chemistry of life
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CHEMISTRY OF LIFE. Chapter 2. Levels of Chemical Organization. Matter – anything that occupies space and has mass Molecules – particles of matter made up of atoms Atoms – protons, neutrons, electrons. A Model Of The Atom . Atomic number is equal to the number of protons - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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CHEMISTRY OF LIFEChapter 2
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Levels of Chemical Organization
Matter – anything that occupies space and has mass
Molecules – particles of matter made up of atoms
Atoms – protons, neutrons, electrons
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A Model Of The Atom – Fig. 2-2
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•Atomic number is equal to the number of protons•Atomic mass is equal to the number of protons plus neutrons
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IsotopesSame atomic number but different atomic mass
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Compounds
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CHEMICAL BONDING Ionic bond – strong electrical attraction
between ions that bare opposite electrical charges (Fig. 2-3); ionic molecules dissolve easily in water (dissociate)
Covalent bond – bond formed between two atoms that share a pair of electrons (Fig. 2-4)
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Ionic Bond
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Covalent Bond
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Polar vs. Nonpolar Covalent Bonds
Polar Covalent Bond – electrons are not shared equally (ex. H2O)
Non Polar Covalent Bond – electrons are shared equally (ex. C-H)
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Polar Covalent Bond
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Hydrogen Bonding Hydrogen Bond – a weak electrical
attraction between the partial positive charge of one water molecule and the partial negative charge of another water molecule – Fig. 2-5
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Inorganic Chemistry Molecules that generally do not contain
carbon; there are no C-H or C-C bonds; smaller than organic molecules
H2O is an inorganic molecule – “universal solvent”
Organisms are composed mainly of water
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Dehydration Synthesis – chemical reaction in which 2 molecules become covalently bonded by removing –H from one and –OH from another, removed atoms form water(Fig. 2-6)
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Hydrolysis – the breaking apart of a molecule into its monomer subunits by the addition of the components of a H2O molecule into each of the covalent bonds linking the monomers – Fig. 2-6
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Acids, Bases & Salts – Fig. 2-7
Acid – a substance that releases H+ (hydrogen ions); pH<7
Base (alkaline) – a substance that releases OH- (hydroxide ions) or decreases H+ ; pH>7
Salt – substance composed of positively charged ions (not H+ ) and negatively charged ions (not OH-); usually neutral
Buffers – substances that react with strong acid or base to keep pH constant by absorbing or releasing H+ or OH- as needed; helps to maintain homeostasis
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pH Scale
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Organic Chemistry – Table 2-3Molecules contain H-C & C-C bonds Carbohydrates – carbon + water – Fig. 2-
8 glycogen – animals store energy in this carb. Starch – plants store energy in this carb.
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Lipids – fats, oils and waxes – non polar, therefore they do not dissolve appreciably in water – Fig. 2-9, 2-10, 2-11
Phospholipids – major component of cell membranes
Triglycerides – energy storage Cholesterol – steroid lipid – component of
cell membrane; precursor to steroid hormones
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Phospholipid Triglyceride
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Proteins - most varied of all the organic molecules in function; enzymes, structural, hormones, immunological, membrane components – building blocks are amino acids – 2-12
Enzyme – protein that acts as a catalyst – Fig. 2-13
Co-enzyme – some enzymes don’t function unless a co-enzyme is present (vitamins may serve this function)
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Nucleic Acids – DNA and RNA (genetic material) Fig. 2-14
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ATP – a modified nucleotide – Fig. 2-15 The role of ATP is to transfer energy from
nutrient molecules to cellular processes