Formula and data book

Chemistry v1.3

1 of 15

Formulas

Processing of data

Chemical reactions — reactants, products and energy change

Aqueous solutions and acidity

Chemical equilibrium systems

2 of 15

Physical constants and unit conversions

Physical constants and unit conversions

Absolute zero

Atomic mass unit

Avogadro’s constant

Ideal gas constant

Ionic product constant for water (at 298 K)

Molar volume of an ideal gas (at STP)

Specific heat capacity of water (at 298 K)

Standard temperature and pressure (STP)

Volume and capacity conversions

3 of 15

Lis

t of e

lem

ents

Nam

eA

tom

ic n

o.Sy

mbo

l

Hyd

roge

n1

HH

eliu

m2

He

Lith

ium

3Li

Ber

ylliu

m4

Be

Bor

on5

BC

arbo

n6

CN

itrog

en7

NO

xyge

n8

OFl

uorin

e9

FN

eon

10N

eSo

dium

11N

aM

agne

sium

12M

gA

lum

iniu

m13

Al

Silic

on14

SiPh

osph

orus

15P

Sulfu

r16

SC

hlor

ine

17Cl

Arg

on18

Ar

Pota

ssiu

m19

KC

alci

um20

Ca

Scan

dium

21Sc

Tita

nium

22Ti

Vana

dium

23V

Chr

omiu

m24

CrM

anga

nese

25M

nIr

on26

FeC

obal

t27

Co

Nic

kel

28N

iC

oppe

r29

Cu

Zinc

30Zn

Nam

eA

tom

ic n

o.Sy

mbo

l

Gal

lium

31G

aG

erm

aniu

m32

Ge

Ars

enic

33A

sSe

leni

um34

SeBr

omin

e35

BrK

rypt

on36

Kr

Rubi

dium

37R

bSt

ront

ium

38Sr

Yttri

um39

YZi

rcon

ium

40Zr

Nio

bium

41N

bM

olyb

denu

m42

Mo

Tech

netiu

m43

TcRu

then

ium

44Ru

Rho

dium

45R

hPa

lladi

um46

PdSi

lver

47A

gC

adm

ium

48C

dIn

dium

49In

Tin

50Sn

Ant

imon

y51

SbTe

lluriu

m52

TeIo

dine

53I

Xen

on54

Xe

Ces

ium

55Cs

Bariu

m56

BaLa

ntha

num

57La

Cer

ium

58C

ePr

aseo

dym

ium

59Pr

Neo

dym

ium

60N

d

Nam

eA

tom

ic n

o.Sy

mbo

l

Prom

ethi

um61

PmSa

mar

ium

62Sm

Euro

pium

63Eu

Gad

olin

ium

64G

dTe

rbiu

m65

TbD

yspr

osiu

m66

Dy

Hol

miu

m67

Ho

Erbi

um68

ErTh

uliu

m69

TmYt

terb

ium

70Y

bLu

tetiu

m71

LuH

afni

um72

Hf

Tant

alum

73Ta

Tung

sten

74W

Rhe

nium

75Re

Osm

ium

76O

sIr

idiu

m77

IrPl

atin

um78

PtG

old

79A

uM

ercu

ry80

Hg

Thal

lium

81Tl

Lead

82Pb

Bism

uth

83Bi

Polo

nium

84Po

Ast

atin

e85

At

Rad

on86

Rn

Fran

cium

87Fr

Rad

ium

88R

aA

ctin

ium

89A

cTh

oriu

m90

Th

Nam

eA

tom

ic n

o.Sy

mbo

l

Prot

actin

ium

91Pa

Ura

nium

92U

Nep

tuni

um93

Np

Plut

oniu

m94

PuA

mer

iciu

m95

Am

Cur

ium

96Cm

Ber

keliu

m97

BkC

alifo

rniu

m98

