chemical compounds of life
DESCRIPTION
CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OF LIFE. CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OF LIFE. ORGANIC COMPOUNDS MUS T CONTAIN THE ELEMENT CARBON MOS T CONTAIN THE ELEMENT HYDROGEN MANY CONTAIN OXYGEN AND NITROGEN. INORGANIC COMPOUNDS IF A SUBSTANCE IS NOT ORGANIC, THEN…. CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OF LIFE. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OF LIFE
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CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OF LIFE
• ORGANIC COMPOUNDS– MUST CONTAIN THE
ELEMENT CARBON– MOST CONTAIN THE
ELEMENT HYDROGEN– MANY CONTAIN OXYGEN
AND NITROGEN
• INORGANIC COMPOUNDS– IF A SUBSTANCE IS NOT
ORGANIC, THEN…
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CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OF LIFE
• WHAT DO YOU THINK IS THE MOST IMPORTANT, AWESOME, AMAZING INORGANIC COMPOUND THAT MATTERS THE MOSTEST?
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CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OF LIFE
• WATER – THE IMPORTANT INORGANIC COMPOUND– THE MAJORITY OF BIOLOGICAL PROCESSES CAN
OCCUR ONLY IN WATER!!– UNDERSTANDING THE PROPERTIES OF WATER
BECOMES ESSENTIAL TO UNDERSTANDING THE PROPERTIES OF LIFE
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CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OF LIFE
• WATER IS A POLAR MOLECULE– REGIONS WITH PARTIAL
POSITIVE AND PARTIALNEGATIVE CHARGES
• BECAUSE OF THISPOLARITY, WATER HASSOME UNIQUE PROPERTIES
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CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OF LIFE
• WATER PROPERTIES INCLUDE– COHESION– SURFACE TENSION– ADHESION– CAPILLARITY (CAPILLARY
ACTION)
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CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OF LIFE
• STRUCTURE AND TYPES OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS– CARBON OFFERS
INCREDIBLE FLEXIBILITY IN THE FORMATION OF COMPOUNDS
– THERE ARE 4 MAJORGROUPS OF ORGANICCOMPOUNDS
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CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OF LIFE
• FOUR MAJOR GROUPS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS– CARBOHYDRATES– LIPIDS– PROTEINS– NUCLEIC ACIDS
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CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OF LIFE
• CARBOHYDRATES– COMPOUNDS OF CARBON,
HYDROGEN, AND OXYGEN– ALWAYS HAVE THE SAME
RATIO OF HYDROGEN TO OXYGEN (2:1)
– MONOSACCHARIDES(SIMPLE SUGARS)
– CHEMICAL NAMES OFSUGARS ALMOST ALWAYS END IN “-OSE”
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CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OF LIFE
• DEHYDRATION SYNTHESIS– THE PROCESS BY WHICH
MOLECULES CAN BE BONDED TOGETHER
– OCCURS THROUGH THE REMOVAL OF A WATER MOLECULE AND FUSING THE RESULTING SUBSTANCES TOGETHER
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CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OF LIFE
• DEHYDRATION SYNTHESIS– WHEN JOINING TWO MONOSACCHARIDES
TOGETHER, THE RESULTING MOLECULE IS CALLED A DISACCHARIDE
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CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OF LIFE
• DEHYDRATION SYNTHESIS– WHEN MULTIPLE SIMPLE
SUGARS ARE JOINED TOGETHER THE RESULTING MOLECULE IS CALLED A POLYSACCHARIDE
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CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OF LIFE
• IF MOLECULES CAN BE FUSED TOGETHER, THEY MUST ALSO BE ABLE TO BE BROKEN APART
• THIS PROCESS IS CALLED HYDROLYSIS
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CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OF LIFE
• LIPIDS
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CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OF LIFE
• LIPIDS– CONSIST OF THE SUBSTANCES COMMONLY
CALLED FATS, OILS, AND WAXES– CONSIST OF CARBON, HYDROGEN, AND OXYGEN…
HOWEVER, NOT IN THE SAME RATIO AS CARBOHYDRATES
– FORMED THROUGH THE FUSION OF GLYCEROL AND FATTY ACID MOLECULES
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CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OF LIFE
• LIPIDS
