUTER SHELL ELECTRONS

TO THE OUTER SHELL OF THE ATOMS ON THE RIGHT THEY CAN BOTH

ACHIEVE A NOBLE GAS ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATION

CHARGED SPECIES CALLED IONS ARE FORMED

THOSE ON THE LEFT NOW HAVE FEWER ELECTRONS POSITIVE IONS

THOSE ON THE RIGHT NOW HAVE MORE ELECTRONS NEGATIVE IONS(ANIONS)

Ways to get a noble gas electronic configuration - 1

H

Li

Na

K

Be

Mg

B

Al

C

Si

N

P

O

S

F

Cl

Ne

Ar

He

Ca

ATOMS OF THESE ELEMENTS HAVE

ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATIONS JUST SHORT OF A

NOBLE GAS

ATOMS OF THESE ELEMENTS HAVE

ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATIONS JUST SHORT OF A

NOBLE GAS

ATOMS OF THESE ELEMENTS HAVE

ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATIONS

JUST OVER THAT OF A NOBLE GAS

ATOMS OF THESE ELEMENTS HAVE

ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATIONS

JUST OVER THAT OF A NOBLE GAS

IF THE ATOMS ON THE LEFT TRANSFER THEIR OUTER SHELL ELECTRONS

TO THE OUTER SHELL OF THE ATOMS ON THE RIGHT THEY CAN BOTH

ACHIEVE A NOBLE GAS ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATION

CHARGED SPECIES CALLED IONS ARE FORMED

THOSE ON THE LEFT NOW HAVE FEWER ELECTRONS POSITIVE IONS

THOSE ON THE RIGHT NOW HAVE MORE ELECTRONS NEGATIVE IONS

THE IONS ATTRACT EACH OTHER TO FORM AN IONIC BOND

IONIC IONIC BONDINGBONDING

SODIUM CHLORIDESODIUM CHLORIDE

Cl

SODIUM ATOM2,8,1

Na

CHLORINE ATOM2,8,7

PRESS THE SPACE BAR TO START / ADVANCE AN ANIMATION

SODIUM CHLORIDESODIUM CHLORIDE

Cl

SODIUM ION2,8

Na

CHLORIDE ION2,8,8

both species now have ‘full’ outer shells; ie they have the electronic configuration of a noble gas

