Chemistry ISubatomic particles

Electron configurationsCarbon molecules

Jill HansenTammy Stundon

Gulf Coast State College Panhandle Area Educational Consortium

5230 West Highway 98 753 West Boulevard

Panama City, Florida 32401 Chipley, Florida 32428

850-769-1551 877-873-7232

www.gulfcoast.edu

Biology Partnership

(A Teacher Quality Grant)

Pre-test Q and A Board

Welcome!

Florida Next Generation Sunshine State Standards

( SC.912.P.8.12): •1. Describe the properties of the carbon atom that make the diversity of carbon compounds possible.

•NOTE: While this unit is relatively light on actual standards, most of the material covered on the EOC requires a comprehensive understanding of chemical basics.

•This lesson is designed for those who didn’t get it the first time!

DHMO

THE TOP 10 ELEMENTS FOUND IN YOUR BODY

THE “BIG 4”

OTHER (4%)

96% of your body is composed of these 4 elements:

Nitrogen (3%)

Oxygen (65%)

Carbon (18.5%)

Hydrogen (9.5%)

Calcium

ChlorinePotassiumPhosphorus

SulfurSodium

• Trace amounts (less than 0.1%) of 15 other elements are also found in the body

Perc

enta

ge (%

) of b

ody’

s com

posi

tionWhy learn

chemistry?

Chemical basics are at the root of every biological function•Neural impulse (Na/K pump)•Muscular contraction (Ca ion uptake)

Atomic Structure

• The universe is made up of matter• Matter is made up of atoms

– Anything that takes up space and has weight

• The smallest piece of gold possible is called an atom. If you divided it into smaller pieces, it would no longer be gold.

Imagine dividing a gold ring in half, forever

An atom is the smallest basic unit of matter.An element is one type of atom.

Atom = uncuttable

Carbon

Copper

Gold

Each of the elements is however made up of 3 fundamental particles

AN ELEMENT IS A SUBSTANCE THAT CANNOT BE BROKEN DOWN CHEMICALLY INTO ANY OTHER SUBSTANCE

– The nucleus has protonsprotons and neutronsneutrons.– ElectronsElectrons are in energy levels outside nucleus.

Oxygen atom (O)

Nucleus:8 protons (+)8 neutrons

outermost energy level: 6 electrons (-)

inner energy level: 2 electrons (-)

All atoms have 3 fundamental particles

Atomic Structure

THE ATOM: BASIC STRUCTURE

Nucleus

Hydrogen atom1 Proton0 Neutrons1 Electron

Carbon atom6 Protons6 Neutrons6 Electrons

Proton Neutron

Nucleus:

Electron

Forces of attraction between positive and negative charges hold the fast-moving electrons (negative) close to the nucleus (positive).

So how do you know if you have an atom of copper, gold or silver?

Atomic Structure

A KEY TO THE ELEMENTS

ATOMIC MASSCombined mass of the atom’s protons and neutrons

ELEMENT NAME

ELEMENT SYMBOLAbbreviation of the element

ATOMIC NUMBERThe number of protons found in the atom’s nucleus

How many protons an atom has

determines who it is Cu = 39Ag = 47Au = 79

Atomic number is the number of

protons

Cookium diagnostic

Atomic Structure

So how do you know how many electrons and neutrons there are?

A neutral atom will have equal numbers of protons and electrons

PP++ = E = E--

The number of neutrons can be determined by subtracting the atomic number from the atomic massP+N (atomic mass) – P+N (atomic mass) –

P (atomic #) = NP (atomic #) = N

Element Atomic Mass

Atomic Number

Protons Neutrons Electrons

Ca 40 20 20 20 20F 19 9 9 10 9

B 11 5 5 6 5

Atomic Basics Worksheet

Atomic Structure

Where are the electrons found?

Atoms will gain, lose, or share electrons to make a full or

completely empty outer layer

Atoms are most stable if they have a filled (or empty) outer layer of

electrons

Except for H and He, a filled layer contains 8 electrons – an octetan octet

ELECTRON SHELLS AND ATOM STABILITYELECTRON SHELLSElectrons move around the nucleus in designated areas called electron shells. An atom can have as many as seven electron shells in total.

First electron shell(capacity: 2 electrons)

Second electron shell(capacity: 8 electrons)

VacancyThe chemical characteristics of an atom depend upon the number of electrons in its outermost shell.

An atom’s electrons determine whether an atom will bond with another atom as well as who it will bond with

Chemical Changes When atoms exchange or share electrons, a new product (a compound or molecule) is produced. This is called a chemical change.

Change Chemical PhysicalMelting cheese √Milk souring √

Ripping paper √Bike rusting √

In a chemical change: • reacting substances form new

substances with different compositions and properties.

• a chemical reaction takes place.

Chemical Change Lab

After the Lab: Balloon Buddy

Your challenge: get the balloon to kiss you

Simulation

IonsIons (charged atoms) follow the rule that opposites attract

Static electricity is a reflection of the difference in

charges between objects

ELECTRON SHELLS AND ATOM STABILITYATOM STABILITYAtoms become stable when their outermost shell is filled to capacity. Stable atoms tend not to react or combine with other atoms.

