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Chemistry 12

Data Booklet

Table of Contents

Metric Prefixes ............................................................................................................................................................... 1

The Greek Alphabet ...................................................................................................................................................... 1

Formula and Information Sheet .................................................................................................................................. 2

Data for Water

Specific Heat Capacity of Common Substances

Thermodynamic Equations

Solubility Equations

Acid-Base Equations

Equilibrium

Miscellaneous

Periodic Table of the Elements .................................................................................................................................... 3

Table of Polyatomic Ions .............................................................................................................................................. 4

Electronegativity ............................................................................................................................................................ 4

Physical Constants of the Elements ............................................................................................................................ 5

Name

Symbol

Atomic Number

Melting Point °C

Boiling Point °C

Specific Heat Capacity J/g·°C

Standard Heats of Formation at 25°C ......................................................................................................................... 7

Average Bond Enthalpies.............................................................................................................................................. 9

Solubility of Common Ionic Compounds in Water at 25°C .................................................................................... 10

Colour of Common Ions in Aqueous Solution ......................................................................................................... 10

Flame Colour of Metallic Ions .................................................................................................................................... 10

Relative Strengths of Acids......................................................................................................................................... 11

Strong Bases ................................................................................................................................................................. 12

Weak Bases................................................................................................................................................................... 12

Acid-Base Indicators at 25°C ...................................................................................................................................... 12

Standard Electrode Potentials at 25°C ..................................................................................................................... 13

Molal Boiling and Freezing Point Constants ............................................................................................................ 15

Solubility Product Constants ...................................................................................................................................... 15

Metric Prefixes Prefix Symbol Magnitude

zetta- Z 1021

exa- E 1018

peta- P 1015

tera- T 1012

giga- G 109

mega- M 106

kilo- k 103

hecto- h 102

deka- da 10

- - -

deci- d 10-1

centi- c 10-2

milli- m 10-3

micro- µ (mu) 10-6

nano- n 10-9

pico- p 10-12

femto- f 10-15

atto- a 10-18

zepto- z 10-21

yocto- y 10-24

The Greek Alphabet

Τηε Γρεεκ Αλπηαβετ

Upper Case Lower Case Name (pronunciation)

Α α ALPHA (AL-fuh)

Β β BETA (BAY-tuh)

Γ γ GAMMA (GAM-uh)

∆ δ DELTA (DEL-tuh)

Ε ε EPSILON (EP-sil-on)

Ζ ζ ZETA (ZAY-tuh)

Η η ETA (AY-tuh)

Θ θ THETA (THAY-tuh)

Ι ι IOTA (eye-OH-tuh)

Κ κ KAPPA (KAP-uh)

Λ λ LAMBDA (LAM-duh)

Μ µ MU (MYOO)

Ν ν NU (NOO)

Ξ ξ XI (KS-EYE)

Ο ο OMICRON (OM-i-KRON)

Π π PI (PIE)

Ρ ρ RHO (ROW)

Σ σ SIGMA (SIG-muh)

Τ τ TAU (TAU)

Υ υ UPSILON (OOP-si-LON)

Φ φ PHI (FEE)

Χ χ CHI (K-EYE)

Ψ ψ PSI (SIGH)

Ω ω OMEGA (oh-MAY-guh)

Chemistry Data Booklet Page 1

Formula and Information Sheet

Data for Water

Substance Specific Heat Capacity

H2O(s) H2O (l) ΔH= +6.03 kJ air 1.02 J/g·°C

H2O (l) H2O (g) ΔH= +40.8 kJ ammonia (liquid) 4.70 J/g·°C

concrete 0.88 J/g·°C

H2O (s) c = 2.06 J/g·°C ethanol 2.46 J/g·°C

H2O (l) c = 4.18 J/g·°C glass 0.84 J/g·°C

H2O (g) c = 2.02 J/g·°C granite 0.79 J/g·°C

wood 1.76 J/g·°C

Thermodynamics

q = mcΔT q=CΔT q = nΔH ΔH°rxn = ΣnΔH°f(products) - ΣnΔH°f(reactants)

ΔHrxn = Σ bond energies (reactants) – Σ bond energies (products)

Solubility

C1V1 = C2V2

ΔT = iKf m ΔT = iKb m

Acid-Base

pH = -log[H3O+] or pH = -log[H+] [H+] = 10-pH Kw = [H3O+][OH-] = 1.00 x 10-14

[H3O+][OH-] = 1.00 x 10-14 at 25°C pH + pOH = 14

Equilibrium

where aA + bB cC + dD

Miscellaneous

- x 100 1 mol e- = 96500 C

1 C = 1 A·s


1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18

Hydrogen Periodic Table of the Elements Helium

1 2

H 1 He 1.00794 4.00260

Lithium Beryllium Boron Carbon Nitrogen Oxygen Fluorine Neon

3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Li 1 Be 2 B 3 C ±4,2 N ±3,54,2 O -2 F -1 Ne 6.941 9.01218 10.811 12.011 14.0067 15.9994 18.998403 20.1797

