Chemistry

Chapter 2

Living organisms are made up of matter.

matter = anything that occupies space

and has mass

chemistry = the study of matter and changes in

matter

therefore understanding chemistry is essential to studying biology

In order to understand the whole, biologists study the parts (reductionism)

Here is an example of this

A. Molecule: Actin Atom

MyosinActin

B. Organelle: Myofibril (found only in muscle cells)

Myofibril (organelle)

C. Cell and tissue: Muscle cell within muscle tissue

Rattlebox moth

D. Organ: Flight muscle of a moth

In order to understand the whole, biologists study the parts (reductionism)

Each level of organization in the biological hierarchy builds on the one below it.

At each level, new properties emerge.

96% of the mass of a human consists of 4 elements…

oxygen (O) 65%

carbon (C) 18%

hydrogen (H) 10%

nitrogen (N) 3%

The remaining 4% consists of these 7 elements…

calcium (Ca)

magnesium (Mg)

sodium (Na)

potassium (K)

chlorine (Cl)

phosphorus (P)

sulfur (S)

http://www.google.ca/imgres?imgurl=http://www.thachers.org/images/endemic_goiter.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.aaymca.com/goiter-aaymca-dot-com-20100827/&usg=__KNozDG4WcO6Mn7YW6UWXY_ZC3_8=&h=852&w=616&sz=48&hl=en&start=5&zoom=1&um=1&itbs=1&tbnid=BvjeSTRSN6XaRM:&tbnh=145&tbnw=105&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dgoiter%26um%3D1%26hl%3Den%26safe%3Dactive%26sa%3DN%26rlz%3D1R2ADSA_enCA395%26tbs%3Disch:1

There are 14 other elements that are found in the body in teeny tiny amounts, but are absolutely essential.

iron (Fe)

iodine (I)

Question

Why don’t you see people in Winnipeg with goiters?

Answer

Atoms of 4 Elements That Are Important for Life

Formation of an Ionic Bond

A Crystal of Sodium Chloride

A Water Molecule

Water is a Polar Molecule

Water Molecules Form Hydrogen Bonds

Hydrogen Bonds in Ice Versus Liquid Water

A Crystal of Salt Dissolving in Water

Bonds Are Broken & Made in a Chemical Reaction