chemistry. metallurgy – session ii session opener what is sterling silver? solid solution of cu in...
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Chemistry
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Metallurgy – SESSION II
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Session Opener
What is sterling silver?
Solid solution of Cu in Ag
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Session Objectives
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Session objectives
Methods of purification of metals
Metallurgy of Fe, Cu, Ag, Zn, Al
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Refining of crude metal
1. Liquation process
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Do you know?
Infusible impurity left over during liquationis called as:
Dross
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Refining of crude metal
• Based on difference in the boiling point of the impurities and the metal.
• Volatile metals form the vapour first and separated by condensing in a receiver.
2. Distillation:
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Refining of crude metal
compressed crude metal
Metal under reduced pressurein electric furnace
Volatile impuritiesMolten metal (chilled to obtain puremetal)
3. Vacuum sublimation method
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Refining of crude metal
Oxides are removed from impure metal
Re verbaratory furnace2 2 2 3Cu O Cu SO As O
Melted the metal
4. Furnace refining or poling
Reverbaratory furnace
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Refining of crude metal
(5) Zone refining
Direction of trave l
a
ofheater, m olten zone
nd im purities
I m pure germ anium rod
Molten zone(containing im purities)
Recrystallized pure germ anium
Circular heater
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Refining of crude metal
250ºC4
Ti taniumtetraiodide
Ti 2l2 Til
1400ºC4 2
Tungstenfilament
Til Ti 2 l
6. Van Arkel method (or Vapour phase refining)
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Refining of crude metal
4Impure PureNickelnickel Nickletetracarbonyl
Ni 4CO Ni(CO) Ni 4CO
7. Thermal decomposition method (Carbonyl method, Mond Process)
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Refining of crude metal
• Used for purification of silver containing impurity of lead.
• Based on selective oxidation of lead over silver.
• The impure silver is smelted in cupel (dish made of bone ash) in blast of air in reverberatory furnace.
• Lead is oxidised to lead oxide (PbO) and blown away by blast of air.
• The remaining part melts and is absorbed by the bone ash cupel. At the end cupel is covered by silver.
8. Cupellation
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Refining of crude metal
9. Electrolytic refining
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Electrolytic refining
10. Chromatographic method:
• Based on the difference in the adsorbability of the metal and
the impurities.
• Adsorbent–alumina (Al2O3).
• Eleuent
• Specifically useful for the separation of the elementsavailable in very small amounts.
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Ellingham diagram
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Metallurgy of Iron
(i) Ore – Haematite (Fe2O3)
(ii) Concentration of ore – by magnetic separation
(iii) Roasting – Moisture, sands are removed as oxide.
(iv)Smelting – Done in blast furnace. Roasted ore, limestone and coke are added in blast furnace for smelting.
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Metallurgy of Iron
2 2
2
C O CO 415 kJ
CO C 2CO 162.3 kJ
3 2
2 3Flux Impurity Slag
CaCO CaO CO
CaO SiO CaSiO
Fe O + C + C aC O2 3 3
W asteG ases
S tee l sh e ll
H ot air b lastthrou gh thyeres
Zone of redu ction
C en tra l Zon e
Zone of fus ion
Zone of com bu stion
575 - 975 K
1175 - 1475 K
1475 - 1575 K
1775 - 1800 K
S lagM o lten iron
2 3 2
3 4 2
2
Fe O +CO 2FeO+CO
Fe O +CO 3FeO+CO
FeO+CO Fe+CO
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Heat treatment of steel
1. Quenching or hardening
• Process of heating steelto red hot followed by sudden cooling by plunging to oil or water.
• Makes steel hard and brittle due to formation of iron carbide (Fe3C).
2. Annealing
• Process of heating steel to red hot then cooling slowly.
• Annealing makes steel soft and ductile.
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Heat treatment of steel
3. Tempering
• Process of heating steel the quenched steel to temperature much below redness followed by slow cooling.
• Tempering retains the hardness but brittleness disappears.