Sodium Magnesium Aluminum Silicon Phosphorus Sulfur Chlorine Argon

11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18

Na 1 Mg 2 Al 3 Si 4 P ±3,54 S ±2,46 Cl ±1,35,7 Ar 22.98977 24.305 26.98154 28.0855 30.97376 32.066 35.453 39.948

Potassium Calcium Scandium Titanium Vanadium Chromium Manganese Iron Cobalt Nickel Copper Zinc Gallium Germanium Arsenic Selenium Bromine Krypton

19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36

K 1 Ca 2 Sc 3 Ti 4,3 V 3,25,4 Cr 6,32 Mn 7,5,4

2,3 Fe 2,3 Co 2,3 Ni 2,3 Cu 2,1 Zn 2 Ga 3 Ge 4 As ±3,5 Se -2,4,6 Br ±1,5 Kr 39.0983 40.078 44.9559 47.88 50.9415 51.996 54.938 55.847 58.9332 58.69 63.546 65.38 69.72 72.61 74.9216 78.96 79.904 83.8

Rubidium Strontium Yttrium Zirconium Niobium Molybdenum Technetium Ruthenium Rhodium Palladium Silver Cadmium Indium Tin Antimony Tellurium Iodine Xenon

37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54

Rb 1 Sr 2 Y 3 Zr 4 Nb 5,3 Mo 6,5,43,2 Tc 7 Ru 2,3,46,8 Rh 2,34 Pd 2,4 Ag 1 Cd 2 In 3 Sn 4,2 Sb ±3,5 Te -2,4,6 I ±1,57 Xe

85.4678 87.62 88.9059 91.22 92.9064 95.94 (98) 101.07 102.9055 106.42 107.8682 112.41 114.82 118.71 121.75 127.6 126.9045 131.29

Cesium Barium Hafnium Tantalum Tungsten Rhenium Osmium Iridium Platinum Gold Mercury Thallium Lead Bismuth Polonium Astatine Radon

55 56 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86

Cs 1 Ba 2 Hf 4 Ta 5 W 6,5,43,2 Re 7,6,4,2,-1 Os 2,3,46,8 Ir 4,6

2,3 Pt 2,4 Au 3,1 Hg 2,1 Tl 3,1 Pb 4,2 Bi 3,5 Po 4,2 At Rn 132.9054 137.33 178.49 180.9479 183.85 186.207 190.2 192.22 195.08 196.9665 200.59 204.383 207.2 208.9804 (209) (210) (222)

Francium Radium Rutherfordium Dubnium Seaborgium Bohrium Hassium Meitnerium Darmstadtium Roentgenium Copernicium Ununtrium Ununquadium Ununpentium Ununhexium Ununseptium Ununoctium

87 88 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118

Fr 1 Ra 2 Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt Ds Rg Cn Uut Uuq Uup Uuh Uus Uuo (223) 226.0254 261.11 262.61 263.12 262.12 (265) (267) (269) (272) (277) (286) (289) (289) (291) (294) (294)

KEY Name Potassium Lanthanum Cerium Praseodymium Neodymium Promethium Samarium Europium Gadolinium Terbium Dysprosium Holmium Erbium Thulium Ytterbium Lutetium

19 Atomic # 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71

K 1 stateOxidation La 3 Ce 3,4 Pr 3,4 Nd 3 Pm 3 Sm 3,2 Eu 3,2 Gd 3 Tb 3,4 Dy 3 Ho 3 Er 3 Tm 3,2 Yb 3,2 Lu 3

39.0983 138.9055 140.12 140.9077 144.24 (145) 150.36 151.96 157.25 158.9253 162.50 164.9304 167.23 168.9342 173.04 174.967

Atomic Actinium Thorium Protactinium Uranium Neptunium Plutonium Americum Curium Berkelium Californium Einsteinium Fermium Mendelevium Nobelium Lawrencium

Weight 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103

Ac 3 Th 4 Pa 5,4 U 4,36,5 Np 4,3

6,5 Pu 4,36,5 Am 4,3

6,5 Cm 3 Bk 4,3 Cf 3 Es Fm Md No Lr 227.0278 232.0381 231.0359 238.0289 237.0482 (244) (243) (247) (247) (251) (252) (257) (258) (259) (260)


