chemical! bonds! ionic covalent! bonds! · ! 2!!! formation#of#positive#ionsjcations# •...

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1 CP NT Ch. 7 & 9—Ionic Bonds & Compounds plus Naming Forming Chemical Bonds Compounds (Review) Remember compounds are ____________ or more different elements that combine chemically Can be broken down by __________________ means Have properties ________________________ from those of its component element Thousands of compounds exist Chemical Bonds A chemical bond is a force that holds ____________ atoms together Chemical bonds usually only involve ____________________ electrons Valence Electrons Valence electrons are electrons in the _____________________ occupied s and p energy level. The number of valence electrons largely _____________________ the chemical properties of an element. To find the number of valence electrons in a representative (group A) element, simply look at its ____________________ number. Lewis dot diagram Diagrams that show valence electrons as dots Why do elements react? Noble Gases are chemically stable because they have ______________ valence electrons called an octet Elements tend to react in order to __________________ a full octet or “eight is great” (gain stability) Octet rule –when forming compounds, atoms tend to achieve the stable electron structure of a ________________________ YouTube Video: Brainiac Alkali Metals Chemical Bonds Ionic bonds Covalent bonds __________________ electrons __________________ electrons

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Page 1: Chemical! Bonds! Ionic Covalent! bonds! · ! 2!!! Formation#of#Positive#IonsJCations# • Acation!is!an!atomor!group!of!atoms!with!a!positive!charge!because!of!a!_____!ofelectrons.!!!

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CP  NT  Ch.  7  &  9—Ionic  Bonds  &  Compounds  plus  Naming    

Forming  Chemical  Bonds  Compounds  (Review)  

• Remember  compounds  are  ____________  or  more  different  elements  that  combine  chemically      • Can  be  broken  down  by  __________________  means  • Have  properties  ________________________  from  those  of  its  component  element  • Thousands  of  compounds  exist  

 Chemical  Bonds  

• A  chemical  bond  is  a  force  that  holds  ____________  atoms  together  • Chemical  bonds  usually  only  involve  ____________________  electrons  

       Valence  Electrons  

• Valence  electrons  are  electrons  in  the  _____________________  occupied  s  and  p  energy  level.  • The  number  of  valence  electrons  largely  _____________________  the  chemical  properties  of  an  element.  • To  find  the  number  of  valence  electrons  in  a  representative  (group  A)  element,  simply  look  at  its  

____________________  number.    Lewis  dot  diagram  

• Diagrams  that  show  valence  electrons  as  dots  

                           Why  do  elements  react?  

• Noble  Gases  are  chemically  stable  because  they  have  ______________  valence  electrons  called  an  octet  • Elements  tend  to  react  in  order  to  __________________  a  full  octet  or  “eight  is  great”  (gain  stability)  • Octet  rule  –when  forming  compounds,  atoms  tend  to  achieve  the  stable  electron  structure  of  a  

________________________    • YouTube  Video:  Brainiac  Alkali  Metals  

 

Chemical  Bonds  

Ionic  bonds  

Covalent  bonds  

__________________  electrons  

__________________  electrons  

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   Formation  of  Positive  Ions-­‐Cations  

• A  cation  is  an  atom  or  group  of  atoms  with  a  positive  charge  because  of  a  __________  of  electrons.        Ca  “+”  ion  

• ___________  valence  electrons  • _______________  only  form  cations  • Reactivity  of  metals  is  based  on  the  ease  in  which  they  ____________  a  valence  electron  to  achieve  a  

stable  octet.    Electron  Configuration  of  Positive  Ions-­‐Cations  

• A  sodium  metal  ion  has  the  electron  configuration  of  the  noble  gas  neon;  Ne:  8  is  great!    

Na  atom   Na   1s22s22p63s1  

Na  ion  (lost  1  electron)     Na+   1s22s22p6  

Ne  atom  (noble  gas)   Ne   1s22s22p6  

 Cation  Charges  

• Group  1A  loses  1  electron,  making  a  _____  ion    • Group  2A  loses  2  electrons,  making  a  ______  ion  • Group  3A  loses  3  electrons,  making  a  _______  ion  

 Formation  of  Negative  Ions-­‐Anions  

• An  anion  is  a  negative  atom  or  group  of  atoms  that  ___________  electrons  • _______________________  tend  to  gain  electrons  

 Electron  Configuration  of  Negative  Ions-­‐”Anions”  

• Cl  ion  has  the  noble  gas  configuration  of  argon.  8  is  great!  

