Chemistry of Life

Imagine this..

It has been a long day of school, and you are extremely frustrated because all of your teachers, except you’re wonderful Biology teacher, have assigned you tons of homework. “I’m gonna have to pull an all-nighter,” you think.

Imagine this..

You’re parents decides to make you dinner to help you get through the night. What should they cook?

Concept Map

Chemistry

Atoms and ChemicalBonding

Water and it’s Properties

Carbon Compounds

Concept Map

Atoms andChemical Bonding

HistoryStructure of the

AtomChemical Bonding

Protons, Neutrons,And electrons Ionic Bonds

CovalentBonds

HydrogenBonds

Concept Map

Water andIt’s Properties

Cohesion Adhesion Acids and Bases

Concept MapCarbon

Compounds

include

that consist of

which contain

that consist of that consist of that consist of

which contain which contain which contain

Carbohydrates Lipids Nucleic acids Proteins

Sugars and starches

Fats and oils Nucleotides Amino Acids

Carbon,hydrogen,

oxygen

Carbon,hydrogen,

oxygen

Carbon,hydrogen,oxygen, nitrogen,

phosphorus

Carbon,hydrogen,oxygen,

nitrogen,

Why do we learn Chemistry in Biology?

Chemistry is the study of the composition and properties of Matter.Chemistry is related to Biology because all organisms are composed of chemical substances.

Ch. 2. Outline

2-1: Nature of Matter Atoms Elements and Isotopes Chemical Compounds Chemical Bonds

2-2: Properties of Matter Water Molecule Solutions and Suspensions Acids, Bases, and pH

Ch. 2. Outline

2-3: Carbon Compounds Macromolecules Carbohydrates Lipids Nucleic Acids Proteins

2-4: Chemical Reactions and Enzymes Chemical Reactions Energy in Reactions Enzymes Enzyme Action

Section 1: Nature of Matter

What are Atoms? The smallest unit of matter that cannot be

broken down chemically

What composes Atoms? Protons – positively charged (p+) particles,

found in the nucleus Neutrons – Particles with no charge (n0),

found in the nucleus Electrons – negatively charged (e-), found in

energy levels

History of the Atom

Democritus – “AtomosThomson Plum Pudding – “Plum pudding ModelRutherford model – Planetary structureBohr Model – Discrete orbitalsElectron Cloud Model – Electrons orbit with specific clouds and shapes.

The Atom

Nature of Matter (con’t)

What are elements? An element is a pure substance made

up of only one kind of atom, represented by symbols, such as, H, O, N, C, etc.

What is an isotope? Isotopes are atoms of an element that

contain different numbers of neutrons Carbon-12, Carbon-13, and Carbon-14

Chemical Bonding

Chemical Bonding describes the forces which joins atoms to form compounds. A compound is a substance formed by the

chemical combination of two or more elements in definite proportions

There are three types of bonds that you will learn about: Covalent Bonds Ionic Bonds Van der Waals Forces

Chemical Bonding (con’t)

When do covalent bonds form? Covalent bonds form when two or

more atoms share electrons. A molecule is a group of atoms held

together by covalent bonds

What is a polar molecule? A polar molecule has an unequal

distribution of charge I.e. H2O acts like a charge particle.

Covalent Bonds

Chemical bonding (con’t)

Van der Waals force or Hydrogen Bonding is a weak chemical attraction between polar molecules

Chemical Bonding (con’t)

What is an Ion? An atom or molecule that has gained

or loss one or more electrons.

How is an Ionic Bond formed? When two or more ions of opposite

charge are held together

Ionic Bonds

Sodium atom (Na) Chlorine atom (Cl) Sodium ion (Na+) Chloride ion (Cl-)

Transferof electron

Protons +11Electrons -11Charge 0

Protons +17Electrons -17Charge 0

Protons +11Electrons -10Charge +1

Protons +17Electrons -18Charge -1

Ionic Bonds

Water and Living Things

About 70% of our body is water, both inside and outside of all of our cells. There are four major properties of water in biology: Storage of Heat Cohesion Surface Tension Adhesion

Properties of Water

Storage of Heat – Water helps cells maintain homeostasis by controlling internal body temperature because it retains heat Cohesion – An attraction between substances of the same kind, I.e. water to form drops Surface tension – forms drops of water because of attraction, prevents surface from breaking easily Adhesion – an action between different substances, I.e water to walls of plant tube to cause capillary action.

