chemistry of life powerpoint
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BiologyBiology Chemistry of Life Chemistry of Life pgs. 140-156pgs. 140-156
Objectives Objectives – Describe the components of a variety of macromolecules active in Describe the components of a variety of macromolecules active in
biological systems and their functions (what they do).biological systems and their functions (what they do).
– Identify the building blocks and explains the functions of a variety Identify the building blocks and explains the functions of a variety of macromolecules active in biological systems (i.e., of macromolecules active in biological systems (i.e., carbohydrates, nucleic acids, lipids, and proteins). carbohydrates, nucleic acids, lipids, and proteins).
MetabolismMixtureSolutionpHacid / basepolar moleculehydrogen bonddiffusiondynamic equilibrium
Element/AtomNucleusCompoundCovalent
bondMoleculeIonIonic bond
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Element
the smallest unit of matter
that still retains the property of an element.
In the figure are depicted a Nitrogen and Oxygen atom.
a substance that cannot be broken down into other substances by ordinary chemical reactions.For example: oxygen (O), sodium (Na), carbon (C)There are 88 natural elements.
Atom
CHOPIN’S CaFeCHOPIN’S CaFeC Carbon
H HydrogenO Oxygen
N NitrogenI Iodine (trace)
Ca CalciumFe IronP Phosphorus
S Sulfer
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The center of an atom, composed of The center of an atom, composed of protons and neutronsprotons and neutrons
Electrons
Parts of the atom
Proton
Nucleus
Neutron
Orbit the nucleus at the speed of light, Orbit the nucleus at the speed of light, negativenegative charge charge
In the center of an atom, In the center of an atom, positivepositive charge charge
In the center of an atom, In the center of an atom, no chargeno charge
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A substance that is A substance that is composed of atoms composed of atoms
of of two or more two or more different elementsdifferent elements that are chemically that are chemically
combined, like combined, like
HH22OO and and NaClNaCl
Compound
GOT!
NOT
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When When two atoms share electronstwo atoms share electrons, such as two , such as two hydrogen atoms sharing electrons, the force hydrogen atoms sharing electrons, the force
that holds them togetherthat holds them together
Covalent bond
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A group of atoms held A group of atoms held together by together by
covalent bondscovalent bonds(where (where
electrons are electrons are shared)shared)
Molecule
Usually NON-metals!
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A A charged particlecharged particle made of atoms, made of atoms,
such as such as Na+, Na+,
Cl-, and Cl-, and OH-OH-
Notice: they all have Notice: they all have a + or – charge a + or – charge
because because they gave they gave or took and electronor took and electron
Ion
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The attractive The attractive force force
between two ions between two ions
of opposite of opposite chargecharge
Ionic bond
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All of the All of the chemical reactionschemical reactions that occur within an organism that occur within an organism
Metabolism
VirusVirus
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A combination of A combination of substancessubstances
in which the in which the
individual individual components components
retain retain
their own their own
propertiesproperties
Mixture
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A mixture A mixture
in which one or more in which one or more substances (solutes) are substances (solutes) are
distributed evenly distributed evenly
in another substance and in another substance and
will not settle out of will not settle out of solution, solution,
like air and tap waterlike air and tap water
Solution
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A measure of how A measure of how acidic or basic acidic or basic
a solution is, ranges a solution is, ranges from from
0-14, 7 is neutral0-14, 7 is neutral
pH
Litmus paper changes color to identify
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Any substance Any substance that forms that forms
hydrogen ions hydrogen ions (lonely (lonely
protons, hydrogen atoms that gave protons, hydrogen atoms that gave
away their electrons, away their electrons, H+)H+)
in water, pH 0-6.9in water, pH 0-6.9
Acid
7 is neutral
H2O Any substance Any substance
that forms that forms hydroxide ions hydroxide ions (OH-) in water, (OH-) in water,
pH 7.1-14pH 7.1-14
Base
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A molecule with an A molecule with an unequal distribution unequal distribution
of charge, that is of charge, that is each molecule has a each molecule has a positive end and a positive end and a negative end, for negative end, for example, waterexample, water
polar molecule
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The attraction of opposite The attraction of opposite charges between charges between
hydrogen and oxygen hydrogen and oxygen forms a weak bond, forms a weak bond,
responsible for holding responsible for holding many biomolecules many biomolecules together, such as together, such as
proteins, also responsible proteins, also responsible for capillary actionfor capillary action
hydrogen bond
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The movement of The movement of particles particles
from an area of from an area of higher concentration higher concentration
to an area of to an area of lower concentrationlower concentration, ,
results from the results from the random motion of random motion of
atoms and moleculesatoms and molecules
diffusion
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The continuous The continuous movement of movement of
materials of in and materials of in and out of a cell with no out of a cell with no
overall overall concentration concentration
change.change.
dynamic equilibrium
Thank you.Thank you.