Cl  atom     Cl   1s22s22p63s23p5  

Cl  ion  (gain  1  electron)     Cl-­‐   1s22s22p63s23p6  

Ar  atom     Ar   1s22s22p63s23p6  

 Anion  Charges  

• 5A  tend  to  gain  3  electrons,  making  a  _______  ion  • 6A  tend  to  gain  2  electrons,  making  a  _______  ion  • 7A  tend  to  gain  1  electron,  making  a  _______  ion  • The  ion  produced  when  atoms  of  halogens  (group  7A)  gain  electrons  are  called  ________________  ions  

       

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Formation  and  Nature  of  Ionic  Bonds  Ionic  Bond  

• Ionic  bond  –  the  _____________________________  force  that  holds  ions  together  in  an  ionic  compound  • ______________________________  force  –  like  charges  repel,  opposite    charges  attract  

     Formation  of  an  Ionic  Bond  

1.  Electrons  are  ______________________  from  a  metal  to  a  nonmetal  2.  The  transfer  produces  a  cation  and  ______________.  3.  Ions  are  held  together  by  ____________________    _______________  4.  Results  in  a  very  _______________  crystal  lattice  structure.  

 Ionic  Compounds  

• Compound  ______________________  of  cations  and  anions  • Usually  a  metal  and  nonmetal    • Overall    _____________________  charge  (zero)  • Held  together  by  ______________  bonds  • A.K.A.:    __________  

 Binary  Compounds  

• Has  just  ________  different  elements  • A  metallic  cation  combines  with  a  nonmetallic  anion    • Example  

• -­‐MgO  • -­‐Not  CaSO4,  why?  

Formula  Units  • A  chemical  formula  shows  the  kinds  and  numbers  of  atoms  in  the  ___________________  representative  

unit  of  a  substance    • Sodium  chloride  è  NaCl  

• A  formula  unit  is  the  lowest  whole-­‐number  ______________  of  ions  in  an  ionic  compound  Example  1  

Atoms   Cation   Anion   Ratio   Formula  Unit  

Mg  and  O   Mg   O      

Na  and  O   Na     O      

Example  2  • Predict  the  compound  formed  when  magnesium  and  nitrogen  combine.  

1. Start  with  the  atoms  2. Write  their  ions  3. Crisscross  charges  to  get  neutral  compound  

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4. Write  formula  unit  (make  sure  to  reduce  to  lowest  whole  number  ratio)      Properties  of  Ionic  Compounds    

• Strong  bonds  • _____________  melting  and  boiling  points  • ___________  at  room  temperature  • Hard,  rigid,  and  ____________  • When  dissolved  in  water  or  melted  it  can  conduct  an  __________________  current  

 Electrolyte  

• Definition:  A  substance  that  conducts  an  electric  current  when  it  is  _____________________  in  water.  • When  an  ionic  compound  dissolves  in  solution  it  breaks  up  into  its  ______________________  ions.    This  

enables  it  to  conduct  a  current  because  the  ions  move  around.  • Gatorade  has  electrolytes.  It  has  _____________  dissolved  in  water  for  your  body  to  conduct  electrical  

currents.                        Crystal  Lattice  

• _____________  of  ionic  compounds  • Repeating  __________  pattern  • Large  _________________________  forces  result  in  a  very  stable  structure  

 Names  and  Formulas  for  Ionic  Compounds  

Types  of  ions  • ________________________  ion  

ion  with  ___________  atom  • Mg2+  magnesium  ion  • Cl-­‐   chloride  ion  

• __________________________  ion     ion  with  ____________  than  one  atom  

• NH4+   ammonium  • NO3-­‐      nitrate  

Naming  Ca”+”ions  • Monatomic  cation  name  ____________  the  same  

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Sodium,  Na  goes  to  _________________  ion,  Na+   Calcium,  Ca  goes  to  ________________  ion,  Ca  2+  

• Polyatomic  cation  -­‐  look  up  in  chart   NH4+   ammonium    Naming  Anions  

• The  name  ________________  in  a  monatomic  anion    • The  ending  for  a  monatomic  anion  is  ______ide    

    (like  a  bride  changes  her  last  name)  – chlorine,  Cl  goes  to  _________________  ion,  Cl-­‐  – Fluorine,  F  goes  to  _________________  ion,  F-­‐  

 • Polyatomic  anion  look  up  in  chart  

– OH-­‐     hydroxide  – SO42-­‐     sulfate  

Question  Time  Given  the  neutral  atom,  give  the  charge  and  name  of  the  monatomic  ion  that  will  form.  (Look  at  periodic  table  group  numbers  for  help.)  For  polyatomic  ions  (6-­‐10,  look  up  in  chart).  

