chemical composition question
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7/31/2019 Chemical Composition Question
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BIOLOGY MODULECHAPTER 4
CHEMICAL COMPOSITION IN THE CELL
WATER
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7/31/2019 Chemical Composition Question
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NUCLEIC ACID
- Store genetic information the form of a code-- basic units nucleotides
P
Q R
Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) Ribonucleic acid (RNA)
(4) polynucleotide strands
twisted around each other in the form of a
(5) . .
Can be found in (6).. ,
(7) ...and (8)...
(9) . strand polynucleotide .
Can be found in (10).,
(11) ....and (12)....
State P, Q and R :
(1) P : .
(2) Q : .
(3) R : .
Lubrication
The importance
..
Medium for biochemical
High cohesion
Moisture
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7/31/2019 Chemical Composition Question
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LIPIDS
- Consists of (13) . , (14) .. and (15) . .
- Types of lipids- (16)., (17)., (18) ., (19).
and steroids.
- Fats and oils are (20).
- Triglyceride is an (21).that is formed through the (22) . of one
molecule of (23).and three molecules of (24) .
Glycerol (25) Triglyceride (28)
- waxes on the (29) . of the epidermis of leaves, fruits and seeds
- (30) .. preventing the entry and evaporation of water
- sebum-excreted from oil glands contains wax that soften the skin
- Phospholipids-components in the formation of (31) .
- Steroids-cholesterol
- (32) . testosterone, oestrogen, progesterone
- Fats and oils- consists of one molecule (33) .and three molecules of
(34).
- fatty acids- consists of long (35) . chain with a different number carbon
atoms different fatty acids
(26)
(27)
3 H2O
Water
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7/31/2019 Chemical Composition Question
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Fats
Saturated fats Differences Unsaturated fats
36 The presence of doublebonds between carbon
atoms in fatty acids
40
37 Ability to react with anadditional hydrogen atom
41
38 Condition at roomtemperature
42
39Examples
43
CARBOHYDRATES
Fill in the blanks.
- Source of (44) .
- Consists of . (45), . (46) and . (47)
- Ratio of hydrogen atoms to oxygen atoms molecule is (48) .
-
Types of carbohydratesMonosaccharides Disaccharides Polysaccharides
G
Examples:(49) ...-in plants and fruits
(50)
-in sweet fruits and honey
(51) ...- in milk- reducing sugar
Glucose
Glucose
.. (52)- reducing sugar- malt sugar
Glucose(53)
(54) - (55)
.- cane sugar
-combination of hundreds of
monosaccharides- formed by the condensation of
(59)
-do not taste sweet and do not
crystallised
- (60) ... in water
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7/31/2019 Chemical Composition Question
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(79)
Glucose
56
(57) ..- (58)
..- milk sugar
Examples :
(61) ....
- in animals and yeast
(62) .....
- in plants
(63) ..
- cell walls of plants
Process of formation and breakdown
(64)(65)
PROTEINS
Fill in the blanks.
- made up of the elements (66) ., (67) ., (68) . and
(69)., (70) . and (71) .
- made up of monomers called (72) .
- A dipeptide consists of (73) .molecules of (74) . that are linked
together by a (75) .. through (76) ..
- Conversely, a (77) .can be broken down into by means of (78) ..
Protein StructuresPrimary structures Secondary structures Tertiary structures
- linear sequence of aminoacids in polypeptide chain
-polypeptide coiled to forman (81)
-helix(82)
-the overall three-dimensionalshape of a polypeptide chain
(85)
Examples : enzymes, hormones,antibodies, plasma protein
(80)
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7/31/2019 Chemical Composition Question
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Quarternary structures-folded into (83) .sheets
.. (84)
- the combination of two or moretertiary polypeptides that makes
up a protein(86)
ENZYMES
Fill in the blanks by using the words given.
biological speed up catalyst
- Enzymes are (92). .that (93) .biochemical reactionsin the cell.
Types of amino acid(20 amino acid)
(87) ..[9 amino acids]
-cannot be synthesised by thebody- obtained from the diet
- Why are animal proteins,first class proteins?(88)...
non-essential amino acids[(89) . amino acids]
-(90) synthesised by thebody- derived from other amino acids
- Why are plant proteins,second class proteins?(91)...
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7/31/2019 Chemical Composition Question
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The sites of enzyme synthesis
Production of extracellular enzymes
Intracellularenzymes
General Characteristics ofEnzymes
(96)
(98)
(100)
(97)
(99)
Substrate Enzyme
Lipid (101)(102) amylase(103) protease
(94)
(95)
Definition (105)
.
Examples :(106)
Extracellularenzymes
Examples :(108)
Definition (107)
The sites of protein synthesis[ somiRboes](104)...
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7/31/2019 Chemical Composition Question
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transported throughthe spaces
proteins wrapped in. (117) thatbud off from the sides of theN:.(118)
fuse with the membrane of the
O :..(120).
bud off from the. (121)membrane and
travel to the. (122)membrane
(113)K: .
(112)(a)L:
(109)O:
(111)M: ...................
(114)J: ...
Proteins/ enzymes are synthesized inK : ..(115)
(110)N: ..................................endoplasmic reticulum
N : ...(116)
L : .(119)
Secretory vesicles
Releasing the proteins outside the cell as[myzesne]. (123)
(112)(b)L: ...
