chemical composition of seawater geol 1033 (lessons 22-23, 25, and parts of lesson 24) (ppt file...
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CHEMICAL COMPOSITIONOF
SEAWATER
GEOL 1033
(Lessons 22-23, 25, and parts of Lesson 24)
(ppt file 103-20a)
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Chemical Oceanography
• Chemical oceanographers are interested in– Composition of seawater
– Distribution of chemical elements (How they vary)
– Causes of these distributions
– Chemical reactions in the oceans
– Chemical cycles, e. g., carbon cycle, nitrogen cycle, etc.
– Use of chemistry to solve problems in oceanography
– Involved in biochemical and geochemical investigations
– Etc.
• Need:– Water sampling devices
– Storage for water samples
– Techniques to detect & measure elements, etc.
– Measurements of certain physical properties of seawater, too
– Etc.
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A Water sampling Device• Must be large enough (amount varies with what measuring)
• Locatable as to depth
• No contamination – stainless steel, teflon, etc.
• Nansen bottle – Vertical & open at both ends until triggered with a messenger
– Thermometers for temperature and depth determinations
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Rosette
• A rosette permits collecting many water samples
• Nansen-like bottles are electronically triggered
• Records other information at same time:– Temperature– Depth– Salinity– O2 probe– Suspended particulate matter
(laser nephelometer determines light scattering and converts measurements to concentrations)
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Storage
• Water libraries– Water samples are stored in large containers
– May be cooled
– Available to members of the scientific community
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WATER DISTRIBUTION ON EARTH'S SURFACE
• ~98% of Earth's surface and near-surface water is in the oceans as liquid or sea ice (1.37 x 109 km3)
• ~97-98% of this water is saline.• Remember: Frozen seawater excludes salts, leaves a cold
brine as a residue, and forms freshwater when it melts.
• Average salinity is about 34.482 o/oo (=34.482 g/kg)
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Water Molecule – A Polar Molecule
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Hydrogen Bonds in Liquid Water• Forms
"structured water"
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What is the Source of the Water in the Oceans?
• Volcanic outgassing from the mantle early in Earth history? – 72% of volcanic gases is water vapour today!
• Cosmogenic?– Many small comets strike Earth’s upper atmosphere per year
– Would have been much more frequent in the distant past about 4 billion years ago
• Why has the volume remained nearly constant for about 4 billion years? – Plate tectonic recycling between Earth's surface and its
mantle may have established a dynamic equilibrium.
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Generalized Periodic Table of the Elements
What are the major elements in sea salt?
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Seawater Salt = Mostly Sodium Chloride
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Salt in Aqueous Solution
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WHAT ARE THE OTHER MAJOR ELEMENTS IN SEA SALT?
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ELEMENT ABUNDANCE IN THE CRUST
• Abundance of elements in the crust by percentage weight:– Oxygen O 47
– Silicon Si 28
– Aluminum Al 8
– Iron Fe 5
– Calcium Ca 3.6
– Sodium Na 3
– Potassium K 2.6
– Magnesium Mg 2
– all others 1.5
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Constituents of Seawater
• 96.5% water (96.5% = 965 ppt)
• Chloride• Sodium• Sulfate• Magnesium• Calcium• Potassium
• Bicarbonate
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Constituents of Seawater
• Parts per thousand = ppt
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Constituents of Seawater
• Major ions = ppt
• Minor components = ppm
• Trace elements = ppb
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What is the Source of the Salts in Seawater?• Weathering and erosion on land provides many ions, e.g., sodium,
calcium, potassium, etc.• Hydrologic cycle carries these ions to the sea
• Volcanic outgassing from the mantle provides many ions, e. g., chloride.
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River Water vs. Seawater Constituents• Many ions are in river water, but in much lower
amounts & in different proportions
trace
tracetrace
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Residence Time
• Residence times help to explain why some ions are more abundant than others
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END OF FILE
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• Unit = mL/L• At 1 atm at sea level• STP = standard temperature & pressure
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ELEMENT ABUNDANCE IN THE CRUST and WHOLE EARTH• Abundance of elements in the crust by percentage weight:
– Oxygen O 47
– Silicon Si 28
– Aluminum Al 8
– Iron Fe 5
– Calcium Ca 3.6
– Sodium Na 3
– Potassium K 2.6
– Magnesium Mg 2
– all others 1.5
• Whole Earth order of abundance:– Iron Fe 35
– Oxygen O 30
– Silicon Si 15
– Magnesium Mg 13
– Nickel Ni 2.4
– Sulfur S 2
– Calcium Ca 1
– Aluminum Al 1
– all others <1
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CHARACTERISTICS OF THE WORLD OCEAN
• Oceans cover 71% of Earth's surface (This is equal to about 361 100 000 km2 or 3.611 x 108 km2)
• Oceans represent about 98% of Earth's surface and near-surface water (1.37 x 109 km3)
• Average depth of the oceans is about 3.8 km (~12,450').• Average temperature of the oceans is about 4 deg. C.
• Average salinity is about 34.482 o/oo (=34.482 g/kg)
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HEAT CAPACITY OF COMMON MATERIALS
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CROSS SECTIONS OF EARTH• Core (2 layers)
• Mantle (3 layers)• Crust (2 types)
Outer core is liquid
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CROSS SECTIONS OF EARTHUpper mantle/crustal layers:
– lithosphere
– asthenosphere
– upper mesosphere
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OVERVIEW OF PLATE TECTONIC PROCESSES
Thermal Convection
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