chemistry of bridge - karnatakaorganic chemistry is the study of carbon compounds , excluding...
TRANSCRIPT
Chemistry of organic compounds
Bridge course
Organic chemistry is the study of carbong y y
compounds , excluding oxides, carbonates
&bicarbonates. Organic chemistry deals
with hydrocarbons and their derivatives.
O i d i i lOrganic compounds contains mainly
carbon hydrogen & oxygencarbon, hydrogen & oxygen.Vikasana Bridge Course 2012
The total number of organicThe total number of organiccompounds far exceed the totalnumber of inorganic compoundsnumber of inorganic compoundsformed by all the remainingl Th i h d felements. That is the wonder oforganic chemistry.!!
Vikasana Bridge Course 2012
FriederichWohler(31.7.1800-23.9.1882)
Classification of organic compoundsg pAliphatic compoundsAromatic compoundsAromatic compoundsAlicyclic compoundsHeteroc clic compoundsHeterocyclic compounds
Vikasana Bridge Couse 2012
Aliphatic compounds: these compounds are
Called open chain compounds and consists of Straight or branched chain.
Ex; CH3‐CH3 , , CH3‐CHCH3
CH3Eth I b tEthane propane Isobutane
Aromatic compounds : these are cyclic d d Th iunsaturated compounds . The name aromatic
has been derived from the Greek word aromameans smell.(odour).
CH3 OH3e.g.
Benzene Toluene Phenol
Vikasana Bridge Couse 2012
Alicyclic compounds: These are compoundsAlicyclic compounds: These are compoundscontaining rings or closed chains.
CH e.g. CH2
H2C CH2 Cyclopropane cyclobutaneCyc op opa e cyc obuta e
Vikasana Bridge Couse 2012
Heterocyclic compounds: These are cycliccompounds containing hetero atoms like oxygen , nitrogen, sulphur etc.oxygen , nitrogen, sulphur etc.e.g.
N SN Spyridine Thiophene
Vikasana Bridge Couse 2012
Functional groups An atom or a group of atoms present in aAn atom or a group of atoms present in amolecule of an organic compoundhi h d t i th ti i ll dwhich determines the properties is called
a functional group.
e.g. C‐C, ‐C=C‐ , C=Og , ,Alkane, alkyne, ketone
Vikasana Bridge Couse 2012
O i d t i i b d H dOrganic compounds containing carbon and Hydrogenonly are called HYDROCARBON
e.g. CH4, C2H6, C6H6, C6H5CH3.
Methane Ethane benzene toluene
hydrocarbonsy
li h i ialiphatic aromatic
saturated unsaturated
alkynesalkenes
Saturated hydrocarbons: these compoundsi b b i l b d h bcontains carbon‐carbon single bond they obey
the general formula CnH2n+2e.g.CH4,C2H6,C3H8 etc.
H
C H H3C‐CH3C H H3C CH3H
HHMethane Ethane
S d h d b ll dSaturated hydrocarbons usually undergoSubstitution reactions rather thanaddition reactions. They are also calledAlkanes. These compounds comes underphomologous series.
CH4 C2H6 C3H8 C4H10…
Unsaturated hydrocarbons: These compoundspcontains carbon‐carbon double bond or triplebondtriplebond.
e.g.
H C CH HC CHH2C=CH2 HC=CH
Ethene EthyneEthene EthyneVikasana Bridge Couse 2012
Unsaturated hydrocarbons with doubleybond are called alkenes.They obey thegeneral formula CnH2ngeneral formula CnH2n
C2H4 C3H6 C4H8C2H4, C3H6, C4H8
Unsaturated hydrocarbons with carbon‐y
carbon triple bond are called alkynes. Their
general formula is CnH2n‐2.
C H C H C H6C2H2, C3H4, C4H6.
A i h d b A i Aromatic hydrocarbons : Aromatic hydrocarbons contains a ring structure with double bonds.e.g. CH3g 3
Benzene Toluene NaphthaleneBenzene Toluene NaphthaleneVikasana Bridge Couse 2012
A t k k lAugust kekule(1829‐1896)
Vikasana Bridge Couse 2012
Uses of hydrocarbonsyLPGCNGCNGGasolineArtificial ripening of fruitsArtificial ripening of fruitsParaffin wax
f f l d lManufacture of plastics and polymersInk, carbon black
Vikasana Bridge Couse 2012
Vikasana Bridge Couse 2012
The structure of organic compounds canb d bbe represented by:Electron dot structureDash line structureCondensed structureBond line structure
Vikasana Bridge Couse 2012
Electron dot structure:
H
H C H H O H
H
Dash line structure
H
C H H‐O‐HC H H‐O‐HH
H H Methane Water
Condensed structureCondensed structure
CH3CH2CH2CH3 CH3(CH2)3CH3
Butane Pentane
Vikasana Bridge Couse 2012
Bond line structure
OHOH
Butane propanol
Vikasana Bridge Couse 2012
Substitutions and addition reactions
In substitution reaction one groupIn substitution reaction, one groupreplaces another.
CH4+Cl2 CH3Cl +HCl
Vikasana Bridge Couse 2012
chlorination of methane
CH4+Cl2 CH3Cl +HClCH4+Cl2 CH3Cl +HCl
CH3Cl+Cl2 CH2Cl2+HClCH3Cl+Cl2 CH2Cl2+HCl
CH3Cl2+Cl2 CHCl3+HCl
CHCl3+Cl2 CCl4+HCl
Addition reactionsUnsaturated hydrocarbons undergo addition y greactions and move towards saturation.
CH2=CH2+H2 CH3‐CH3
Vikasana Bridge Couse 2012
Addition reaction
HC=CH+Cl2 CH=CH
Cl Cl
Vikasana Bridge Couse 2012
h k Thank You
P k h ilPrakash navilurG.P.U CollegeBidkalkatte.
Vikasana Bridge Couse