chemistry chapter 5
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Chemistry Chapter 5. The Periodic Law. Mendeleev’s Periodic Table. Dmitri Mendeleev. Modern Russian Table. Chinese Periodic Table. Stowe Periodic Table. A Spiral Periodic Table. Triangular Periodic Table. “Mayan” Periodic Table. Giguere Periodic Table. Orbital filling table. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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Chemistry Chapter 5Chemistry Chapter 5
The Periodic LawThe Periodic Law
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Mendeleev’s Periodic Table
Dmitri Mendeleev
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Modern Russian Table
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Chinese Periodic Table
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Stowe Periodic Table
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A Spiral Periodic Spiral Periodic TableTable
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Triangular Periodic Table
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““Mayan” Mayan”
Periodic Periodic TableTable
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Giguere Periodic TableGiguere Periodic Table
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Orbital filling table
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Periodic Table with Group Names
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Easily lose valence electron (Reducing agents)
React violently with water Large hydration energy React with halogens to form
salts
The Properties of a Group: the Alkali Metals
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Properties of MetalsProperties of Metals Metals are good conductors of heat and electricity
Metals are malleable
Metals are ductile
Metals have high tensile strength
Metals have luster
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Examples of MetalsExamples of Metals
Potassium, K reacts with water and must be stored in kerosene
Zinc, Zn, is more stable than potassium
Copper, Cu, is a relatively soft metal, and a very good electrical conductor.
Mercury, Hg, is the only metal that exists as a liquid at room temperature
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PropertiesProperties of of NonmetalsNonmetals
Carbon, the graphite in “pencil lead” is a great example of a nonmetallic element. Nonmetals are poor conductors of heat and electricity Nonmetals tend to be brittle Many nonmetals are gases at room temperature
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Examples of NonmetalsExamples of Nonmetals
Sulfur, S, was once known as “brimstone”
Microspheres of phosphorus, P, a reactive nonmetal
Graphite is not the only pure form of carbon, C. Diamond is also carbon; the color comes from impurities caught within the crystal structure
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Properties of Properties of MetalloidsMetalloids
Metalloids straddle the border between metals and nonmetals on the periodic table.
They have properties of both metals and nonmetals.Metalloids are more brittle than metals, less brittle than most nonmetallic solids Metalloids are semiconductors of electricity Some metalloids possess metallic luster
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Silicon, Si – A MetalloidSilicon, Si – A Metalloid Silicon has metallic luster Silicon is brittle like a nonmetal Silicon is a semiconductor of electricity
Other metalloids include:
Boron, B Germanium, Ge Arsenic, As Antimony, Sb Tellurium, Te
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Half of the distance between nucli in covalently bonded diatomic molecule
"covalent atomic radii"
Periodic Trends in Atomic Radius
Radius decreases across a period Increased effective nuclear charge dueto decreased shielding
Radius increases down a group Addition of principal quantum levels
Determination of Atomic Radius:
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Table of Table of Atomic Atomic
RadiiRadii
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Increases for successive electrons taken from the same atom
Tends to increase across a period
Electrons in the same quantum level do not shield as effectively as electrons in inner levels
Irregularities at half filled and filled sublevels due to extra repulsion of electrons paired in orbitals, making them easier to remove
Tends to decrease down a groupOuter electrons are farther from thenucleus
Ionization Energy - the energy required to remove an
electron from an atom
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Ionization of Magnesium Mg + 738 kJ Mg+ + e-
Mg+ + 1451 kJ Mg2+ + e-
Mg2+ + 7733 kJ Mg3+ + e-
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Table of 1st Ionization Energies
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Another Way to Look at Ionization Energy
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Affinity tends to increase across a period
Affinity tends to decrease as you go down in a period
Electrons farther from the nucleusexperience less nuclear attraction
Some irregularities due to repulsive forces in the relatively small p orbitals
Electron Affinity - the energy change associated with the addition of an electron
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ElectronegativityElectronegativity
A measure of the ability of an atom in a chemicalcompound to attract electrons
Electronegativities tend to increase across a period
Electronegativities tend to decrease down a group or remain the same
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Table of Electron AffinitiesTable of Electron Affinities
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Ionic RadiiIonic RadiiCations
Positively charged ions Smaller than the
corresponding atomAnions
Negatively charged ions Larger than the corresponding atom
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Summation of Periodic Trends
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Table of Ion Sizes
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Periodic Table of Electronegativities