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Oxygen and nitrogen are the main components of Earths atmosphere. The oxygen molecule is an exception to the octet rule. It has two unpaired electrons. Three pairs of electrons are shared in a nitrogen molecule.Carbon dioxide gas is soluble in water and is used to carbonate many beverages. A carbon dioxide molecule has two carbonoxygen double bonds.Oxygen and nitrogen are the main components of Earths atmosphere. The oxygen molecule is an exception to the octet rule. It has two unpaired electrons. Three pairs of electrons are shared in a nitrogen molecule.The polyatomic ammonium ion (NH4), present in ammonium sulfate, is an important component of fertilizer for field crops, home gardens, and potted plants.

Although ozone high above the ground forms a protective layer that absorbs ultraviolet radiation from the sun, at lower elevations ozone is a pollutant that contributes to smog.

Lightning is one means by which nitrogen and oxygen in the atmosphere produce nitrogen dioxide.

Phosphorus pentachloride, used as a chlorinating and dehydrating agent, and sulfur hexafluoride, used as an insulator for electrical equipment, are exceptions to the octet rule. Interpreting Diagrams How many valence electrons does the sulfur in sulfur hexafluoride (SF6 ) have for the structure shown in the figure?