chemistry models yuk yung gps caltech sagan exoplanet summer workshop jul 20 2009
DESCRIPTION
Chemistry Models Yuk Yung GPS Caltech Sagan Exoplanet Summer Workshop Jul 20 2009. Models. A Common photochemistry: hundreds of molecules, thousands of reactions Transport: 1-D diffusion vertical 2-D advection 3-D general circulation model. Yung and DeMore, 1999. Today’s Outline. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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Chemistry ModelsChemistry Models
Yuk YungYuk Yung
GPS CaltechGPS Caltech
Sagan Exoplanet Summer Sagan Exoplanet Summer WorkshopWorkshopJul 20 2009Jul 20 2009
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ModelsA
Common photochemistry: hundreds of molecules, thousands of reactions
Transport: 1-D diffusion vertical
2-D advection
3-D general circulation model
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Yung and DeMore, 1999
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Jupiter: The cosmic reference pointJupiter: The cosmic reference point
Titan: Nature’s Laboratory of Organic Synthesis Titan: Nature’s Laboratory of Organic Synthesis
Mars: Is Methane biologically produced?Mars: Is Methane biologically produced?
Earth: The cosmic end memberEarth: The cosmic end member
Conclusions Conclusions
Today’s OutlineToday’s Outline
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Gravity and EscapeGravity and Escape
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Yung and DeMore, 1999
Determines EvolutionDetermines Evolution
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77
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Amino acids
Proteins(Catalysts)
Fatty acids Nucleotides
Lipids(Membranes)
Nucleic acids(Information)
PurinesPyrimidines
Sugars
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The chiral Molecules of LifeThe chiral Molecules of Life
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Jupiter: The cosmic reference pointJupiter: The cosmic reference point
Titan: Nature’s Laboratory of Organic Synthesis Titan: Nature’s Laboratory of Organic Synthesis
Mars: Is Methane biologically produced?Mars: Is Methane biologically produced?
Earth: The cosmic end memberEarth: The cosmic end member
Conclusions Conclusions
Today’s OutlineToday’s Outline
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Hydrocarbons
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Winter Circulation
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Hydrocarbon Gradients
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21
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C2H2 Abundance
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Photochemical results
Liang et al. 2007
CH4; hydrostatic
CH4; non-hydrostaticHC3N
HCN
C6N2
C6H6 C6N2; condensation line
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Mars: Gone with the (Solar) WindMars: Gone with the (Solar) Wind
Isotopic FractionationIsotopic Fractionation
Kass and Yung Science 1995Kass and Yung Science 1995Kass and Yung Science 1995Kass and Yung Science 1995
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Jupiter: The cosmic reference pointJupiter: The cosmic reference point
Titan: Nature’s Laboratory of Organic Synthesis Titan: Nature’s Laboratory of Organic Synthesis
Mars: Is Methane biologically produced?Mars: Is Methane biologically produced?
Earth: The cosmic end memberEarth: The cosmic end member
Conclusions Conclusions
Today’s OutlineToday’s Outline
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Escape and Rayleigh DistillationEscape and Rayleigh Distillation
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Methane on Mars
* Spectroscopic detection* Biological Production ? * Geochemical Sources ?
Mumma et al. 2009
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(Nair, Summers, Miller, and Yung, ICARUS, 2005)
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INMS
SOIR
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This shows the residual circulation of the stream function. The solid lines represent a clockwise flow and the dotted a counterclockwise flow. The top left graph is for January, the top right for April, the bottom left for July, and the bottom right for October.
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This is a 3D representation of the methane concentration on Mars for the BASE model simulation for months 36 to 54. It is evident that the most change occurs in the southern polar regions.
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This shows the Methane concentration for 6 boxes in the troposphere. Of particular interest is the top left graph, which represents the Southern pole where the concentration changes dramatically as a result of condensation and evaporation of Carbon Dioxide.
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The Earth produced hydrogenfrom some of this water
H2
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volcano
Cf. Anatahan, N Marianas (Credit: A. Sauter).