Solutions and Suspensions

Water is not always pure—it is often found as part of a mixture Mixture – a material composed of two

or more elements that are physically combined not chemically combined.

Example: The Atmosphere, Your body, Water.

Solution and Suspensions

A solution is when a chemical change occurs that breaks apart bonds, usually in water. Salt and Water

Two parts of a solution Solute – the substance that is dissolved Solvent – the substance that does the

dissolving

Water is an excellent solvent because of it’s polar bonds.

Aqueous Solutions

An aqueous solution is a mixture in which one or more substances are distributed evenly in water or blood to be delivered in the body There are two main properties of solution: Polarity pH

Properties of Solutions

Polarity – Water is the universal solvent due to the fact that it is a polar substance. The polarity of water helps break apart bonds, especially ionic bonds. Nonpolar molecules, such as those found in oils, do not “mix” or dissolve in water.

Polarity of Water

Properties of Solutions (con’t)

The Acidity of solutions is a very important property in biology. Acidity is measured using the pH scale pH measure the amount of H+ ions in a

solution What would pOH measure?

Acids are solutions that range from 0 to 7 on the pH scale. They form hydrogren ions when dissolved in water Bases are solutions that range from 7 to 14 on the pH scale. They form hydroxide ions when dissolved in water.

pH Scale

What are some acids and bases found in your body?

Section 3: Chemistry of Cells

As we go further into Biology, we will learn about cells and cell functions. An important aspect of biological cells are Carbon Compounds.Carbon Compounds are made up of building blocks called Monomers.Many monomers together are called a polymer

Carbon Compounds

There are 4 main organic compounds found in the body: Carbohydrates Lipids Protein Nucleic Acids

Name an example of each.

Carbon Compounds (con’t)

Carbohydrates Contains C,H, O with a 1:2:1 ratio. Quick Source of energy, “carbo loading” Basic monomers are monosaccharides

Glucose, Fructose, Galactose, etc. Two monosaccharides form a disaccharide

Sucrose, more commonly known as Table Sugar Many monosaccharides come together and

make Polysaccharides Starch – plants Glycogen – animals Cellulose in plants’ cell walls

Carbohydrates

Carbon Compounds (con’t)

Lipids Also contains C, H, O, in no specific

ratio Include fats, oils, waxes, and steroids Important in the structure and function

of cell membrane, and light absorbing compounds called pigments

A long-term store for energy Monomers are one glycerol and three

fatty acids, called a triglyceride

Carbon Compounds (con’t)

Saturated fats: all the C atoms in the fatty acids are bonded to two Hydrogen atoms forming a straight chain.

Will they be solid or liquid at Room Temperature?

Unsaturated fats: some of the C atoms are linked by a double covalent bond with only one hydrogen atoms which forms kinks in the chain.

Will they be solid or liquid at Room Temperature?

Carbon Compounds (con’t)

Proteins Large macromolecules formed from monomers

called amino acids Generally fold into compact shapes on interaction

with water Many important functions in the body:

Collagen Hemoglobin Antibodies – aid immune system Actin & Myosin Enzymes – catalysts that speed up chemical

reactions by lowering activation energy

Hemoglobin and Actin/Myosin Complex

Activation Energy

Energy-Absorbing Reaction Energy-Releasing Reaction

Products

Products

Activation energy

Activation energy

Reactants

Reactants

Enzyme and SubstrateGlucose

Substrates

ATP

Substratesbind toenzyme

Substratesare convertedinto products

Enzyme-substratecomplex

Enzyme(hexokinase)

ADPProducts

Glucose-6-phosphate

Productsare released Active site

Carbon Compounds

Nucleic Acids Found in every cell Made up of monomers called Nucleotides DNA

Deoxyribonucleic Acid RNA

Ribonucleic Acid ATP

Adenosine Triphosphate A high-energy storing molecule recycled in cells

DNA Structure

End of Organic Compounds