+

SODIUM CHLORIDESODIUM CHLORIDE

Cl

SODIUM ION2,8

Na

CHLORIDE ION2,8,8

Na Na+ + e¯2,8,1 2,8

ELECTRON TRANSFERRED

Cl + e¯ Cl¯2,8,7 2,8,8

+

CALCIUM CHLORIDECALCIUM CHLORIDE

Cl

CALCIUM ATOM2,8,8,2

CaCHLORINE ATOMS

2,8,7

Cl

PRESS THE SPACE BAR TO START / ADVANCE AN ANIMATION

CALCIUM CHLORIDECALCIUM CHLORIDE

Cl

CALCIUM ION2,8,8

CaCHLORIDE IONS

2,8,8

Cl

2+

PRESS THE SPACE BAR TO START / ADVANCE AN ANIMATION

CALCIUM CHLORIDECALCIUM CHLORIDE

Cl

CALCIUM ION2,8,8

CaCHLORIDE IONS

2,8,8

Cl

2+

Ca Ca2+ + 2e¯2,8,8,2 2,8,8

2 ELECTRONS TRANSFERRED

2Cl + 2e¯ 2Cl¯ 2,8,7 2,8

MAGNESIUM OXIDEMAGNESIUM OXIDE

O

MAGNESIUM ATOM2,8,2

Mg

OXYGEN ATOM2,6

PRESS THE SPACE BAR TO START / ADVANCE AN ANIMATION

MAGNESIUM OXIDEMAGNESIUM OXIDE

MAGNESIUM ION2,8

Mg2+

OXIDE ION2,8

O2-

PRESS THE SPACE BAR TO START / ADVANCE AN ANIMATION

MAGNESIUM OXIDEMAGNESIUM OXIDE

MAGNESIUM ION2,8

Mg2+

OXIDE ION2,8

O2-

Mg Mg2+ + 2e¯2,8,2 2,8

2 ELECTRONS TRANSFERRED

O + 2e¯ O2-

2,6 2,8

Ways to get a noble gas electronic configuration - 2

Ways to get a noble gas electronic configuration - 2

H

Li

Na

K

Be

Mg

B

Al

C

Si

N

P

O

S

F

Cl

Ne

Ar

He

Ca

ATOMS OF THESE ELEMENTS HAVE

ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATIONS

SHORT OF A NOBLE GAS

ATOMS OF THESE ELEMENTS HAVE

ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATIONS

SHORT OF A NOBLE GAS

Ways to get a noble gas electronic configuration - 2

H

Li

Na

K

Be

Mg

B

Al

C

Si

N

P

O

S

F

Cl

Ne

Ar

He

Ca

ATOMS OF THESE ELEMENTS HAVE

ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATIONS

SHORT OF A NOBLE GAS

ATOMS OF THESE ELEMENTS HAVE

ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATIONS

SHORT OF A NOBLE GAS

TYPICAL COMBINATIONS

Elements

H2 O2 N2 Cl2

Compounds

H2O NH3 CH4

TYPICAL COMBINATIONS

Elements

H2 O2 N2 Cl2

Compounds

H2O NH3 CH4

Ways to get a noble gas electronic configuration - 2

H

Li

Na

K

Be

Mg

B

Al

C

Si

N

P

O

S

F

Cl

Ne

Ar

He

Ca

ATOMS OF THESE ELEMENTS HAVE

ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATIONS

SHORT OF A NOBLE GAS

ATOMS OF THESE ELEMENTS HAVE

ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATIONS

SHORT OF A NOBLE GAS

IF BOTH ELEMENTS COMBINING TOGETHER NEED TO GAIN

ELECTRONS TO ACHIEVE A NOBLE GAS ELECTRONIC

CONFIGURATION THEY MUST…

TYPICAL COMBINATIONS

Elements

H2 O2 N2 Cl2

Compounds

H2O NH3 CH4

TYPICAL COMBINATIONS

Elements

H2 O2 N2 Cl2

Compounds

H2O NH3 CH4

Ways to get a noble gas electronic configuration - 2

H

Li

Na

K

Be

Mg

B

Al

C

Si

N

P

O

S

F

Cl

Ne

Ar

He

Ca

ATOMS OF THESE ELEMENTS HAVE

ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATIONS

SHORT OF A NOBLE GAS

ATOMS OF THESE ELEMENTS HAVE

ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATIONS

SHORT OF A NOBLE GAS

IF BOTH ELEMENTS COMBINING TOGETHER NEED TO GAIN

ELECTRONS TO ACHIEVE A NOBLE GAS ELECTRONIC

CONFIGURATION THEY MUST SHARE PAIRS OF ELECTRONS

TYPICAL COMBINATIONS

Elements

H2 O2 N2 Cl2

Compounds

H2O NH3 CH4

TYPICAL COMBINATIONS

Elements

H2 O2 N2 Cl2

Compounds

H2O NH3 CH4

Ways to get a noble gas electronic configuration - 2

H

Li

Na

K

Be

Mg

B

Al

C

Si

N

P

O

S

F

Cl

Ne

Ar

He

Ca

ATOMS OF THESE ELEMENTS HAVE

ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATIONS

SHORT OF A NOBLE GAS

ATOMS OF THESE ELEMENTS HAVE

ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATIONS

SHORT OF A NOBLE GAS

IF BOTH ELEMENTS COMBINING TOGETHER NEED TO GAIN

ELECTRONS TO ACHIEVE A NOBLE GAS ELECTRONIC

CONFIGURATION THEY MUST SHARE PAIRS OF ELECTRONS

A SHARED PAIR OF ELECTRONS IS KNOWN AS A COVALENT BOND

TYPICAL COMBINATIONS

Elements

H2 O2 N2 Cl2

Compounds

H2O NH3 CH4

TYPICAL COMBINATIONS

Elements

H2 O2 N2 Cl2

Compounds

H2O NH3 CH4

COVALENT COVALENT BONDINGBONDING

COVALENT BONDINGCOVALENT BONDING

A covalent bond consists of…

a shared pair of electrons with one electron beingsupplied by each atom either side of the bond.

The atoms are held together because both their nuclei (which have an overall positive charge) are attracted to the same shared pair of negatively charged electrons. COVALENT BONDS ARE STRONGCOVALENT BONDS ARE STRONG.