Table of Polyatomic Ions Activity Series

acetate CH3COO-

or C2H3O2-

ammonium NH4+

arsenate AsO4 3-

arsenite AsO3 3-

barbital C8H11N2O3-

benzoate C6H5COO-

bismuthate BiO3-

borate BO33-

bromate BrO3-

carbonate CO32-

chlorate ClO3-

chlorite ClO2-

chromate CrO42-

citrate C6H5O73-

cyanamide HCN-

cyanate OCN- or CNO-

cyanide CN-

dichromate Cr2O72-

dihydrogen phosphate H2PO4-

dihydrogen phosphite H2PO3-

ferricyanide Fe(CN)63-

ferrocyanide Fe(CN)64 -

fluorite FO2-

formate HCOO-

germanate GeO32-

glutamate C5H8NO4-

hexachloroplatinate PtCl62-

hexafluorosilicate SiF62-

hydrogen carbonate HCO3-

or bicarbonate

hydrogen oxalate HC2O4-

hydrogen phosphate HPO42-

hydrogen phosphite HPO32-

hydrogen sulfate HSO4-

or bisulfate

hydrogen sulfite HSO3-

or bisulfite

hydronium H3O+

hydroxide OH-

hypochlorite ClO-

iodate IO3-

lactate C3H5O3-

molybdate MoO42-

nitrate NO3-

nitrite NO2-

oxalate C2O42-

perchlorate ClO4-

periodate IO4-

permanganate MnO4-

peroxide O22-

peroxydisulfate S2O82-

phosphate PO43-

phthalate C8H4O42-

pyrophosphate P4O74-

selenate SeO42-

silicate SiO32-

stearate C17H35COO-

sulfate SO42-

sulfite SO32-

tartrate C4H4O62-

tellurate TeO42-

tetraborate B4O72-

thiocyanate SCN-

thiosulfate S2O32-

tripolyphosphite P3O105-

tungstate WO42-

uranate UO4-

vandate VO3-

Li

O

K

2 H

Rb

H

fro

m

Ba

rep

lace

Sr

Ca

will

Na

Am

La

Y

Mg

Ce

Sc

Pu

Np

Th

on

ly

Be

U acid

s

Al

fro

m

Ti

hyd

roge

n

V

Mn

Cr

rep

lac

e Zn

Wil

l Ga

Fe

Eu

Cd

In

Co H He

2.1

Li Be Electronegativity B C N O F Ne 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0

Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar

0.9 1.2 1.5 1.8 2.1 2.5 3.0

K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr 0.8 1.0 1.3 1.5 1.6 1.6 1.5 1.8 1.8 1.8 1.9 1.6 1.6 1.8 2.0 2.4 2.8

Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe

0.8 1.0 1.3 1.4 1.6 1.8 1.9 2.2 2.2 2.2 1.9 1.7 1.7 1.8 1.9 2.1 2.5 Cs Ba Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn

0.7 0.9 1.3 1.5 1.7 1.9 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.4 1.9 1.8 1.8 1.9 2.0 2.2

Fr Ra Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt Ds Rg Cn Uut Uuq Uup Uuh Uus Uuo 0.7 0.9

La Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu

1.1 1.1 1.1 1.2 1.1 1.2 1.2 1.1 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.1 1.2

Ac Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No Lr

1.1 1.3 1.5 1.7 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.3


Ni Sn Pb H

Sb As Bi Cu Nd Hg Ag Pd Pt Au

Physical Constants of the Elements

Name

Symbol Atomic Melting Point Boiling Point Specific Heat

Number (°C) (°C) Capacity (J/g·°C)

aluminum Al 13 660 2467 0.900

antimony Sb 51 631 1750 0.205

argon Ar 18 -189 -186 0.519

barium Ba 56 725 1640 0.192

beryllium Be 4 1278 2970 1.824

bismuth Bi 83 271 1560 0.124

boron B 5 2079 2550 1.025

bromine Br 35 -7 59 0.473

cadmium Cd 48 321 765 0.232

calcium Ca 20 839 1484 0.653

cerium Ce 58 798 3443 0.205

cesium Cs 55 28 669 0.238

chlorine Cl 17 -101 -35 0.477

chromium Cr 24 1857 2672 0.448

cobalt Co 27 1495 2870 0.456

copper Cu 29 1083 2567 0.385

dysprosium Dy 66 1412 2567 0.173

erbium Er 68 1529 2868 0.168

europium Eu 63 822 1527 0.176

fluorine F 9 -220 -188 0.824

gadolinium Gd 64 1313 3273 0.230

gallium Ga 31 30 2403 0.372

germanium Ge 32 937 2830 0.322

gold Au 79 1064 2808 0.129

helium He 2 -272 -269 5.188

holmium Ho 67 1474 2700 0.164

hydrogen H 1 -259 -253 14.267

indium In 49 157 2080 0.234

iodine I 53 114 184 0.427

iridium Ir 77 2410 4130 0.133

iron Fe 26 1535 2750 0.444

krypton Kr 36 -157 -152 0.247

lanthanum La 57 918 3464 0.197

lead Pb 82 328 1740 0.159

lithium Li 3 181 1342 3.556

lutetium Lu 71 1663 3402 0.155

magnesium Mg 12 649 1090 1.017

manganese Mn 25 1244 1962 0.477

mercury Hg 80 -39 357 0.138

molybdenum Mo 42 2617 4612 0.251

neodymium Nd 60 1021 3074 0.205


Name

Symbol Atomic Melting Point Boiling Point Specific Heat

Number (°C) (°C) Capacity (J/g·°C)