CfEi

nste

iniu

m99

EsFe

rmiu

m10

0Fm

Men

dele

vium

101

Md

Nob

eliu

m10

2N

oLa

wre

nciu

m10

3Lr

Ruth

erfo

rdiu

m10

4R

fD

ubni

um10

5D

bSe

abor

gium

106

SgBo

hriu

m10

7Bh

Has

sium

108

Hs

Mei

tner

ium

109

Mt

Dar

mst

adtiu

m11

0D

sRo

entg

eniu

m11

1R

gC

oper

nici

um11

2Cn

Nih

oniu

m11

3N

hFl

erov

ium

114

FlM

osco

vium

115

Mc

Live

rmor

ium

116

LvTe

nnes

sine

117

TsO

gane

sson

118

Og

4 of 15

Peri

odic

tabl

e of

the

elem

ents

12

H 1.01

H 1.01

He

4.00

34

56

78

910

Li 6.94

Be 9.01

B 10.8

1C 12.0

1N 14.0

1O 16.0

0F

19.0

0Ne 20

.1811

1213

1415

1617

18Na 22

.99

Mg

24.3

1A

l26

.98

Si 28.0

9P

30.9

7S

32.0

6C

l35

.45

Ar

39.9

519

2021

2223

2425

2627

2829

3031

3233

3435

36K 39.10

Ca 40.0

8Sc 44

.96

Ti 47.8

7V 50.9

4C

r52

.00

Mn

54.9

4Fe 55

.85

Co 58.9

3Ni 58

.69

Cu

63.5

5Zn 65

.38

Ga

69.72

Ge

72.6

3A

s74

.92

Se 78.9

7Br 79

.90

Kr

83.8

037

3839

4041

4243

4445

4647

4849

5051

5253

54R

b85

.47

Sr 87.6

2Y 88.91

Zr 91.2

2N

b92

.91M

o95

.95

Tc(9

8.91

)Ru 101.

07R

h10

2.91

Pd 106.

42A

g10

7.87

Cd 112.

41In 114.

82Sn 118.

71Sb 121.7

6Te 127.6

0I

126.

90Xe 131.

2955

5657

–71

7273

7475

7677

7879

8081

8283

8485

86Cs 132.

91Ba 137.

33La

ntha

-no

ids

Hf

178.

49Ta 180.

95W 183.

84Re 186.

21O

s19

0.23

Ir19

2.22

Pt19

5.08

Au 196.

97H

g20

0.59

Tl20

4.38

Pb 207.

2Bi

208.

98Po (210

.0)

At(2

10.0

)R

n(2

22.0

)87

8889

–103

104

105

106

107

108

109

110

111

112

113

114

115

116

117

118

Fr(2

23.0

)R

a(2

26.1)

Acti-

noid

sR

f(2

61.1)

Db

(262

.1)Sg (263

.1)Bh (264

.1)H

s(2

65.1)

Mt

(268

)D

s(2

81)

Rg

(272

)C

n(2

85)

Nh

(284

)Fl (289

)M

c(2

88)

Lv (293

)Ts (294

)O

g(2

94)

5758

5960

6162

6364

6566

6768

6970

71La 138.

91Ce 140.

12Pr 140.

91Nd 144.

24Pm (146

.9)

Sm 150.

36Eu 151.

96G

d15

7.25

Tb 158.

93D

y16

2.50

Ho

164.

93Er 167.

26Tm 16

8.93

Yb

173.

05Lu 174.

9789

9091

9293

9495

9697

9899

100

101

102

103

Ac (227

.0)

Th 232.

0Pa 23

1.0

U 238.

0Np (237

.0)

Pu (239

.1)A

m(2

41.1)

Cm

(244

.1)Bk (249

.1)C

f(2

52.1)

Es (252

.1)Fm (252

.1)M

d(2

58.1)

No (259

.1)Lr (262

.1)

1A

tom

ic n

umbe

r

Sym

bol

Rela

tive

atom

ic m

ass*

Gro

ups a

re n

umbe

red

acco

rdin

g to

IUPA

C c

onve

ntio

n 1–

18.