++

shared pair of electrons

Nucleus (positively charged)

HYDROGENHYDROGEN

H H H H

both atoms need one electron to complete their outer shell

atoms share a pair of electrons to form a single covalent bond

H H H H H2

HYDROGENHYDROGEN

H

H H

H H H

H H

both atoms need one electron to complete their outer shell

atoms share a pair of electrons to form a single covalent bond

Covalent bonds are represented by a line

H2

HYDROGENHYDROGEN

H H

Another hydrogen atom also needs one electron to

complete its outer shell

Hydrogen atom needs one electron to

complete its outer shell

atoms share a pair of electrons to form a single covalent bond

A hydrogen MOLECULE is formed

H H

HH

WAYS TO REPRESENT THE MOLECULE

PRESS THE SPACE BAR TO START / ADVANCE AN ANIMATION

CHLORINECHLORINE

Cl Cl Cl Cl

both atoms need one electron to complete their outer shell

atoms share a pair of electrons to form a single covalent bond

A CHLORINE MOLECULE IS FORMED

Cl ClClCl

Cl2

CHLORINECHLORINE

Another chlorine atom also needs one electron to complete

its outer shell

Chlorine atom needs one electron

to complete its outer shell

atoms share a pair of electrons to form a

single covalent bond

WAYS TO REPRESENT THE MOLECULE

Cl

PRESS THE SPACE BAR TO START / ADVANCE AN ANIMATION

Cl

Cl Cl Cl Cl

HYDROGEN CHLORIDEHYDROGEN CHLORIDE

Cl H Cl H

H Cl H Cl

atom also needs one electron to complete

its outer shell

atom needs one electron to complete

its outer shell

atoms share a pair of electrons to form a single

covalent bond

A HYDROGEN CHLORIDE MOLECULE IS FORMED

HCl

HYDROGEN CHLORIDEHYDROGEN CHLORIDE

Cl H

Hydrogen atom also needs one electron

to complete its outer shell

Chlorine atom needs one electron

to complete its outer shell

atoms share a pair of electrons to form a

single covalent bond

H Cl H Cl

WAYS TO REPRESENT THE MOLECULE

PRESS THE SPACE BAR TO START / ADVANCE AN ANIMATION

METHANEMETHANE

CH H

H H

C

H

H

H

H

H C H

H

H

H C H

H

H

each atom needs one electron to complete

its outer shell

atom needs four electrons to complete

its outer shell

Carbon shares all 4 of its electrons to form 4 single

covalent bonds

CH4

METHANEMETHANE

C

Each hydrogen atom needs 1

electron to complete its outer shell

A carbon atom needs 4 electrons to complete

its outer shell

Carbon shares all 4 of its electrons to form 4 single covalent bonds

H

H

H

H

H C H

H

H

H C H

H

H

WAYS TO REPRESENTTHE MOLECULE

PRESS THE SPACE BAR TO START / ADVANCE AN ANIMATION

AMMONIAAMMONIA

NH H

H

N

H

H H

H N H

H

H N H

H

each atom needs one electron to complete

its outer shell

atom needs three electrons to complete

its outer shell

Nitrogen can only share 3 of its 5 electrons otherwise it will

exceed the maximum of 8

A LONE PAIR REMAINS

NH3

AMMONIAAMMONIA

NEach hydrogen atom needs

one electron to complete its outer shell

Nitrogen atom needs 3 electrons to complete its outer shell

Nitrogen can only share 3 of its 5 electrons otherwise it will exceed the maximum of 8

A LONE PAIR REMAINSA LONE PAIR REMAINS

H

H

H

H N H

H

H N H

H

WAYS TO REPRESENTTHE MOLECULE

PRESS THE SPACE BAR TO START / ADVANCE AN ANIMATION

WATERWATER

OH

H O

H

H

each atom needs one electron to complete

its outer shell

atom needs two electrons to complete

its outer shell

Oxygen can only share 2 of its 6 electrons otherwise it will exceed the maximum of 8

TWO LONE PAIRS REMAINTWO LONE PAIRS REMAIN

H O

H

H O

H

H2O

WATERWATER

Each hydrogen atom needs

one electron to complete its outer shell

Oxygen atom needs 2 electrons to complete its outer shell

Oxygen can only share 2 of its 6 electrons otherwise it will exceed the maximum of 8