Only when atoms have electron vacancies in their outermost shell are they likely to interact with other atoms.

Nitrogen atom

Stable atomsUnstable atoms

Helium atom

Neon atom

Hydrogen atom

• An ion is an atom that has gained or lost one or more electrons.– positive ions (cation)– negative ions (anion)

• Ionic bonds form between oppositely charged ions.

Sodium atom (Na) Chlorine atom (CI) Sodium ion (Na+) Chloride ion (CI-)

Na loses anelectron to CI ionic bond

gained electron

Ions form when atoms gain or lose electrons

IONS ARE CHARGED ATOMS

An atom that loses one or more electrons becomes positively charged, while an atom that acquires electrons becomes negatively charged. This transfer of electrons is driven by the fact that atoms with full outer electron shells are more stable.

Donated electron

Na Cl

Chloride ionSodium ion11 Protons10 Electrons

17 Protons18 Electrons

NETCHARGE NegativePositive

OPPOSITE CHARGES ATTRACT

Ionic BondsFormed between ions

COVALENT BONDS

1 Hydrogen atoms are most stable when their outer electron shell is filled to capacity. They can achieve this by sharing electrons in a covalent bond.

2 The nuclei come closer together and the two electrons begin to circle around both of them. The new H2 molecule is very stable.

Hydrogenatom

Hydrogenatom

H2 moleculeCovalent bonds form electrically neutral molecules. Covalent bond are very strong bonds, common in most organic molecules

– carbon dioxide (CO2)

A molecule is made of atoms sharing electrons

– water (H2O)

Covalent Bonds

Molecule A chemical structure held together by covalent bonds

The chemical structure shows the number of each element forming the molecule (CH4)

Covalent Bonds

SUMMARY: THREE TYPES OF BONDS1 COVALENT BONDA strong bond formed when

atoms share electrons in order to become more stable,

forming a molecule.2 IONIC BOND

An attraction between two oppositely charged ions,

forming a compound.3 HYDROGEN BOND

An attraction between the slightly positively charged

hydrogen atom of one molecule and the slightly negatively charged atom of another.

H2 molecule

Bon

d St

reng

th

Strongest

Weakest

NaCl compound

H2O H2O Chemical Bonds Rap

Chemical Bond

The Human Element Activity

• At your groups, decide who is your ‘model’ and dress them

up in a trash bag. • You will be assigned an

element, decide how many valence electrons it has and inflate and attach the correct

number of balloons• Determine your ion, and

create a tag to wear• Now BOND!

Periodic Table

Periodic Trends

In ascending atomic number (mass usually

follows trend)

Valence electrons can be determined by what group the atom is in

Periods (horizontal)Groups (vertical)

The total number of energy levels can be

determined by the periodTrend doesn’t work well for the transition elements

by John Bergmann and Jeff Christophersonby John Bergmann and Jeff Christopherson

• NASA’s instructions:– Organize the aliens in a rectangular block.– Each groupgroup (vertical column) must be the

same in some way and must have some feature that changes regularly as you move down the group.

– Each periodperiod (horizontal row) must also share one thing in common and also must have one feature that changes regularly as you go across the periodic table.

Alien Periodic Table

Answer KeyAnswer Key

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

2

3

4

5

1 2 3 6 7 8

2

3

4

5

1

Why is this one wrong?

Chemical Reactions

The job of a chemical reaction is to depict the kind of reactants and

products and the relative amounts in a reaction.

Symbols represent elements, formulas describe compounds, and

chemical equations describe a chemical reaction

C + O2 = CO2

Reactants are what you use, products are what you get

The subscripts tell you how

many atoms of a particular

element are in a compound. The coefficient tells you about the

number of molecules of the

compound.

Chemical Symbols

Balancing Reactions

Think of a recipe without any measurements Reaction Rate Demo

When balancing a chemical reaction you may add coefficients in front of the compounds to balance the reaction, but you may notnot change the subscripts.Changing the subscripts changes the compound. Subscripts are determined by the valence electrons (charges for ionic or sharing for covalent)

Due to the Law of Conservation of Mass:

matter cannot be created nor destroyed.

An equation must be balanced (it must have the same number and kinds of atoms both before and after a

reaction.

Elements with the same number of protons but different number of neutrons are called isotopes

Isotopes

Going back to those neutrons…

+

+

+

+

++

Nucleus

Electrons

Nucleus

Neutron

Proton

Carbon-12Neutrons 6Protons 6Electrons 6

Nucleus

Electrons

Carbon-14Neutrons 8Protons 6Electrons 6

+

+

+

+

+

+

Nucleus

Neutron

Proton

Isotopes

As istopes decay, the release nuclear particles at a rate called a half life

Isotopes

Knowing an atoms half life allows us to determine the age of

organic items based on their relative amounts

of isotopes

Decay of Candium

Follow up • Q & A • Post Test• Give-a-ways• Extenstions

– Symphony of Science– Powers of Ten– Khan Academy