chemistry - matter · pdf filewhat is chemistry? •“chemistry is the study of the...
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![Page 1: Chemistry - Matter · PDF fileWhat is chemistry? •“Chemistry is the study of the composition, structure, and the properties of matter and the changes it undergoes.”](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022030423/5aab2da57f8b9aa9488baa7f/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Chemistry – Matter Unit
• What is matter?
• What is
chemistry?
• What is the
organization of
matter?
• What is the
nature of matter?
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Is Air matter?
• What are the two criteria for matter?
–Does it take up space?
–Does it have mass?
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What is chemistry?
• “Chemistry is the study of the composition, structure, and the properties of matter and the changes it undergoes.”
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What is the composition of matter?
Matter
Pure Matter
SubstanceImpure Matter
Mixture
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What is a pure substance?
• A pure substance has a definite composition (proportion).
• The composition of a substance will have the same percent of elements no matter where the sample was obtained.
– Water from Lake Okechobee and water from the Atlantic Ocean (once cleaned up) will have the same composition of hydrogen to oxygen.
– Gold is the same as other gold (once cleaned up).
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What is a pure substance?
• A pure
substance, by
definition, is an
element or a
compound.
• A container with
an almost pure
compound:
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Pure Substance
Pure Substance
Element Compound
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What is an element?
• “a pure substance made of only one kind
of atom”
• A substance that cannot be decomposed
any farther by simple chemical means
• An element has a definite composition.
Gold from South Africa is the same, when
purified, as a sample from California.
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Periodic Table of Elements
• Most elements on the periodic chart are metals.
• Elements past 110 have been discovered and made but
are unstable
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Elemental Samples
• Zinc, copper, lead, carbon, sulfur
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What is a compound?
• “A compound is a substance
that is made from the atoms of
two or more elements that are
chemically bonded.”
• The definition is actually more
involved than this.
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What is a compound?
• A compound is a substance that
cannot be decomposed any farther by
simple physical means.
• A compound has a definite
composition by mass.
• A compound is made up of two or
more elements chemically combined.
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What is a compound?
• A compound no longer has the
properties of its constituent
elements.
• Table salt, NaCl or sodium
chloride, is a compound of the
element sodium and the element
chlorine.
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Sodium
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Sodium metal
• Soft, can be
cut with a knife
• Shiny
• Good
conductor of
electricity
• Very reactive
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Sodium in water
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Chlorine gas
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Chlorine gas
• Greenish gas
• Poisonous
• Heavier than
air
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Sodium in chlorine gas
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Sodium chloride, NaCl
• Sodium chloride dissolves in water
rather than reacts with water.
• Sodium chloride is a white solid, not a
poisonous green gas.
• Sodium chloride is its own substance
with its own properties, not those of
either sodium or chlorine.
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Samples of Other Compounds
• Sucrose (table sugar), Sodium Chloride, Water, Copper(II) sulfate
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Colored Compounds
• Cobalt(II) chloride, Iron(II) sulfate, Potassium dichromate, Potassium chromate, Nickel(II)
nitrate, copper(II) sulfate
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What is the composition of
matter?Matter
Pure Substance Impure Matter
Mixture
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Impure Matter - Mixture
• “A mixture is a blend of two or
more kinds of matter, each of
which retains its own identity and
properties.”
• A mixture is made up of two or
more substances that are not
chemically combined.
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Mixtures
• Mixtures can be separated by simple
physical means.
• Two mixtures containing the same
substances may not have the same
proportions.
• Example: Very salty water versus
barely salty water. Very sweet sugar
water versus slightly sweet sugar
water.
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Water and Dye Mixture
• Two mixtures of the same substances may
have different proportions.
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Mixtures
Mixtures
Homogeneous
Mixture
Heterogeneous
Mixture
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Solutions
• Mixtures
– Mixture = a blend of two or more kinds of
matter, each of which retains its own
identity and properties
a) homogeneous mixture = a mixture that
is uniform in composition throughout
Ex: Food coloring and water
b) heterogeneous mixture = a mixture that
is NOT uniform in composition throughout
Ex: Oil and water
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Heterogeneous Mixtures
• Sand and water on the left and sand and
gravel on the right.