2 LONE PAIRS REMAIN2 LONE PAIRS REMAIN

H

H

H O

H

H O

H

WAYS TO REPRESENTTHE MOLECULE

PRESS THE SPACE BAR TO START / ADVANCE AN ANIMATION

O

OXYGENOXYGEN

O

each oxygen atom needs two electrons to complete

its outer shell

each oxygen shares 2 of its electrons to form a

DOUBLE COVALENT BOND

O O O

O ODouble covalent bonds are represented by TWO lines

O2

Ways to get a noble gas electronic configuration - 3

Ways to get a noble gas electronic configuration - 3

H

Li

Na

K

Be

Mg

B

Al

C

Si

N

P

O

S

F

Cl

Ne

Ar

He

Ca

ELEMENTS IN GROUPS I, II III and

THE CENTRAL SECTION* ARE

METALS

ELEMENTS IN GROUPS I, II III and

THE CENTRAL SECTION* ARE

METALS

Ways to get a noble gas electronic configuration - 3

H

Li

Na

K

Be

Mg

B

Al

C

Si

N

P

O

S

F

Cl

Ne

Ar

He

Ca

ELEMENTS IN GROUPS I, II III and

THE CENTRAL SECTION* ARE

METALS

ELEMENTS IN GROUPS I, II III and

THE CENTRAL SECTION* ARE

METALS

• The central section of the periodic table contains the transition metals

• The central section of the periodic table contains the transition metals

TRANSITIONTRANSITIONMETALSMETALS

Ways to get a noble gas electronic configuration - 3

H

Li

Na

K

Be

Mg

B

Al

C

Si

N

P

O

S

F

Cl

Ne

Ar

He

Ca

ELEMENTS IN GROUPS I, II III and

THE CENTRAL SECTION ARE

METALS

ELEMENTS IN GROUPS I, II III and

THE CENTRAL SECTION ARE

METALS

ATOMS OF THESE ELEMENTS HAVE

ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATIONS JUST OVER THAT OF A NOBLE GAS

ATOMS OF THESE ELEMENTS HAVE

ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATIONS JUST OVER THAT OF A NOBLE GAS

Ways to get a noble gas electronic configuration - 3

H

Li

Na

K

Be

Mg

B

Al

C

Si

N

P

O

S

F

Cl

Ne

Ar

He

Ca

ELEMENTS IN GROUPS I, II III and

THE CENTRAL SECTION ARE

METALS

ELEMENTS IN GROUPS I, II III and

THE CENTRAL SECTION ARE

METALS

ELEMENTS ON THE LEFT OF THE PERIODIC TABLE NEED TO ‘GET

RID OF’ ELECTRONS TO ACHIEVE A NOBLE GAS ELECTRONIC

CONFIGURATION

ATOMS OF THESE ELEMENTS HAVE

ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATIONS JUST OVER THAT OF A NOBLE GAS

ATOMS OF THESE ELEMENTS HAVE

ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATIONS JUST OVER THAT OF A NOBLE GAS

Ways to get a noble gas electronic configuration - 3

H

Li

Na

K

Be

Mg

B

Al

C

Si

N

P

O

S

F

Cl

Ne

Ar

He

Ca

ELEMENTS IN GROUPS I, II III and

THE CENTRAL SECTION ARE

METALS

ELEMENTS IN GROUPS I, II III and

THE CENTRAL SECTION ARE

METALS

ELEMENTS ON THE LEFT OF THE PERIODIC TABLE NEED TO ‘GET

RID OF’ ELECTRONS TO ACHIEVE A NOBLE GAS ELECTRONIC

CONFIGURATION

ELECTRONS LEAVE TO FORM A MOBILE ‘CLOUD’ OF ELECTRONS

ATOMS OF THESE ELEMENTS HAVE

ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATIONS JUST OVER THAT OF A NOBLE GAS

ATOMS OF THESE ELEMENTS HAVE

ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATIONS JUST OVER THAT OF A NOBLE GAS

Ways to get a noble gas electronic configuration - 3

H

Li

Na

K

Be

Mg

B

Al

C

Si

N

P

O

S

F

Cl

Ne

Ar

He

Ca

ELEMENTS IN GROUPS I, II III and

THE CENTRAL SECTION ARE

METALS

ELEMENTS IN GROUPS I, II III and

THE CENTRAL SECTION ARE

METALS

ELEMENTS ON THE LEFT OF THE PERIODIC TABLE NEED TO ‘GET

RID OF’ ELECTRONS TO ACHIEVE A NOBLE GAS ELECTRONIC

CONFIGURATION

ELECTRONS LEAVE TO FORM A MOBILE ‘CLOUD’ OF ELECTRONS

THIS IS KNOWN AS... METALLIC BONDING

ATOMS OF THESE ELEMENTS HAVE

ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATIONS JUST OVER THAT OF A NOBLE GAS

