Chemistry11OrganicChemistryIV

Name:Date:Block:

1. FunctionalGroups

FunctionalGroupsTherearenumerousfunctionalgroupsthatcanbefoundinorganiccompounds.Oftentherearemorethanoneincomplexorganiccompounds.

• Functionalgroupscanbeanatom,groupofatomsortypeofbondinanorganicmoleculethatreactinapredictablemanner.

• Symbol“R”isusedtorepresentthehydrocarbonfragmentoftheorganicmolecule.

1.AlkylHalides(asbranches)

Ingeneral..WhereX=F= Cl= Br= I=

Practice#1.

1. ParentChain.

2. Numbertheparentchain.

3. Namethebranches.

4. Namethecompound

Practice#2.

1. ParentChain.

2. Numbertheparentchain.

3. Namethebranches.

4. Namethecompound

organiccompoundscontaining halogens arecalledalkylhalideF CI Br I group17

fluoro chloro bromo iodo alphaorder

pentane 004 2

5 3 I

2 bromo4 chloro2 bromo 4 chloropentane

benzene

l chloro

1 chlorobenzene Chlorobenzene

2.Alcohols

• Organiccompoundscontainingahydroxyl(-OH)grouparecalledalcohols.Namingalcohols:

a) Theparentchainmustcontaintheatomattachedtothe–OHgroup.Numberthecarbonatomsintheparentchainsothatthe–OHgroupisgiventhelowernumber

b) Thenameoftheparentchainendswith“-ol”insteadof“-e”.

#ofCAtoms Prefix Alcohol Formula1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

c) Nameandidentifypositionsofthebranches.d) Namethecompound

Practice#1.

1. ParentChain.

2. Numbertheparentchain.

3. Namethebranches.

4. Namethecompound

Practice#2.

1. ParentChain.

2. Numbertheparentchain.

3. Namethebranches.

4. Namethecompound

Meth Methanol CH3OHeth ethanol CzH50Hprop propanol CzHy0Hbut butanol C4HaOHperf pertanol CsHn0Hhex hexanol C6HB0Hkept heptanol CHIS OHOct octanol CsHnOHnon nonanol CathaOHdec decanol Ciotti OH

ethanol z INIA

1 ethanol of ethanol

butanol I4 3 2 I3 methyl

3 methyl l butanolor

3 methylbutanol

Practice#3.

1. ParentChain.

2. Numbertheparentchain.

3. Namethebranches.

4. Namethecompound

Forthefollowingfunctionalgroups,itisexpectedthatyoucanrecognizetheminvariousmolecules.Youwillnotberequiredtoknowhowtonameordrawthem.3.Ethers

• TwohydrocarbonfragmentsconnectedbyanoxygenatomIngeneral..Examples:

4.Aldehydes

• Anorganiccompoundcontainingacarbonatomdoublebondedtoanoxygenatomattheendofacarbonchain.

• Carbonylgroup=carbonatomdoublebondedtoanoxygen

Ingeneral..Examples:

5.Ketones

• Anorganiccompoundcontainingacarbonatomdoublebondedtoanoxygenatom• Unlikeanaldehyde,thiscarbonylgroupisnotattheendofthecarbonchain

Ingeneral..

propanolz

I 3NIA

2 propanol

R hydrocarbon

RIO R

HELCH CHICH3 0413

eO

rIcargbonip

otheatatty

H c tf

tearsRITR

Examples:

6.CarboxylicAcid

• Anorganiccompoundcontainingacarboxylgroup(-COOH)andfoundattheendofcompounds• Sometimescalledorganicacids

Ingeneral..Examples:

7.Esters

• Anorganiccompoundinwhicha–COO-groupconnectstwootherhydrocarbonfragments• Strongfruityodors–usedinperfumesandflavourings

Ingeneral..Examples:

8.Amines

• Anorganiccompoundcontainingonlysinglebondsandnitrogenatomsattachedtoacarbonatom

Ingeneral..Examples:

the at that a

rE caging

Ctb H

R R

CHzCHzCHz

CH3CHzO

R R

HHz

9.Amides

• Anorganiccompoundcontaininganitrogenatombondedtoacarbonylgroup

Ingeneral..Examples:

Classifythefollowingmoleculesaccordingtotheirfunctionalgroup.

Thefollowingmoleculesarecommonorganiccompounds.Foreachmolecule,circleandidentifyeachfunctionalgroup.Thesemoleculescontainmorethanonefunctionalgroup.

1. Vanillin(afoodflavouring)

OR

C O

R lR

now E

amideamine

aldehyde

carboxylic esteracid alkylhalide

ketonealcohol

aldehyde

Canning

00

2. Ibuprofen(apainkiller)

3. Morphine(apainkiller)

4. Capsaicin(usedinpepperspray)

5. PenicillinG(anantibiotic)

aninglic

caraboixylic

andin

aalcohol

a arming

Oamide

00Carbagixdylic

6. Caffeine

7. Theobromine(foundinchocolate)

tore

anCanine

0amin

a Oamine