neon Ne 10 -249 -246 1.029

nickel Ni 28 1453 2732 0.444

niobium Nb 41 2468 4742 0.268

nitrogen N 7 -210 -196 1.042

osmium Os 76 3045 5027 0.131

oxygen O 8 -218 -183 0.916

palladium Pd 46 1554 3140 0.244

phosphorus P 15 44 280 0.757

platinum Pt 78 1772 3827 0.133

polonium Po 84 254 962 0.126

potassium K 19 63 760 0.753

praseodymium Pr 59 931 3520 0.192

radium Ra 88 700 1140 0.120

radon Rn 86 -71 -62 0.094

rhenium Re 75 3180 5627 0.138

rhodium Rh 45 1965 3727 0.244

rubidium Rb 67 39 686 0.360

ruthenium Ru 44 2310 3900 0.238

samarium Sm 62 1074 1794 0.180

scandium Sc 21 1541 2836 0.556

selenium Se 34 217 685 0.321

silicon Si 14 1410 2355 0.703

silver Ag 47 962 2212 0.237

sodium Na 11 68 883 1.226

strontium Sr 38 769 1384 0.301

sulfur S 16 113 445 0.732

technetium Tc 43 2172 4877 0.243

tellurium Te 52 450 990 0.201

terbium Tb 65 1356 3230 0.183

thallium Tl 81 303 1457 0.128

thulium Tm 69 1545 1950 0.160

tin Sn 50 232 2270 0.213

titanium Ti 22 1660 3287 0.523

tungsten W 74 3410 5660 0.133

uranium U 92 1132 3818 0.115

vanadium V 23 1890 3380 0.485

xenon Xe 54 -112 -107 0.158

ytterbium Yb 70 819 1196 0.145

yttrium Y 39 1522 3338 0.285

zinc Zn 30 420 907 0.388

zirconium Zr 40 1852 4377 0.281


Standard Heats of Formation at 25°C

Name Formula ΔHf° (kJ/mol) aluminum oxide Al2O3(s) -1675.7 ammonia NH3(g) -46.1 ammonium chloride NH4Cl(s) -314.4 ammonium nitrate NH4NO3(s) -365.6 barium carbonate BaCO3(s) -1216.3 barium chloride BaCl2(s) -858.6 barium hydroxide Ba(OH)2(s) -944.7 barium oxide BaO(s) -553.5 barium sulfate BaSO4(s) -1473.2 benzene C6H6(l) 49.0 butane C4H10(g) -126.5 calcium carbonate CaCO3(s) -1206.9 calcium chloride CaCl2(s) -795.8 calcium hydroxide Ca(OH)2(s) -986.1 calcium oxide CaO(s) -635.1 calcium sulfate CaSO4(s) -1434.1

carbon dioxide CO2(g) -393.5 carbon monoxide CO(g) -110.5 chromium(III) oxide Cr2O3(s) -1139.7

copper(I) oxide Cu2O(s) -168.6 copper(II) oxide CuO(s) -157.3 copper(II) sulfate CuSO4(s) -771.4

copper(I) sulfide Cu2S(s) -79.5 copper(II) sulfide CuS(s) -53.1 ethane C2H6(g) -84.7 ethanoic acid (acetic acid) CH3COOH(l) -484.5 ethanol C2H5OH(l) -277.1 ethene (ethylene) C2H4(g) 52.3

ethyne (acetylene) C2H2(g) 226.7 glucose C6H12O6(s) -1273.1 hydrogen bromide HBr(g) -36.4 hydrogen chloride HCl(g) -92.3 hydrogen fluoride HF(g) -271.1 hydrogen iodide HI(g) 26.5 hydrogen perchlorate HClO4(l) -40.6 hydrogen peroxide H2O2(l) -187.8 hydrogen sulfide H2S(g) -20.6 iron(III) oxide Fe2O3(s) -824.2 iron(II,III) oxide Fe3O4(s) -1118.4 lead(II) bromide PbBr2(s) -278.7 lead(II) chloride PbCl2(s) -359.4 lead(II) oxide (red) PbO(s) -219.0 lead(IV) oxide PbO2(s) -277.4 magnesium carbonate MgCO3(s) -1095.8 magnesium chloride MgCl2(s) -641.3

