chemistry 28022011
TRANSCRIPT
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CHEMISTRY
PRESENTED BY:-
Vikas Lohiya
Raunak Bhansali
CSE Final Yr
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UnhappyUnstableHIGH energy
HappyStable
LOW energy3
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Reactants Products(unstable) (stable)
Reactants Products
(stable) (unstable)4
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When electrons are accelerated
and then stopped, a photon of
light will be generated.
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The building blocks of Chemistry
Hydrogen Nitrogen-7
Oxygen-8
Carbon-6
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Hydrogen
Hydrogen
Carbon-6
Hydrogen
Hydrogen
Compounds are twoor more elements
that share electrons.
When electrons are shared,
they dont just stay around
the element that first owned
them.
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Water: the Universal Solvent
One side of water is negatively
charged because the oxygen atom
keeps the shared electrons
longer than the hydrogen atoms.
As a result the oxygen side is
negatively charged and the hydrogen
side of water is positively charged.
O
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Water: the Universal SolventWater has positive and negative poles and thus called a polar solvent.
The negative end of water will be attracted to the positive sodium ion. The positiveend of water will be attracted to the negative chloride ion.
Being always in motion, it will pull on the ionic compound and move the ions awayfrom each other. This dissolves the ionic compound.
Na+ Cl-
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Wax does not repel water
Water is so attracted to other water molecules thatanything between them is squeezed out of the way.
Oil
droplet
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Cationan ion with a positivecharge.
Anionan ion with a Negativecharge.
A
ION
+
-
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Cations
H+ Hydrogen
Na
+
SodiumMg+2 Magnesium
Ca+2 Calcium
Ag+1 Silver
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Fe+2 Iron (II) Ferrous
Fe+3 Iron (III) Ferric
Cu+1 Copper (I) Cuprous
Cu+2 Copper (II) CupricNH4
+ Ammonium
Metal oxide Cations
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F-1
FluorideCl-1 Chloride
Br-1 BromideI-1 Iodide
Anions
The Halogens14
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PO4-3 PhosphateSiO4
-2 Silicate
SO4-2
SulfateMoO4
-3 Molybdate
B4O7-2
Borate
Anions OH-1 Hydroxide
NO2-1
NitriteNO3-1 Nitrate
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Ionic bondA chemical bond in which one atom loses an electron to form
a positive ion and the other atom gains an electron to form anegative ion
Li F21
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Li+1 F-1
Ionic bond
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2
1
The attraction between a cation
and an anion.17
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SALT - a Cation and an Anionheld together by an ionic bond.
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P+1
Covalent bondwhen two atoms share a pair of
electrons.
P+1
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Covalent bondwhen two atoms share a pair of
electrons.
P+1 P+1
Its like both atoms
have a filled orbital.20
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Metallic Bond the sharing of valenceelectrons by neighboring metal atoms.
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Physical vs. Chemical
ChangesPhysical changesoccur when substances orobjects undergo a change without changing
into another substance
Chemical changesare changes substancesundergo when they become new or different
substances.
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Physical vs. Chemical Changes
Physical changeobjects identity remains the same
Usually involves energy (like heat) andstates of matter.
Meltingof ice cream is an
example of a physical change.
Remember that after a:
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Chemical Change
Chemical changeobjects identity changesChemical changes happen on a molecular level
Burningof a candle is an example of a chemic
change.
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Properties andchanges showingChemical reaction(i.e. reactivity,
combustibility,development of a
gas, formation of
precipitate, andchange in color).
Reactivity
Combustibility
Gas formation
Precipitate
Color change26
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Reactivity
The tendency toundergo a
chemical
change.
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H
Li
Na
Be
Mg
B
Al
C
Si
N
P
O
S
F
Cl
He
Ne
Ar
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C b i
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Combustion -
chemicalreaction between
a fuel and anoxidant,
producing gasesand light
(flames).29
C b tibilit
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Combustibility
The tendency toreact with
Oxygen,releasing heat.
O2
BURNING30
evidence of Chemical Change:
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evidence of Chemical Change:development of a gas
formation of precipitatechange in color
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P i it t
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Precipitate - theformation of insolubleionic compounds.
Does NOT dissolve in solution.
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Reaction
http://icn2.umeche.maine.edu/newnav/newnavigator/images/P7280069.JPGhttp://icn2.umeche.maine.edu/newnav/newnavigator/images/P7280069.JPG -
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Nuclear Chemical Physical
ReactionProcess in which one or more substances are changed into others
Reaction Type
Protons&Neutronschange
Bonds
made/ broken
Electronsexchanged
No change inatoms
phasechange
Density 33
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Decomposition
Simple Reactions
Synthesis(Combination)
Single
Replacement
Double
Replacement 34
B B
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Decomposition
Synthesis
SingleReplacement
Double
Replacement
A B A B+
A BA B +
A BA B +C+ C
A BA B +C+ CD D35
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The study of chemicals
that make up livingthings.
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Biochemical
Sugars (carbohydrates)
ProteinsFats (lipids)
DNA
Main categories
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Hair, nails
andmuscles
are madeof Proteins
Proteinstructure
Amino acids are b ilding blocks for proteins
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HH
H NC
O
Amino acids are building blocks for proteins
O
C
C
N
O
H C
H
Amino
acid
Glycine
C
H
H
Alanine
Glycine is the simplest of the
amino acids. Lets now make
alanine.
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Sugars are called carbohydrates.
They are made of a circle of
carbons and one oxygen.
Sugars
CCCCC
OThey can be linked in a
chain to form COMPLEX
sugars.
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Fatty Acids are a
kind of Fat or oil.They are basically a
chain of carbons,with a COOH group.
Fats (lipids)
COOH
group
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DNA is
stored in the
Nucleus (center)
of the cell.
A id
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Acidany of various water-soluble compounds having a sour taste and capable of turning
litmus red and reacting with a base to form a salt
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Base
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Baseany of various water-soluble compounds capable of turning litmus blue and reacting with
an acid to form a salt and water
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Highly corrosive!
Highly corrosive!
Remember:
Low pH = high acidity
pH- the amount of H+ ions in a
solution.ACIDextra H+1 ions (protons)BASEfewer H+1 ions.extra OH+1 ions.
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pH H2O H+
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Weak ACID
Strong ACIDHCl Hydrochloric acid
H2SO4 Sulfuric acidHNO3 Nitric acid
CH3COOH Acetic acidH2CO3 Carbonic acid
Citric acid
pH H2O H
1 10 1
2 100 1
3 1000 1
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pH paperContaining a universal indicator, pH paper is paper that can be defined as the
product used to determine acidity levels of solutions.Litmus paper will demonstrate a color change based on the acidity of solution. A red
color change indicates acidic solution, while blue shows basic.
Blue Litmus paper
Red Litmus paper
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Catalyst
a substance whichalters the rate of a
chemical reaction.It is unchangedat the
end of the reaction.
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Platinum catalyst
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Platinum catalyst2 CO + O2
Pt 2 CO2
stabilized
intermediates
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Thank you
Jared Chadwick
said
Chemistry plays an important role in life. Everydaychemistry is about us, and everyday we use chemistry.
Without it we would not be able to survive.
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