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CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OF LIFE
• LIPIDS– SATURATED VS UNSATURATED FATS
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CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OF LIFE
• LIPIDS– CHOLESTEROL• A SPECIAL TYPE OF LIPID
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CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OF LIFE
• NUCLEIC ACIDS– DNA VS RNA– SUBUNITS ARE CALLED
NUCLEOTIDES– WILL DISCUSS THIS
MORE IN FUTURE CHAPTERS
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CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OF LIFE
• PROTEINS– COMPOUNDS THAT
CONTAIN NITROGEN, ALONG WITH CARBON, HYDROGEN AND OXYGEN
– THE BUILDING BLOCKS OF PROTEINS ARE CALLED AMINO ACIDS(A.K.A. PEPTIDES)
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CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OF LIFE
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CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OF LIFE
• PEPTIDES CAN BE FUSED TOGETHER BY…• DEHYDRATION SYNTHESIS– RESULTS IN
DIPEPTIDES– RESULTS IN
PEPTIDEBONDS
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CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OF LIFE
• SINCE THERE ARE 20 AMINO ACIDS, AND THEY CAN BE PUT TOGETHER IN ANY COMBINATION WHEN FORMING POLYPEPTIDES, THE NUMBER OF POSSIBLE PROTEINS IS HUGE!!
• THEREFORE, THEY SERVE ENDLESS FUNCTIONS!!
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CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OF LIFE
• ONE OF THE MOST IMPORTANT FUNCTIONS OF PROTEINS IS WHEN THEY ACT AS ENZYMES!!!!!!
• ALL ENZYMES ARE PROTEINS, BUT NOT ALL PROTEINS ARE ENZYMES.
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CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OF LIFE
• ENZYMES– PROTEINS THAT ARE
NECESSARY FOR MOST OF THE CHEMICAL REACTIONS THAT OCCUR IN LIVING CELLS
– ACT AT ORGANIC CATALYSTS• A CATALYST IS A SUBSTANCE
THAT SPEEDS UP A CHEMICAL REACTION WITHOUT BEING CHANGED ITSELF
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CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OF LIFE
• ENZYMES– THE SUBSTANCE THAT
THE ENZYME REACTS WITH IS CALLED THE SUBSTRATE
• WHAT DO YOU NOTICE ABOUT THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE ENZYME AND SUBSTRATE?
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CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OF LIFE
• HOW ENZYMES WORK?– ACTIVE SITE
• SPOT ON ENZYME WHERE SUBSTRATE BINDS
– TWO THEORIES ON ENZYME ACTION• LOCK-AND-KEY MODEL• INDUCED FIT MODEL
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CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OF LIFE
• LOCK-AND-KEY MODEL– SUBSTRATE’S SHAPE
MATCHES EXACTLY WITH ACTIVE SITE OF ENZYME
– THEREFORE, ONLYONE SUBSTRATE CAN EVER REACT WITH AN ENZYME
– THEY ARE HIGHLYSPECIFIC!!
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CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OF LIFE
• INDUCED-FIT MODEL
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CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OF LIFE
• ENZYMES ARE ESSENTIAL FOR LIVING THINGS BECAUSE THEY MAKE METABOLIC PROCESSES POSSIBLE
• SO, WE SHOULD KNOW MORE ABOUT ENZYMES!!
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CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OF LIFE
• FACTORS THAT AFFECT ENZYME ACTION– CONCENTRATION OF
EITHER SUBSTRATE OR ENZYME
– TEMPERATURE– PH– PRESENCE OF
COENZYMES
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CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OF LIFE
• FACTORS THAT AFFECT ENZYME ACTIVITY
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CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OF LIFE
• REMEMBER, ORGANIC COMPOUNDS ARE THE BUILDING BLOCKS OF LIFE!!
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CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OF LIFE
• THERE MAY BE MILLIONS OF BUILDING BLOCKS
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CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OF LIFE
• BUT ONLY PUTTING THE RIGHT ONES TOGETHER IN THE RIGHT WAY, WILL BUILD A LIVING THING!!
• UP NEXT, LEARNING ABOUT WHAT THOSEBUILDING BLOCKSHELP MAKE!!