*Val

ues i

n br

acke

ts a

re fo

r the

isot

ope

with

the

long

est h

alf-l

ife.

1

2

34

56

78

910

1112

1314

1516

17

18

5 of 15

Ato

mic

and

ioni

c ra

dii o

f sel

ecte

d el

emen

ts

12

H 3220

8 (1

–)Li 13

076

(1+)

He

37

34

56

78

910

Li 130

76 (1

+)

Be 9945

(2+)

B 8427

(3+)

C 7516

(4+)

N 7114

6 (3

–)

O 6414

0 (2

–)

F 6013

3 (1

–)

Ne 62

1112

1314

1516

1718

Na 160

102

(1+)

Mg

140

72 (2

+)

Al

124

53 (3

+)

Si 114

40 (4

+)

P 109

38 (5

+)

S 104

184

(2–)

Cl

100

181

(1–)

Ar

101

1920

2122

2324

2526

2728

2930

3132

3334

3536

K 200

138

(1+)

Ca 174

100

(2+)

Sc 159

75 (3

+)

Ti 148

86 (2

+)61

(4+)

V 144

79 (2

+)54

(5+)

Cr

130

62 (3

+)44

(6+)

Mn

129

83 (2

+)64

(3+)

Fe 124

78 (2

+)64

(3+)

Co 118

74 (2

+)61

(3+)

Ni 117

69 (2

+)60

(3+)

Cu

122

77 (1

+)73

(2+)

Zn 120

74 (2

+)

Ga

123

62 (3

+)

Ge

120

53 (4

+)27

2 (4

–)

As

120

58 (3

+)46

(5+)

Se 118

198

(2–)

Br 117

196

(1–)

Kr

116

3738

3940

4142

4344

4546

4748

4950

5152

5354

Rb

215

152

(1+)

Sr 190

118

(2+)

Y 176

90 (3

+)

Zr 164

72 (4

+)

Nb

156

64 (5

+)

Mo

148

65 (4

+)

Tc 138

65 (4

+)

Ru 136

62 (4

+)

Rh

134

67 (3

+)

Pd 130

86 (2

+)

Ag

136

115

(1+)

Cd 140

95 (2

+)

In 142

80 (3

+)

Sn 140

69 (4

+)

Sb 140

76 (3

+)

Te 137

221

(2–)

I 136

220

(1–)

Xe 136

5556

Cs 238

167

(1+)

Ba 206

135

(2+)

3A

tom

ic n

umbe

r

Sym

bol

Ato

mic

radi

us (1

0–12 m

)C

harg

e of

ion

Ioni

c ra

dius

(10–1

2 m)

Gro

ups a

re n

umbe

red

acco

rdin

g to

IUPA

C c

onve

ntio

n 1–

18.