Chemistry Data Booklet

Page 7

Name Formula ΔHf° (kJ/mol)

magnesium hydroxide Mg(OH)2(s) -924.5 magnesium oxide MgO(s) -601.7 magnesium sulfate MgSO4(s) -1284.9 manganese(II) oxide MnO(s) -385.2 manganese(IV) oxide MnO2(s) -520.0 mercury(II) oxide (red) HgO(s) -90.8 mercury(II) sulfide (red) HgS(s) -58.2 methanal (formaldehyde) CH2O(g) -115.9 methane CH4(g) -74.8 methanoic (formic) acid HCOOH(l) -424.7

methanol CH3OH(l) -239.0 nickel(II) oxide NiO(s) -239.7 nitric acid HNO3(aq) -174.1 nitrogen dioxide NO2(g) 33.2 nitrogen monoxide NO(g) 90.2 octane C8H18(l) -250.0 pentane C5H12(l) -146.4 phosphorus pentachloride PCl5(s) -443.5

phosphorus trichloride (liquid) PCl3(l) -319.7 phosphorus trichloride (vapour) PCl3(g) -287.0 potassium bromide KBr(s) -393.8 potassium chlorate KClO3(s) -397.7 potassium chloride KCl(s) -436.7 potassium hydroxide KOH -424.8 propane C3H8(g) -103.8

silicon dioxide SiO2(s) -910.9 silver bromide AgBr(s) -100.4 silver chloride AgCl(s) -127.1 silver iodide AgI(s) -61.8 sodium bromide NaBr(s) -361.1 sodium chloride NaCl(s) -411.2 sodium hydroxide NaOH(s) -425.6 sodium iodide NaI(s) -287.8 sucrose C12H22O11(s) -2225.5 sulfur dioxide SO2(g) -296.8 sulfuric acid H2SO4(aq) -814.0 sulfur trioxide (liquid) SO3(l) -441.0

sulfur trioxide (vapour) SO3(g) -395.7 tin(II) chloride SnCl2(s) -325.1 tin(IV) chloride SnCl4(s) -511.3 tin(II) oxide SnO(s) -285.8 tin(IV) oxide SnO2(s) -580.7 water (liquid) H2O(l) -285.8 water (vapour) H2O(g) -241.8 zinc oxide ZnO(s) -348.3 zinc sulfide ZnS(s) -206.0


Average Bond Enthalpies

Single Bonds

Bond ΔH (kJ/mol) Bond ΔH (kJ/mol) Bond ΔH (kJ/mol)

C – C 347 Si – Si 226 S – S 266

C – H 338 Si – O 368 S – F 343

C – Si 305 Si – F 553 S – Cl 277

C – N 305 Si – Cl 381 S – Br 218

C – O 358 Si – Br 368

C – S 259 Si – I 293 F – F 159

C – F 552 F – Cl 256

C – Cl 397 N – N 160 F – Br 280

C – Br 280 N – O 201 F – I 272

C – I 209 N – F 272

N – Cl 200 Cl – Cl 243

H – H 436 N – Br 276 Cl – Br 217

H – Si 299 N – I 159 Cl - I 211

H – N 339

H – O 460 O – O 204 Br – Br 193

H – S 344 O – S 265 Br – I 179

H – F 570 O – F 222

H – Cl 432 O – Cl 269 I – I 151

H – Br 366 O – Br 235

H – I 298 O – I 249

Multiple Bonds

Bond ΔH (kJ/mol) Bond ΔH (kJ/mol)