ATOMS OF THESE ELEMENTS HAVE

ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATIONS JUST OVER THAT OF A NOBLE GAS

METALLIC METALLIC BONDINGBONDING

METALLIC BONDING

METALS CONSIST OF GIANT STRUCTURES

METAL ATOMS NEED TO GET RID OF ELECTRONS TO GET TO THE NEAREST NOBLE GAS ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATION

THE ELECTRONS RELEASED HOLD THE PARTICLES TOGETHER

METALLIC BONDING

METALS CONSIST OF GIANT STRUCTURES

METAL ATOMS NEED TO GET RID OF ELECTRONS TO GET TO THE NEAREST NOBLE GAS ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATION

THE ELECTRONS RELEASED HOLD THE PARTICLES TOGETHER

Atoms arrange themselvesin a regular lattice

METALLIC BONDING

METALS CONSIST OF GIANT STRUCTURES

METAL ATOMS NEED TO GET RID OF ELECTRONS TO GET TO THE NEAREST NOBLE GAS ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATION

THE ELECTRONS RELEASED HOLD THE PARTICLES TOGETHER

Atoms arrange themselvesin a regular lattice

The outer shell electrons of each atom leave to join a mobile ‘cloud’ or ‘sea’ of electrons which can roam throughout the metal. The electron cloud holds

positive ions together.

METALLIC BONDING

METALS CONSIST OF GIANT STRUCTURES

METAL ATOMS NEED TO GET RID OF ELECTRONS TO GET TO THE NEAREST NOBLE GAS ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATION

THE ELECTRONS RELEASED HOLD THE PARTICLES TOGETHER

SODIUM ATOMSWITH ELECTRONIC

CONFIGURATION 2,8,1

Na Na Na Na

Na Na Na Na

Na Na Na Na

Na

Na

Na

METALLIC BONDING

METALS CONSIST OF GIANT STRUCTURES

METAL ATOMS NEED TO GET RID OF ELECTRONS TO GET TO THE NEAREST NOBLE GAS ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATION

THE ELECTRONS RELEASED HOLD THE PARTICLES TOGETHER

SODIUM ATOMSWITH ELECTRONIC

CONFIGURATION 2,8,1THE OUTER SHELL

ELECTRONS ARE RELEASED

Na Na Na Na

Na Na Na Na

Na Na Na Na

Na

Na

Na

METALLIC BONDING

METALS CONSIST OF GIANT STRUCTURES

METAL ATOMS NEED TO GET RID OF ELECTRONS TO GET TO THE NEAREST NOBLE GAS ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATION

THE ELECTRONS RELEASED HOLD THE PARTICLES TOGETHER

SODIUM ATOMSWITH ELECTRONIC

CONFIGURATION 2,8,1THE OUTER SHELL

ELECTRONS ARE RELEASED

Na Na Na Na

Na Na Na Na

Na Na Na Na

Na

Na

Na

POSITIVE SODIUM IONSWITH ELECTRONIC

CONFIGURATION 2,8

METALLIC BONDING

METALS CONSIST OF GIANT STRUCTURES

METAL ATOMS NEED TO GET RID OF ELECTRONS TO GET TO THE NEAREST NOBLE GAS ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATION

THE ELECTRONS RELEASED HOLD THE PARTICLES TOGETHER

SODIUM ATOMSWITH ELECTRONIC

CONFIGURATION 2,8,1THE OUTER SHELL

ELECTRONS ARE RELEASED

Na Na Na Na

Na Na Na Na

Na Na Na Na

Na

Na

Na

POSITIVE SODIUM IONSWITH ELECTRONIC

CONFIGURATION 2,8THE ELECTRON CLOUD

CONTAINS THE RELEASED OUTER SHELL ELECTRONS

TO LEARN HOW THE TYPE OF BONDING AFFECTS THE STRUCTURE AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF ELEMENTS AND COMPOUNDS, VIEW THE ASSOCIATED POWERPOINT PRESENTATION…

STRUCTURE & BONDING

WHICH CAN BE DOWNLOADED FROM THE KNOCKHARDY GCSE WEBSITE AT… www.knockhardy.org/gcse.htm

© 2011 © 2011 JONATHAN HOPTON & KNOCKHARDY PUBLISHINGJONATHAN HOPTON & KNOCKHARDY PUBLISHING

CHEMICAL CHEMICAL BONDINGBONDING

THE ENDTHE END