1

2

34

56

78

910

1112

1314

1516

17

18

6 of 15

Elec

tron

egat

iviti

es a

nd fi

rst i

onis

atio

n en

ergi

es o

f sel

ecte

d el

emen

ts

12

H 2.2

1318

H 2.2

1318

He

2379

34

56

78

910

Li 1.0

526

Be 1.6

906

B 2.0

807

C 2.6

1093

N 3.0

1407

O 3.4

1320

F 4.0

1687

Ne 2087

1112

1314

1516

1718

Na 0.9

502

Mg

1.3

744

Al

1.6

584

Si 1.9

793

P 2.2

1018

S 2.6

1006

Cl

3.2

1257

Ar

1527

1920

2122

2324

2526

2728

2930

3132

3334

3536

K 0.8

425

Ca 1.0

596

Sc 1.4

637

Ti 1.5

664

V 1.6

656

Cr

1.7 659

Mn

1.6

724

Fe 1.8

766

Co 1.9

765

Ni 1.9

743

Cu

1.9

752

Zn 1.7 913

Ga

1.8

585

Ge

2.0

768

As

2.2

953

Se 2.6

947

Br 3.0

1146

Kr

2.9

1357

3738

3940

4142

4344

4546

4748

4950

5152

5354

Rb

0.8

409

Sr 1.0

556

Y 1.2

606

Zr 1.3

666

Nb

1.6

670

Mo

2.2

691

Tc 1.9

708

Ru 2.2

717

Rh

2.3

726

Pd 2.2

811

Ag

1.9

737

Cd 1.7 874

In 1.8

565

Sn 2.0

715

Sb 2.1

840

Te 2.1

876

I 2.7

1015

Xe 2.6

1177

5556

Cs 0.8

382

Ba 0.9

509

1A

tom

ic n

umbe

r

Sym

bol

Elec

trone

gativ

ity

Firs

t ion

isat

ion

enth

alpi

es (k

J mol

–1)

Gro

ups a

re n

umbe

red

acco

rdin

g to

IUPA

C c

onve

ntio

n 1–

18.

1

2

34

56

78

910

1112

1314

1516

17

18

7 of 15

Solubility of selected compounds at 298 K

bromide carbonate chloride hydroxide iodide nitrate oxide phosphate sulfate

aluminium s s i s s i i s

ammonium s s s s s s s s

barium s i s s s s s i i

calcium s i s p s s p i p

cobalt(II) s i s i s s i i s

copper(II) s s i i s i i s

iron(II) s i s i s s i i s

iron(III) s s i s s i i s

lead(II) p i s i i s i i i

lithium s s s s s s s s

magnesium s i s i s s i p s

manganese(II) s i s i s s i p s

potassium s s s s s s s s s

silver i i i i i s i i p

sodium s s s s s s s s s

zinc s i s i s s i i s

Key

Abbreviation Explanation

s soluble in water (solubility greater than 10 g L–1)

p partially soluble in water (solubility between 1 and 10 g L–1)

i insoluble in water (solubility less than 1 g L–1)

no data

8 of 15

Average bond enthalpies at 298 KSingle bonds

∆H (kJ mol–1)

H C N O F S Cl Br I

H 436

C 414 346

N 391 286 158

O 463 358 214 144

F 567 492 278 191 159

S 364 289 327 266

Cl 431 324 192 206 255 271 242

Br 366 285 201 249 218 219 193

I 298 228 201 280 211 178 151

Multiple bonds

Bond ∆H (kJ mol–1)

C = C 614

C ≡ C 839

C = N 615

C ≡ N 890

C = O 804

N = N 470

N ≡ N 945

O = O 498

9 of 15

Reactivity series of metals

Element Reactivity

K most reactive

Na

Li

Ba

Sr

Ca

Mg

Al

C*

Mn

Zn

Cr

Fe

Cd

Co

Ni

Sn

Pb

H2*

Sb

Bi

Cu

Hg

Ag

Au

Pt least reactive

*Carbon (C) and hydrogen gas (H2) added for comparison.

10 of 15

Standard electrode potentials at 298 K

Oxidised species Reduced species E° (V)

–3.04

–2.94

–2.91

–2.87

–2.71

–2.36

–1.68

–1.18

–0.83

–0.76

–0.44

–0.24

–0.14

–0.13

0.00

+0.16

+0.16

+0.34

+0.40

+0.52

+0.54

+0.77

+0.80

+1.08

+1.23

+1.36

+1.36

+1.51

+2.89

11 of 15

Glucose and fructose: straight chain and α-ring forms

CH2OH

OH

OH

OH

OH H

H

O

HH

H

CH2OH

O

OH

OH

OH H

HH

H

OH

H

CHO

CH2OH

C

C

C

C

H

HO

H

H

OH

H

OH

OH

Straight chain D-glucose α-D-glucose

OH

H

H

H OH

CH2OH

O

HOH2C

OH

O

H

H

H HO

HOH2C

OH

OH

CH2OH

CH2OH

CH2OH

C

C

C

C

HO

H

H

O

H

OH

OH

Straight chain D-fructose α-D-fructose

12 of 15

Common amino acids

Common name

(symbol)Structural formula

pH of isoelectric

point

Alanine(Ala)