1. Na               6.  NH4+  2. Cl               7.  OH-­‐  3. Mg               8.  SO32-­‐  4. S               9.  SO42-­‐  5. P               10.  CN-­‐  

 Naming  ionic  compounds  

• Name  the  cation  first  and  then  the  anion  second  (+  then  -­‐)  • Example:  CsF  

– Monatomic  cations  use  the  element  name    – Cs+    =  ___________________  ion  

 – Monatomic  anions  –  change  the  ending  to  ide  

– F  -­‐  =  ________________  ion    • Name:  _______________________  

 Will  these  form  an  Ionic  Compound?  If  so  what  will  the  compound  name  be?  

1. Mg,  Al  2. Al,  S  3. Mg,  O  4. Na,  N  5. C,  S  

 Formula  Unit  

• Formula  Unit—the  ____________________  ratio  of  ions  in  an  ionic  compound  

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• NaCl  versus  Na2Cl2  • Correct:  Sodium  Chloride  NaCl  

 What  will  the  formula  be?  

• In  ionic  compounds,  we  must  ___________________charges  to  form  a  _____________________  compound.  • To  do  that,  we  “crisscross  the  charges”  similar  to  finding  the  least  common  denominator  in  a  

fraction.  • Ex:  Ca  and  N  à    form  Ca2+  and  N3-­‐  ions  à    Ca3N2  

 Formula  Unit  with  Polyatomic  ions  

• Sometimes  you  will  need  to  use  _____________  than  one  polyatomic  ion  to  balance  a  charge.  • If  so,  you  need  to  put  it  in  _______________________  (like  a  package)  and  use  a  subscript  for  the  multiple  

number  • Ex:    Mg2+  and  NO3-­‐  

 Transition  Metal  Ions  

• Metals  form  ________________  • Some  transition  metals  only  have  __________  ionic  charge  

• Ex:  Silver  (Ag+),  Cadmium  (Cd2+),  Zinc  (Zn2+)  • Some  transition  metals  can  take  on  _____________  than  one  charge.  

• Ex:  Copper  (Cu+,  Cu2+)  • Charge  is  determined  from  the  number  of  electrons  __________  

 Naming  Transition  Metal  Ions  

• If  a  transition  metal  has  more  than  one  charge,  the  charge  is  written  as  a  __________________  numeral  in  parenthesis  

• Some  metals  need  a  middle  name  • Fe  (iron)  has  more  than  one  charge:  2+  and  3+  

Fe2+     __________________   Fe3+   __________________  

• If  the  transition  metal  only  has  one  charge,  no  __________________  numeral  is  needed    Naming  Ionic  Compounds  with  Transition  Metals  

• Given:  Fe2O3   First  find  the  __________________  of  the  ions   Then  _____________  the  cation  followed  by  the  anion   Name:  __________________  ___________________   Try  this  one:  Fe3P2  

 

Question  Time  • Name  the  charge  on  the  transition  metal:  

1. Copper(II)  nitrate  2. Gold(I)  chromate  

• Name  the  compound:  

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1. FeO  2. Zn(OH)2  3. CoPO4  

Metallic  Bonds  and  Properties  of  Metals  Metals  

• Metals  are  made  up  of  closely  packed  ________________  surrounded  by  electrons,  rather  than  neutral  atoms  of  ions  

• Outer  _______________    clouds  of  the  metal  ions  overlap  • Electron  sea  model  –  metal  atoms  in  a  solid  contribute  their  ________________  electrons  to  form  a  

“sea  of  electrons”  • Delocalized  electrons  –  Electrons  that  are  free  to  _____________  in  the  “sea  of  electrons”  

Metallic  Bond  • Definition:  The  ___________________  of  the  delocalized  electrons  for  the  positively  charged  metal  ions  • Metal  bonded  to  ________________  • Each  ion  is  bonded  to  all  _______________________  cations  by  the  “sea”  of  valence  electrons  

 Properties  of  Metals  

• In  general,  metals  have  moderately  ______________  melting  and  boiling  points  • _______________  conductors  of  heat  and  electricity  

• Electrons  are  free  to  move  so  transfer  electrical  charge/heat  • Malleable  and  Ductile  

• Mobile  electrons  can  easily  be  ____________  or  _________________  past  each  other    Structure  of  Metals  

• Metal  atoms  are  arranged  in  very  compact  and  orderly  _____________________  • Metals  that  contain  just  one  kind  of  atom  are  among  the  simplest  forms  of  all  _________________  solids  

 Metal  Alloys  

• Alloy  is  a  mixture  of  __________  or  more  elements  (at  least  one  must  be  a  metal)    • Alloy’s  have  metallic  properties  often  __________________to  those  of  their  component    

elements   Bronze:  copper  +  tin   Steel:  iron  +  carbon  +  other  metals   Sterling  silver:  silver  +  copper