4. Nitriding
• Process of producing hard coating or iron nitride on surface of steel.
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Metallurgy of copper
1. Ore – Copper pyrite CuFeS2
2. Concentration — Froth floatation process.
3. Roasting —
2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2
2 2
2CuFeS O Cu S 2FeS SO
2Cu S 3O 2Cu O 2SO (Partly)
2FeS 3O 2FeO 2SO (Partly)
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Metallurgy of copper
2 3Slag
FeO SiO FeSiO
Since iron has more affinity for oxygen, therefore FeO is formed first.
2 2Cu O FeS Cu S FeO
Slag is removed from upper layer. Molten mass containing Cu2S and Fe is called copper malte.
Smelting
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Metallurgy of copper
Molten matter is mixed with sand (SiO2) and heated in Basemer converter.
2 2
2 3Slag
2FeS 3O 2FeO 2SO
FeO SiO FeSiO
2 2 2 2
2 2 2
2Cu S 3O 2Cu O 2SO
2Cu O Cu S 6Cu SO
Blister copper.
Basemerisation
Refining of copper
By poling of electrolytic refining.
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What is matte?
(a) CuO + FeS
(b) CuS + FeO
(c) Cu2S + FeS
(d) None of the above
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Metallurgy of Silver
1. Ore — Argentite AgS
2. Concentration — By froth flotation process.
3. Extraction — By Mac Arthur Forrest Process.
2 2 2Sodiumargentocyanide(water so lub le)
2 2 4
Ag S 4NaCN 2Na Ag(CN) Na S
2Na Ag(CN) Zn Na Zn(CN) 2Ag
4. Refining — By electrolytic method.
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Illustrative example
Name the metals which areconsumed in elemental form?
Metals consumed in elemental form are Ag and Au.
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Metallurgy of Zinc
1. Ore – Zinc blende (ZnS)
2. Concentration of ore — By froth flotation process.
3. Roasting—
2 22ZnS 3O 2ZnO 2SO
4. Conversion of ZnO to Zn
distillationZnO C Zn CO
Vapours of Zn of are collected after distillation.
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Illustrative example
Spelter is
(a) 98% Zinc
(b) Pure Zinc
(c) 98% Al
(d) Impure Fe
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Metallurgy of Aluminium
1. Ore — Bauxite Al2O3
2. Concentration of bauxite —The method of concentration of bauxite depends on nature of impurity present in it.
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Baeyer’s process
Used when impurity is of ferrous oxide.
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Baeyer’s process
2 3 2 2Al O 2NaOH 2NaAlO H O
2 2 3(White ppt)
NaAlO 2H O Al(OH) NaOH
3 2 3 2(Pure)
2Al(OH) Al O 3H O
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Serpeck’s process
— Used when silica is the chief impurity in bauxite.
Al(OH)3
ImpureBauxite
+ C + N2
DAlN + Silicone (volatile)Aluminiumnitride
+ H2OD
(ppt)
D
Pure Al2O3
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Serpeck’s process
2 3 2Aluminiumnitride
Al O 3C N 2AlN 3CO
3 2 3 2(Pure)
2Al(OH) Al O 3H O
2 3 3(Pr ecipitate)
AlN 3H O Al(OH) NH
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Hall’s Process
Used when no specific type of impurity is present.
Al(OH)3
Na2CO3
NaOH
ImpureBauxite D
H2O and filtered
D
D
Pure Al2O3
Insoluble impurities (Fe2O3 and others)
Soluble sodium meta-aluminate
Precipitate Solution
Filtered
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Hopp’s process
– +
Pure alum inium (cathode)
Cryolyte + BaF (electrolyte)2
Impure Al (Anode)
Impure a lum inium
Iron tank havinglining of graphite
Hopp's process
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Electrolysis of pure alumina (Al2O3)
3 6 33
3
Na AlF 3NaF AlF
AlF Al 3F
3
2 3 3 2
At cathode 2Al 6e 2Al
3At anode Al O 6F 2AlF O 6e
2
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Question
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Thank you