Carbon dioxide exhaled from volcanoes in single-passmagma-transfer to produce the early atmosphere
CO2 >> S8, NO
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So the atmosphere was carbon dioxide (CO2)
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The atmosphere was carbon dioxide (CO2)
and the ocean was carbonated water,
i.e. acidic (pH 5.5)
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4H2 + 2CO2 CH3COOH + 2H2O
& 4H2 + CO2 CH4 + 2H2O
Hydrogen plus carbon dioxidereact slowly to producemethane or acetate
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Reactions that are quickened to LIFE
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Exothermic and
From W. Bach
OceanAcidic on-axis400C springsFe,Zn,Ni,Co
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Dudley Foster (WHOI)National GeographicNovember 1979,
Too hot,too acidic,too oxidized & too spasmodic(melting point oflead is 327.5ºC)
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Exothermic and
From W. Bach
Main energy dischargeat alkaline off-axis site
Ocean
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ALKALINE SUBMARINE SPRINGCaCO3
Mg(OH)2
pH 11 T 91C
H2 15mmol
~100,000 years
Kelley et al. 2001, Nature 412, 145Science 2005, 307Früh-Green + 2003, Science 301, 495Ludwig et al. 2005EOS, 86,V51B-1487
compartments
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Martin et al. Nature Microbiol Rev 6, 805
credit: Deb Kelley
Lost City Abiotic H2 >
CH4 > HCOO- > CH3COO-
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Serpentinization Reactions
+ CHOO-
+formate
120ºC
90ºC
40ºC
Boetius, 2005 Science, 307, 1420
+ CHOO-
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Früh-Green et al., 2003 Science 301, 495
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3MgFeSiO4 + 4H2O 3SiO2 + Fe3O4 + 3Mg2+ +6OH- + H2
Serpentinite
State rock of California
overall reaction:
olivine + water magnetite + serpentine + alkali + H2
Mg2.85Fe0.15Si2O5(OH)4
3MgFeSiO4 + 4H2O 3SiO2 + Fe3O4 + 3Mg2+ + 6OH- + H2
Bach et al. 2006 Geophys. Res. Lett, 33, L1330
and CH4 > HCOO- > CH3COO-
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Geochemicalpath
Can the geochemical pathbe quickened through anFeS membrane?
Recast from Maden 2000Biochem. J. 350, 609
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40 mm
Na2S
FeCl2
FeCl2
Na2S
FeS
FeS compartments
‘HadeanOcean’
Forced injection
“seep”
Simulation of an alkaline seepage into acidulous ocean
FeS
‘crust’
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Jupiter: The cosmic reference pointJupiter: The cosmic reference point
Titan: Nature’s Laboratory of Organic Synthesis Titan: Nature’s Laboratory of Organic Synthesis
Mars: Is Methane biologically produced?Mars: Is Methane biologically produced?
Earth: The cosmic end memberEarth: The cosmic end member
Conclusions Conclusions
Today’s OutlineToday’s Outline
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Li et al. PNAS 2008
Habitable Zone
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Earth (Snowball, Gaia Lifeboat)Earth (Snowball, Gaia Lifeboat)
Liang et al. PNAS 2007
Li et al. PNAS 2009 (in press)
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O3
H2O
H2O
CO2
Absorption in Earth’s Atmosphere
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Li et al. PNAS 2009 (in press)
Extending the Lifespan by Regulating Pressure
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Li et al. PNAS 2009 (in press)
Testable Hypothesis
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Planets have evolved
Isotopic composition provides clues
Look of life supporting chemistry
Conclusions:ChemistryConclusions:Chemistry
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ThanksThanks
Yung’s Group at Caltech,Yung’s Group at Caltech,Liang (Taiwan), Jiang (U Houston)Liang (Taiwan), Jiang (U Houston)Lunine’s book 2004Lunine’s book 2004Prof Michael RussellProf Michael RussellNASA/JPLNASA/JPLNSFNSFESAESA