chemistry of carbon
DESCRIPTION
Chemistry of Carbon. Building Blocks of Life. Why study Carbon?. All of life is built on carbon Cells ~72% H 2 O ~25% carbon compounds _______________ _______________ _______________ _______________ ~3% salts Na, Cl, K…. Chemistry of Life. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Chemistry of Carbon](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062521/5681679b550346895ddcdab0/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
2007-2008 AP Biology
Chemistry of Carbon
Building Blocks of Life
![Page 2: Chemistry of Carbon](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062521/5681679b550346895ddcdab0/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
AP Biology
Why study Carbon? All of life is built on carbon Cells
~72% H2O ~25% carbon compounds
_______________ _______________ _______________ _______________
~3% salts Na, Cl, K…
![Page 3: Chemistry of Carbon](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062521/5681679b550346895ddcdab0/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
AP Biology
Chemistry of Life Organic chemistry is the study of
carbon compounds C atoms are versatile building blocks
bonding properties 4 stable covalent bonds
HH C
H
H
![Page 4: Chemistry of Carbon](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062521/5681679b550346895ddcdab0/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
AP Biology
Complex molecules assembled like TinkerToys
![Page 5: Chemistry of Carbon](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062521/5681679b550346895ddcdab0/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
AP Biology
Hydrocarbons Combinations of C & H
____________________ not soluble in H2O ____________________
stablevery little attraction
between molecules a gas at room temperature
methane(simplest HC)
![Page 6: Chemistry of Carbon](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062521/5681679b550346895ddcdab0/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
AP Biology
Hydrocarbons can grow
![Page 7: Chemistry of Carbon](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062521/5681679b550346895ddcdab0/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
AP Biology
Isomers Molecules with same molecular formula
but different structures (shapes) different chemical properties different biological functions
6 carbons
6 carbons
6 carbons
![Page 8: Chemistry of Carbon](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062521/5681679b550346895ddcdab0/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
AP Biology
Form affects function Structural differences create important
functional significance amino acid alanine
L-alanine used in proteins but not D-alanine
medicines L-version active but not D-version
sometimes withtragic results…
stereoisomers
![Page 9: Chemistry of Carbon](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062521/5681679b550346895ddcdab0/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
AP Biology
Form affects function Thalidomide
prescribed to pregnant women in 50s & 60s reduced morning sickness, but… stereoisomer caused severe birth defects
![Page 10: Chemistry of Carbon](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062521/5681679b550346895ddcdab0/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
AP Biology
Diversity of molecules Substitute other atoms or groups
around the carbon ethane vs. ethanol
H replaced by an hydroxyl group (–OH) nonpolar vs. polar gas vs. liquid biological effects!
ethane (C2H6) ethanol (C2H5OH)
![Page 11: Chemistry of Carbon](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062521/5681679b550346895ddcdab0/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
AP Biology
Functional groups Parts of organic molecules that are
involved in chemical reactions give organic molecules distinctive
properties hydroxyl amino carbonyl sulfhydryl carboxyl phosphate
Affect reactivity ___________________________________ increase solubility in water
![Page 12: Chemistry of Carbon](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062521/5681679b550346895ddcdab0/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
AP Biology
Viva la difference! Basic structure of male & female
hormones is identical identical carbon skeleton attachment of different functional groups interact with different targets in the body
different effects
![Page 13: Chemistry of Carbon](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062521/5681679b550346895ddcdab0/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
AP Biology
Hydroxyl –OH
organic compounds with OH = alcohols names typically end in -ol
ethanol
![Page 14: Chemistry of Carbon](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062521/5681679b550346895ddcdab0/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
AP Biology
Carbonyl C=O
O double bonded to C if C=O at end molecule = aldehyde if C=O in middle of molecule = ketone
![Page 15: Chemistry of Carbon](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062521/5681679b550346895ddcdab0/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
AP Biology
Carboxyl –COOH
C double bonded to O & single bonded to OH group compounds with COOH = acids
fatty acidsamino acids
![Page 16: Chemistry of Carbon](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062521/5681679b550346895ddcdab0/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
AP Biology
Amino -NH2
N attached to 2 H compounds with NH2 = amines
amino acids NH2 acts as base
ammonia picks up H+ from solution
![Page 17: Chemistry of Carbon](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062521/5681679b550346895ddcdab0/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
AP Biology
Sulfhydryl –SH
S bonded to H compounds with SH = thiols SH groups stabilize the structure of proteins
![Page 18: Chemistry of Carbon](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062521/5681679b550346895ddcdab0/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
AP Biology
Phosphate –PO4
P bound to 4 O connects to C through an O lots of O = lots of negative charge
highly reactive transfers energy between organic molecules
ATP, GTP, etc.
![Page 19: Chemistry of Carbon](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062521/5681679b550346895ddcdab0/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
2007-2008 AP Biology
Macromolecules
Building Blocksof Life
![Page 20: Chemistry of Carbon](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062521/5681679b550346895ddcdab0/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
AP Biology
Macromolecules Smaller organic molecules join together
to form larger molecules ____________________
4 major classes of macromolecules: ____________________ ____________________ ____________________ ____________________
![Page 21: Chemistry of Carbon](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062521/5681679b550346895ddcdab0/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
AP Biology
H2O
HO
HO H
H HHO
Polymers Long molecules built by linking repeating
building blocks in a chain ____________________
building blocks repeated small units
____________________
Dehydration synthesis
![Page 22: Chemistry of Carbon](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062521/5681679b550346895ddcdab0/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
AP Biology
H2O
HO
HO H
H HHO
How to build a polymer ____________________
joins monomers by “taking” H2O out one monomer donates OH–
other monomer donates H+ together these form H2O
_______________________
enzymeDehydration synthesisCondensation reaction
You gotta be open to“bonding!
![Page 23: Chemistry of Carbon](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062521/5681679b550346895ddcdab0/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
AP Biology
H2O
HO H
HO H HO H
How to break down a polymer ____________________
use H2O to breakdown polymers reverse of dehydration synthesis cleave off one monomer at a time H2O is split into H+ and OH–
H+ & OH– attach to ends __________________ __________________
Breaking upis hard to do!
Hydrolysis
enzyme
Hydrolysis
![Page 24: Chemistry of Carbon](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062521/5681679b550346895ddcdab0/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
2007-2008 AP Biology
Any Questions??