C = C 607 C = N 615

C ≡ C 839 C ≡ N 891

C = O 745 N = N 418

O = O 498 N ≡ N 945


Solubility of Common Ionic Compounds in Water at 25°C

Anions (negative ions) Cations (positive ions) Compounds

all H+ soluble

all NH4+ soluble

all Li+, Na+, K+, Rb+, Cs+ soluble

NO3-, ClO3

-, ClO4-

all soluble

CH3COO- Most soluble

Ag+ insoluble

Cl-, Br-, I- most soluble

Ag+, Pb2+, Hg22+, Cu+ insoluble

SO42-

most soluble

Ca2+, Sr2+, Ba2+, Pb2+, Ag+, Hg22+ insoluble

S2-, O2- Li+, Na+, K+, Rb+, NH4

+, Ba2+, Sr2+ soluble

all others insoluble

OH- Li+, Na+, K+, Rb+, Cs+, NH4

+, Ba2+, Sr2+ soluble


PO43-, CO3

2-, SO32-

Li+, Na+, K+, Rb+, Cs+, NH4+ soluble


CrO42-

Li+, Na+, K+, Rb+, Cs+, NH4+, Ca2+, Sr2+ soluble


Cat

ion

s

An

ion

s

Colour of Common Ions in Aqueous Solution Flame Colour of Metallic Ions

Ions Symbol Colour Ion Symbol Colour

chromium(II) Cr2+ blue lithium Li+ red

chromium(III) Cr3+ green sodium Na+ yellow

cobalt(II) Co2+ pink potassium K+ violet

copper(I) Cu+ green cesium Cs+ violet

copper(II) Cu2+ blue calcium Ca2+ red

iron(II) Fe2+ green strontium Sr2+ red

iron(III) Fe3+ pale yellow barium Ba2+ yellowish-green

manganese(II) Mn2+ pink copper Cu2+ bluish-green

nickel(II) Ni2+ green boron B3+ green

chromate CrO42- yellow lead Pb2+ bluish-white

dichromate Cr2O72- orange

permanganage MnO4- purple


Relative Strengths of Acids

Name Formula Ka

perchloric acid HClO4(aq) H+(aq) + ClO4-(aq) large

hydroiodic acid HI(aq) H+(aq) + I-(aq) large

hydrobromic acid HBr(aq) H+(aq) + Br-(aq) large

hydrochloric acid HCl(aq) H+(aq) + Cl-(aq) large

sulfuric acid H2SO4(aq) H+(aq) + HSO4-(aq) large

nitric acid HNO3(aq) H+(aq) + NO3-(aq) large

oxalic acid HOOCCOOH(aq) H+(aq) + HOOCCOO-(aq) 5.4 x 10-2

sulfurous acid (SO2 + H2O) H2SO3(aq) H+(aq) + HSO3-(aq) 1.3 x 10-2

hydrogen sulfate ion HSO4-(aq) H+(aq) + SO4

2-(aq) 1.0 x 10-2

phosphoric acid H3PO4(aq) H+(aq) + H2PO4-(aq) 7.0 x 10-3

nitrous acid HNO2(aq) H+(aq) + NO2-(aq) 7.2 x 10-4

hydrofluoric acid HF(aq) H+(aq) + F-(aq) 6.6 x 10-4

methanoic (formic) acid HCOOH(aq) H+(aq) + HCOO-(aq) 1.8 x 10-4

hydrogen oxalate ion HOOCCOO-(aq) H+(aq) + OOCCOO2-(aq) 5.4 x 10-5

ethanoic (acetic) acid CH3COOH(aq) H+(aq) + CH3COO-(aq) 1.8 x 10-5

carbonic acid (CO2 + H2O) H2CO3(aq) H+(aq) + HCO3-(aq) 4.4 x 10-7

hydrosulfuric acid H2S(aq) H+(aq) + HS-(aq) 1.1 x 10-7

dihydrogen phosphate ion H2PO4-(aq) H+(aq) + HPO4

2-(aq) 6.3 x 10-8

hydrogen sulfie tion HSO3-(aq) H+(aq) + SO3

2-(aq) 6.2 x 10-8

hypochlorous acid HClO(aq) H+(aq) + ClO-(aq) 2.9 x 10-8

hypobromous acid HBrO(aq) H+(aq) + BrO-(aq) 2.8 x 10-9

hydrocyanic acid HCN(aq) H+(aq) + CN-(aq) 6.2 x 10-10

boric acid H3BO3(aq) H+(aq) + H2BO3-(aq) 5.8 x 10-10

ammonium ion NH4+(aq) H+(aq) + NH3(aq) 5.8 x 10-10

hydrogen carbonate ion HCO3-(aq) H+(aq) + CO3

2-(aq) 4.7 x 10-11

hydrogen phosphate ion HPO42-(aq) H+(aq) + PO4

3-(aq) 4.2 x 10-13

dihydrogen borate ion H2BO3-(aq) H+(aq) + HBO3

2-(aq) 1.8 x 10-13

hydrogen sulfide ion HS-(aq) H+(aq) + S2-(aq) 1.3 x 10-13

hydrogen borate ion HBO32-(aq) H+(aq) + BO3

3-(aq) 1.6 x 10-14


Strong Bases

All oxides and hydroxides of the alkali metals and the alkaline earth metals (except Be) are strong bases.