H

C

O

CH3

H2N C OH 6.1

Asparagine(Asn)

OC

NH2

H

C

O

CH2

H2N C OH

5.4

Cysteine(Cys)

SH

H

C

O

CH2

H2N C OH

5.1

Glutamine(Gln) CH2

OC

NH2

H

C

O

CH2

H2N C OH

5.7

Histidine(His)

N

NH

H

C

O

CH2

H2N C OH

7.6

Common name

(symbol)Structural formula

pH of isoelectric

point

Arginine(Arg)

CH2

CH2

NH

NH2

C NH

H

C

O

CH2

H2N C OH

10.7

Aspartic acid

(Asp)

OH

C O

H

C

O

CH2

H2N C OH

3.0

Glutamic acid(Glu)

H

C

O

CH2

OH

C O

CH2

H2N C OH

3.2

Glycine(Gly)

H

C

O

H

H2N C OH 6.1

Isoleucine(Ile)

H

C

O

CHCH3

CH2

CH3

H2N C OH

6.0

Continues on the next page

13 of 15

Common name

(symbol)Structural formula

pH of isoelectric

point

Leucine(Leu)

CHCH3

CH3

H

C

O

CH2

H2N C OH

6.0

Methionine(Met)

H

C

O

CH2

CH2

CH3

S

H2N C OH

5.7

Proline(Pro)

O

C OH

HN

6.3

Threonine(Thr)

H

C

O

CHOH

CH3

H2N C OH

5.6

Tyrosine(Tyr)

H

C

O

CH2

OH

H2N C OH

5.7

Common name

(symbol)Structural formula

pH of isoelectric

point

Lysine(Lys)

CH2

CH2

H

C

O

CH2

CH2

NH2

H2N C OH

9.7

Phenylalanine(Phe)

H

C

O

CH2

H2N C OH

5.7

Serine(Ser)

H

C

O

CH2

OH

H2N C OH

5.7

Tryptophan(Trp)

H

C

O

CH2

HN

H2N C OH

5.9

Valine(Val)

H

C

O

CHCH3

CH3

H2N C OH

6.0

14 of 15

Acid-base indicators

Name pKa pH range of colour change Colour change (acidic to basic)

Methyl orange 3.7 3.1–4.4 red to yellow

Bromophenol blue 4.2 3.0–4.6 yellow to blue

Bromocresol green 4.7 3.8–5.4 yellow to blue

Methyl red 5.1 4.4–6.2 pink to yellow

Bromothymol blue 7.0 6.0–7.6 yellow to blue

Phenol red 7.9 6.8–8.4 yellow to red

Phenolphthalein 9.6 8.3–10.0 colourless to pink

Infrared dataCharacteristic range of infrared absorption due to stretching in organic molecules.

Bond Organic molecules Wavenumber (cm–1)

C – I iodoalkanes 490–620

C – Br bromoalkanes 500–600

C – Cl chloroalkanes 600–800

C – F fluoroalkanes 1000–1400

C – O alcohol, ester 1050–1410

C C alkenes 1620–1680

C O aldehydes, carboxylic acid, ester, ketones 1700–1750

C C alkynes 2100–2260

O – H carboxylic acids (hydrogen-bonded) 2500–3000

C – H alkanes, alkenes, alkynes, aldehydes, amides 2720–3100

O – H alcohol (hydrogen-bonded) 3200–3600

N – H amines 3300–3500

15 of 15

Formulas and charges for common polyatomic ions

Anions Cations

acetate (ethanoate) ammonium

carbonate hydronium

chlorate

chlorite

chromate

citrate

cyanide

dichromate

dihydrogen phosphate

hypochlorite

hydrogen carbonate

hydrogen sulfate

hydrogen phosphate

hydroxide

nitrate

nitrite

perchlorate

permanganate

peroxide

phosphate

sulfate

sulfite

thiosulfate

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