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THE NATURE OF SOLUTIONS:
1) Solvent = the substance that does the dissolving in a solution
a) Typically present in the greatest amount
b) Typically a liquid
c) Water is the most common or “universal” solvent
2) Solute = substance being dissolved in a solution
a) Typically present in the least amount
b) Typically a solid
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Chemical Separation Methods
• Heat the compound.
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Chemical Separation Methods
• Use Electrolysis
which is using an
electric current to
decompose the
compound.
• An electrolyte has
been added to the
water since water
does not conduct.
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Mixtures
• How can mixtures be separated?
–Use Physical Separation
Methods.
What are examples of physical
separation methods?
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Physical Separation Methods
• Distillation is the
separation of
mixtures by using
the difference in
boiling points of
liquids.
• A water cooled
condenser is used.
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Physical Separation Methods
• Filtration uses
the difference in
particle size to
separate
mixtures.
• Filter papers
have different
size pores.
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Physical Separation Methods
• Chromatography
uses the difference
in solubility in
various solvents.
• Gas, liquid, thin
layer, and paper
chromatography
are widely used.
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States of Matter
• Three states of matter:
• Liquid, solid, gas
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Physical Changes
• During physical changes matter
changes in appearance without
forming new substances.
• What some examples of physical
changes?
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Physical Change Examples
• Breaking or tearing
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Physical Change Examples
• Boiling or condensing
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Physical Change Examples
• Freezing or melting
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Physical Change Examples
• Sublimation
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Physical Change Examples
• Sublimation:
• “The change of state directly to a gas
is known as sublimation.”
• “The reverse process is called
deposition, the change of state from
a gas directly to a solid.”
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Chemical Changes
• During chemical changes new
substances are formed with
different properties than the
original substances.
• What is an example of a chemical
change?
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Chemical Change Example
• Heating baking soda, sodium hydrogen
carbonate, forms sodium carbonate,
carbon dioxide, and water. The formation
of carbon dioxide is what causes cakes to
rise.
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Mixture or Pure Substance
• These bottles contain sodium chloride,
sucrose, and a mixture of the two. Which
is which and how can they be identified?
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Physical and Chemical
Properties
• What are some physical propertiesof this pen?
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Physical Properties
• Examples:
–Color
–Hardness
–Texture
–Volume
–Length
–Mass
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Physical Properties
• More Examples:
–Density (mass/volume ratio)
–Odor
–Sound
–Boiling point
–Melting point
–Magnetism
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Physical Properties
• Melting Point and freezing point temperatures are the same.
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Chemical Properties• A chemical
property is how something reacts.
• Does the pen float
• Physical
• Does the pen dissolve
• Physical
• Does the pen react with water
• chemical.
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Chemical Properties
• Does the pen burn
• chemical property.
• Whether and how something reacts
• chemical.
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Extensive vs Intensive
• Extensive Properties depend upon
the amount of matter that is present.
• Intensive Properties do not depend
on the amount of matter present.
These properties are the same for a
given substance regardless of how
much of the substance is present.
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Periodic Table
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The horizontal rows of the periodic table are called PERIODS.
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The vertical columns of the periodic table are called GROUPS, or FAMILIES.
The elements in any groupof the periodic table havesimilar physical and chemicalproperties!
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silicon
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Metals:
The noble gases are colorless, odorless, tasteless, and
nonflammable under standard conditions. They are also
sometimes called the "inert gasses" due to their lack of
reactivity with other chemicals.
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Non-Metals
Non-metals are not able to conduct electricity or heat very well,
are very brittle, and cannot be rolled into wires or pounded into
sheets. The non-metals exist in two of the three states of
matter at room temperature: gases (such as oxygen) and
solids (such as carbon). The non-metals have no metallic
luster, and do not reflect light
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Metalloids:
Metalloids are the elements found along the stair-step line that
separates metals from non-metals. Some of the metalloids, such as
silicon and germanium, are semi-conductors. This means that they can
carry an electrical charge under specific conditions. This property
makes metalloids useful in computers and calculators microchips.
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Nobel Gases:
Metalloids are the elements found along the stair-step line that
separates metals from non-metals. Some of the metalloids, such as
silicon and germanium, are semi-conductors. This means that they can
carry an electrical charge under specific conditions. This property
makes metalloids useful in computers and calculators microchips.