Weak Bases

Base Formula Base dissociation constant, Kb

ethylenediamine NH2CH2CH2NH2 5.2 x 10-4

dimethylamine (CH3)2NH 5.1 x 10-4

methylamine CH3NH2 4.4 x 10-4

trimethylamine (CH3)3N 6.5 x 10-5

ammonia NH3 1.8 x 10-5

hydrazine N2H4 1.7 x 10-6

pyridine C5H5N 1.4 x 10-9

aniline C6H5NH2 45.2 x 10-10

urea NH2CONH2 1.5 x 10-14

Acid-Base Indicators at 25°C

Indicator Suggested Symbol pH range Color change as pH increases

methyl violet HMv 0.0 – 1.6 Yellow to blue

thymol blue

H2Tb 1.2 – 2.8 Red to yellow

HTb- 8.0 – 9.6 Yellow to blue

orange IV HOr 1.4 – 2.8 Red to yellow

methyl orange HMo 3.2 – 4.4 Red to yellow

bromocresol green HBg 3.8 – 5.4 Yellow to blue

ethyl red Her 4.0 – 5.8 Colorless to red

litmus HLt 4.5 – 8.3 Red to blue

methyl red HMr 4.8 – 6.0 Red to yellow

chlororphenol red HCh 5.2 – 6.8 Yellow to red

bromothymol blue HBb 6.0 – 7.6 Yellow to blue

phenol red HPr 6.6 – 8.0 Yellow to red

phenolphthalein HPh 8.2 – 10.0 Colorless to pink

thymolphthalein HTh 9.4 – 10.6 Colorless to blue

alizarin yellow R HAy 10.1 – 12.0 Yellow to red

alizarin HAz 11.0 – 12.4 Red to purple

indigo carmine Hic 11.4 – 13.0 Blue to yellow

1,3,5-trinitrbenzene HNb 12.0 – 14.0 Colorless to orange

Chemistry Data Booklet

Page 12

Standard Electrode Potentials at 25°C

Reduction Half-Reaction E° (V)

F2(g) + 2e- 2F-(aq) +2.87

H2O2(aq) + 2H+(aq) + 2e- 2H2O(l) +1.78

PbO2(s) + SO42-(aq) + 4H+(aq) + 2e-

PbSO4(s) + 2H2O(l) +1.69

MnO4-(aq) + 4H+(aq) + 3e-

MnO2(s) + 2H2O(l) +1.68

MnO4-(aq) + 8H+(aq) + 5e-

Mn2+(aq) + 4H2O(l) +1.57

Au3+(aq) + 3e- Au(s) +1.50

ClO3-(aq) + 6H+(aq) + 5e-

½Cl2(g) + 3H2O(l) +1.47

ClO4-(aq) + 8H+(aq) + 8e-

Cl-(aq) + 4H2O(l) +1.39

Cl2(g) + 2e- 2Cl-(aq) +1.36

Cr2O72-(aq) + 14H+(aq) + 6e-

2Cr3+(aq) + 7H2O(l) +1.36

O2(g) + 4H+(aq) + 4e- 2H2O(l) +1.23

MnO2(s) + 4H+(aq) + 2e- Mn2+(aq) + 2H2O(l) +1.22

IO3-(aq) + 6H+(aq)NO3

-(aq) + 4H+(aq) + 5e- ½I2(s) + 3H2O(l) +1.20

Br2(l) + 2e- 2Br-(aq) +1.07

NO3-(aq) + 4H+(aq) + 3e-

NO(g) + 2H2O(l) +0.96

Hg2+(aq) + 2e- Hg(l) +0.85

Ag+(aq) + e- Ag(s) +0.80

Fe3+(aq) + e- Fe2+(aq) +0.77

O2(g) + 2H+(aq) + 2e- H2O2(aq) +0.70

MnO4-(aq) + 2H2O(l) + 3e-

MnO2(s) + 4OH-(aq) +0.60

I2(s) + 2e- 2I-(aq) +0.54

Cu+(aq) + e- Cu(s) +0.52

O2(g) + 2H2O(l) + 4e- 4OH-(aq) +0.40

Cu2+(aq) + 2e- Cu(s) +0.34

SO42-(aq) + 4H+(aq) + 2e-

H2SO3(aq) + H2O(l) +0.17

Sn4+(aq) + 2e- Sn2+(aq) +0.15

S(s) + 2H+(aq) + 2e- H2S(aq) +0.14


Reduction Half-Reaction E° (V)

2H+(aq) + 2e- H2(g) 0.00

Fe3+(aq) + 3e- Fe(s) -0.04

Pb2+(aq) + 2e- Pb(s) -0.13

Sn2+(aq) + 2e- Sn(s) -0.14

MoO2(s) + 4H+(aq) + 4e- Mo(s) + 2H2O(l) -0.15

Ni2+(aq) + 2e- Ni(s) -0.26

Co2+(aq) + 2e- Co(s) -0.28

PbSO4(s) + 2e- Pb(s) + SO4

2-(aq) -0.36

Cd2+(aq) + 2e- Cd(s) -0.40

Fe2+(aq) + 2e- Fe(s) -0.45

H3PO3(aq) + 3H+(aq) + 3e- P(s) + 3H2O(l) -0.45

Sb(s) + 3H+(aq) + 3e- SbH3(s) -0.51

Cr3+(aq) + 3e- Cr(s) -0.74

Zn2+(aq) + 2e- Zn(s) -0.76

2H2O(l) + 2e- H2(g) + 2OH-(aq) -0.83

Cr2+(aq) + 2e- Cr(s) -0.91

Mn2+(aq) + 2e- Mn(s) -1.18

Al3+(aq) + 3e- Al(s) -1.66

Be2+ + 2e- Be(s) -1.82

Ce3+ + 3e- Ce(s) -2.34

Mg2+ + 2e- Mg(s) -2.37

Na+ + e- Na(s) -2.71

Ca2+ + 2e- Ca(s) -2.87

Sr2+ + 2e- Sr(s) -2.90

Ba2+ + 2e- Ba(s) -2.91

K+ + e- K(s) -2.93

Rb+ + e- Rb(s) -2.98

Li+ + e- Li(s) -3.04


Molal Freezing and Boiling Point Constants (in °C/mol/1000 g solvent)