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7/31/2019 Chemical Composition Question
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Lock and key mechanism
- Choose the suitable substrate for the enzyme and complete the schematic diagrambelow to show the mechanism of enzyme action on a suitable substrate
Enzyme Substrate
(125) (126)
Substrate
Enzyme + Substrate Enzyme-Substrate Complex
(127)
Product
Enzyme + Product
caietv ietsRearrange the jumbled upwords to the correct terms:active site(124)
-a distinctive shape thatcomplements its
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7/31/2019 Chemical Composition Question
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temperature (oC)
therateofenzymeactivity
therateofenzym
eactivity
pH
Lock and Key HypothesisConclusion :
128
129
130
FACTORS AFFECTING ENZYME ACTIVITY
Factors Explanations Complete the diagram
Temperature
(132) temperature
- reaction takes place slowly
(133) temperature
(37oC-40
oC)
- reaction at maximum rate
(134) temperature
(above 40oC)
- enzymes are denatured
- denaturation is irreversible
(135)
pH
optimum pH
- pH at which the rate of
reaction is at the maximum
- example :
Pepsin (136) .
Trypsin (137).
Amylase (138)..
- reversible
(139)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
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7/31/2019 Chemical Composition Question
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Substrate concentration
therateofenzymea
ctivity
therateof
enzyme
activity
Enzyme concentration
Substrateconcentration
- the rate of reaction is directly
proportional to the substrate
concentration until the reaction
reaches a maximum rate
- an increase in substrate
concentration will speed up the
reaction until the reaction reaches
a (140)..
- after the maximum rate the
enzyme is said to be
(141)..
- limiting factors-
(142)
.
(143)
Enzymeconcentration
- an increase in enzyme
concentration will
(144) ..the rate ofreaction until the reaction reaches
a maximum rate
- limiting factor-
(145) .
(146)
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7/31/2019 Chemical Composition Question
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The uses of enzymes
Match the enzyme to its uses
Enzymes Uses
In detergents
(147)
- tenderise meat- skinning of fish- used to remove hair from
hides
Lipase
(148)
- to convert starch to sugarin the making of syrup
Amylase
(149)
- breaks down the cell wall
of the seaweeds(extracting algae jelly fromseaweeds/
- removal of seed coatsfrom cereal grain
Proteases
(150)
- is used in the ripening ofcheese
- to produce flavour incheese
- to break up fats in meatCellulases
(151)- effectively dissolve
proteins stains
The Importance of Chemical Composition in Cells
- Complete the table below
Chemicalcomponents
Function Consequence of defiency
Water(152) (157)
Lipids
(153) (158)
Carbohydrates(154) (159)
Proteins(155) (160)
Enzymes(156) (161)
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7/31/2019 Chemical Composition Question
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STRUCTURAL QUESTIONS:
1 (a) Enzymes is widely used in our daily life and industries.
Explain how enzymes act in :(i) helping to cook meat.
...
...
...
[2 marks]
(ii) extracting agar from seaweeds....
...
...
[3 marks]
2 Figure 1(a) shows a reaction catalysed by lipase.
Figure 1(a)
(a) (i) Label P,Q, R and S in Figure 1(a). [4 marks]
(ii) State two characteristics of P.
...
...
...
[2 marks]
Q:
P:
R: S:
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7/31/2019 Chemical Composition Question
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(b) (i) State the principle of enzymic reaction as shown in Figure 1(a)....
[1 mark]
(ii) What can you deduce about the enzyme lipase based on Figure1(a)?...
...
[1 mark]
(c) Enzymes are used widely in industries.State the use of lipase in food industry.....
[1 mark]
(d) The temperature at which a lipase reaction takes place is increased tomore than 60OC.State the effect on the quantity of the product. Explain your answer.
....
....
..
[2 marks]
(e) Figure 1(b) shows a box of washing powder.
Figure 1(b)
A housewife uses cold water to wash her clothes with brand X washingpowder. The cleaning is less effective.Using the above information, explain why.
....
....
....
[2 marks]
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7/31/2019 Chemical Composition Question
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3 (a) Diagram 2.1 shows a mechanism of an enzyme reaction.Draw the diagram in the spaces III and IV provided in Diagram 2.1to complete the mechanism of the enzyme reaction.
Diagram 2.1
(b) In a food preparation process, a housewife carries out thefollowing steps:Step 1 : Marinate pieces of meat with strips of unripe papaya in a
basin.
Step 2: Immerse the basin in a container filled with water at 40oCfor 30 minutes as Diagram 2.2 .
Diagram 2.2
Explain why the housewife carries out Step 1 and Step 2....
...
...
...
...
...
[4 marks]
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7/31/2019 Chemical Composition Question
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ESSAY QUESTIONS
4. Diagram shows the effect of a rise in temperature on the reaction rate of an enzyme.
(a) Based on the above graph:
(i) Explain why a rise in temperature increases the rate of reaction until it reaches an
optimum.
[ 5 marks]
(ii) Explain what causes the decrease in the rate of reaction when the temperature
exceeds the optimum temperature.
[ 5 marks]
(b) Enzymes are widely use in our homes and industries. Discuss how the enzymes areused in industries.
[10 marks ]
Enzymes are widely used in our daily life and industries.
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