Substance

Freezing Point Molal Freezing Boiling Point Molal Boiling Point

(°C) Point Constant (°C) Constant

Benzene 5.5 –4.90 80.1 2.53

Camphor 198.8 –37.7 204 5.95

Cyclohexane 6.55 –20.0 80.74 2.79

Nitrobenzene 5.7 –7.00 210.8 5.24

Phenol 43 –7.40 181.75 3.56

Water 0.00 –1.86 100.00 0.512

Acetic Acid 16.604 –3.90 117.9 3.07

Solubility Product Constant (Ksp) Values at 25 oC

Salt Ksp

Bromides

PbBr2 6.6 x 10-6

CuBr 6.3 x 10-9

AgBr 5.4 x 10-13

Hg2Br2 6.4 x 10-23

Chlorides

PbCl2 1.2 x 10-5

CuCl 1.7 x 10-7

AgCl 1.8 x 10-10

Hg2Cl2 1.4 x 10-18

Fluorides

BaF2 1.8 x 10-7

MgF2 7.4 x 10-11

SrF2 2.5 x 10-9

CaF2 1.5 x 10-10

Iodides

PbI2 8.5 x 10-9

CuI 1.1 x 10-12

AgI 8.5 x 10-17

Hg2I2 4.5 x 10-29

Salt Ksp

Hydroxides

Ba(OH)2 5.0 x 10-3

Sr(OH)2 6.4 x 10-3

Ca(OH)2 4.7 x 10-6

Mg(OH)2 5.6 x 10-12

Mn(OH)2 2.1 x 10-13

Cd(OH)2 5.3 x 10-15

Pb(OH)2 1.2 x 10-15

Fe(OH)2 4.9 x 10-17

Ni(OH)2 5.5 x 10-16

Co(OH)2 1.1 x 10-15

Zn(OH)2 4.1 x 10-17

Cu(OH)2 1.6 x 10-19

Hg(OH)2 3.1 x 10-26

Sn(OH)2 5.4 x 10-27

Cr(OH)3 6.7 x 10-31

Al(OH)3 1.9 x 10-33

Fe(OH)3 2.6 x 10-39

Chromates

CaCrO4 7.1 x 10-4

SrCrO4 2.2 x 10-5

Hg2CrO4 2.0 x 10-9

BaCrO4 1.2 x 10-10

Ag2CrO4 2.0 x 10-12

PbCrO4 2.8 x 10-13

Salt Ksp

Oxalates

MgC2O4 4.8 x 10-6

FeC2O4 2 x 10-7

NiC2O4 1 x 10-7

SrC2O4 5 x 10-8

CuC2O4 3 x 10-8

BaC2O4 1.6 x 10-7

CdC2O4 1.4 x 10-8

ZnC2O4 1.4 x 10-9

CaC2O4 2.3 x 10-9

Ag2C2O4 3.5 x 10-11

PbC2O4 4.8 x 10-12

Hg2C2O4 1.8 x 10-13

MnC2O4 1 x 10-15

Phosphates

Ag3PO4 8.9 x 10-17

AlPO4 9.8 x 10-21

Mn3(PO4)2 1 x 10-22

Ba3(PO4)2 3 x 10-23

BiPO4 1.3 x 10-23

Sr3(PO4)2 4 x 10-28

Pb3(PO4)2 7.9 x 10-43

Salt Ksp

Acetates

Ag(CH3COO) 4.4 x 10-3

Hg2(CH3COO)2 4 x 10-10

Carbonates

MgCO3 6.8 x 10-6

NiCO3 1.3 x 10-7

CaCO3 5.0 x 10-9

SrCO3 5.6 x 10-10

MnCO3 2.2 x 10-11

CuCO3 2.5 x 10-10

CoCO3 1.0 x 10-10

FeCO3 2.1 x 10-11

ZnCO3 1.2 x 10-10

Ag2CO3 8.1 x 10-12

CdCO3 6.2 x 10-12

PbCO3 7.4 x 10-14

Sulfates

CaSO4 7.1 x 10-5

Ag2SO4 1.2 x 10-5

Hg2SO4 6.8 x 10-7

SrSO4 3.5 x 10-7

PbSO4 1.8 x 10-8

BaSO4 1.1 x 10-10


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